EP0361327A1 - Coating of targets with paints having a high reflective power in the thermal radiation spectrum, and targets responding to thermal viewers - Google Patents
Coating of targets with paints having a high reflective power in the thermal radiation spectrum, and targets responding to thermal viewers Download PDFInfo
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- EP0361327A1 EP0361327A1 EP89117547A EP89117547A EP0361327A1 EP 0361327 A1 EP0361327 A1 EP 0361327A1 EP 89117547 A EP89117547 A EP 89117547A EP 89117547 A EP89117547 A EP 89117547A EP 0361327 A1 EP0361327 A1 EP 0361327A1
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- paints
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41J—TARGETS; TARGET RANGES; BULLET CATCHERS
- F41J2/00—Reflecting targets, e.g. radar-reflector targets; Active targets transmitting electromagnetic or acoustic waves
Definitions
- the invention relates to the use of certain paints for the production of target objects, for example targets which can be recognized with thermal imaging devices, and the target objects obtained thereby.
- Thermal imaging devices make surfaces with different temperatures or heat radiation (temperature differences) visible in nature or on artificial objects.
- Conventional targets which consist of olive green painted plywood or hardboard, offer no temperature contrast to the surroundings except under sunlight and are therefore not sufficiently visible.
- DE-A-3 514 610 describes a target for practice shooting ranges, the contour of which is made visible in the thermal imaging device through a piping system through which a heated liquid is pumped. This target can only be used for sighting exercises, since the probability of a hit in the piping system is too high when fired at. The target would be too expensive for practice shooting with live ammunition.
- DE-A-3 521 376 describes a target whose contours are represented by a heated gas.
- DE-A-3 516 392 describes an electrically heatable film which is laminated onto a target, making it visible in the thermal imaging device.
- the power supply by batteries must be excluded, since the energy required to heat a target is in the range of 500 to 1000 watts. Covering this energy requirement for multiple targets on a shooting range with batteries is beyond the logistical possibilities at a military training area.
- energy is supplied by a generator, there is the possibility that the generator, which itself generates more waste heat than the heated target, is perceived as a target and shot down.
- the invention has for its object to provide target objects for target practice and target practice (when observed by thermal imaging devices) that do not have the disadvantages of the previous target objects, d. H. that do not require external energy supply.
- this object can be achieved by providing target objects which have a coating of paints with high reflectivity in the spectral range of the thermal radiation, which contain metal particles with high electrical conductivity.
- the target objects according to the invention with coatings of such coating materials which strongly reflect in the thermal infrared range, make it possible to reflect the radiation temperature of the sky. Since the radiation temperature of the cloudy sky is around -50 ° C and below 0 ° C when the sky is cloudy, target objects which are provided with coatings from the paints provided according to the invention are colder than the surroundings.
- the present invention makes it possible to provide target objects recognizably with thermal imaging devices that do not need to be heated.
- the invention provides target objects that are colder than the surroundings and thus have a significant difference in radiation temperature from the surroundings. They can therefore be made visible with a thermal imaging device.
- the invention therefore makes it possible to provide target objects that do not require any energy supply and do not make any major demands on the logistics of a military training area.
- the paints previously used for the visible area to color the targets are only replaced by paints with high reflection in the thermal infrared.
- a target object painted in this way appears with a clear temperature contrast to the surroundings in the thermal imager as a cold target.
- the target object appears in the visible area, as have been the target objects previously used, e.g. as an olive-green colored folding board, which can be used for sighting and shooting with thermal imaging devices.
- the target objects according to the invention can be designed, for example, in the form of conventional targets.
- Another useful training of the target objects is the application, e.g. Painting a tank signature.
- realistic tank front or tank side images can be created with simple means, in that only part of the target is coated with infrared reflective paint and the other part with a normal paint, which has a high thermal absorption capacity and is therefore not reflective.
- the inner or outer part of the target can be provided with the varnish reflecting in the infrared range, e.g. be painted.
- Large target objects which for example represent a tank side with a length of approximately 6 meters, generally consist of a frame, e.g. B. wooden frame in which an open-pore fabric is clamped to reduce the wind load and for cost reasons.
- a frame e.g. B. wooden frame in which an open-pore fabric is clamped to reduce the wind load and for cost reasons.
- This tissue can be provided with the color reflecting in the infrared range either entirely or only partially to form a signature, e.g. be injected.
- So-called hard targets can also serve as target objects, e.g. discarded military objects such as tanks that could not be used with external energy supply according to previous methods.
- the target objects according to the invention have at least one zone provided with the coating of paints with a high reflectivity, which deviates from the vertical in such a way that, as seen by the viewer or thermal imaging device, a backward inclination is given or so that the surface provided with the coating is directed skyward.
- the target object can have surfaces that are inclined to the rear, deviating from the vertical.
- hard targets such as discarded military objects
- such inclined zones are generally present due to the different spatial configuration.
- flat surfaces can be arranged in whole or in part in such a way that they are inclined backwards, deviating from the vertical.
- the angle of inclination of flat surfaces is preferably such that the most favorable reflection of the sky temperature is achieved.
- grazing at an acute angle e.g. about 5 degrees from the vertical.
- Favorable inclination values are up to 20 degrees, for example.
- a preferred angle of inclination is about 10 to 15 degrees to the vertical.
- target objects in particular in the form of targets, are thus provided which have at least one surface provided with the coating of paints with a high reflectivity, which is inclined to the rear, deviating from the vertical, in particular with an angle of inclination of 5 to 20 degrees.
- FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 represent examples of target objects according to the invention.
- (1) shows a target with lacquer reflecting in the infrared range
- (3) shows the temperature radiation of the background
- (4) shows the thermal image
- FIG. 2 (1) (3) and (4) have the same meanings as in FIG. 1, but additionally (2) represents an area which has been coated with normal lacquer.
- FIG. 3 shows the preferred embodiment of a flat target, which is inclined at an angle of approximately 10 to 15 degrees to the vertical.
- the paints according to the invention are those with a high reflectivity in the spectral range of thermal radiation or with a high reflection in the range of thermal infrared.
- Such paints are described for example in EP-A-0 065 207, DE-C-3 432 998 and EP-A-0 246 342.
- the paints used for the coatings of the target object according to the invention can contain at least one color pigment and / or a disembodied and / or transparent dye for coloring. With the disembodied and / or transparent dyes, the particles can be dissolved.
- the color pigments preferably have a particle size with dimensions such that their scattering and absorbing effect is small in the spectral range of the thermal radiation.
- the paints preferably contain 1 to 70% by weight and particularly preferably 3 to 30% by weight of metal particles.
- Suitable metal particles are common metal pigments, e.g. Aluminum pigments.
- the metal pigment and in particular an aluminum pigment is preferably present in the paint materials used according to the invention in the form of flakes, rods or spheres, of which flakes are particularly preferred.
- the metal pigment, and in particular aluminum-metal pigment should preferably have dimensions from approximately 0.1 to approximately 100 ⁇ m.
- flake-shaped or rod-shaped metal pigments should give a large diameter / thickness ratio or a large diameter / length ratio.
- Flake-shaped metal pigments preferably have a thickness of 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, in particular 1 ⁇ m, with an average diameter of 1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- Rod-shaped metal pigments preferably have a diameter of 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m and a length of 1 to 100 ⁇ m. In the case of spherical metal pigments, the mean pigment diameter is preferably about 1 to about 100 ⁇ m.
- flaky metal pigments are preferably used, and in particular those with dimensions of 5 to 20 ⁇ m, preferably of 10 ⁇ m, for achieving gray hues, and those with dimensions of 10 to 100 ⁇ m, for example 10 to 80 ⁇ m, preferably of 40 to 50 ⁇ m, to achieve more colorful, for example olive-colored shades.
- the desired high infrared reflectivity is linked to a high electrical conductivity of the metal pigment. It was found that the reflectivity increases with increasing volume or proportion by weight of the metal pigment. For example, with a metal pigment content of 30% by weight in the cured polyurethane varnish, the increase in reflectivity reaches a saturation value. It has also been found that the pigment form has a great influence on increasing the reflectivity. A strong effect can be observed with flake-shaped metal flakes, in particular aluminum pigments, followed by rod-shaped and spherical metal pigments. Flake-shaped metal flakes are generally used today in paints to achieve a metallic gloss effect. Strongly anisotropic pigment forms show a strong increase in reflectivity, i.e. Flake-shaped or flake-shaped and rod-shaped pigments have a higher reflectivity than spherical pigments.
- Disembodied and / or transparent dyes can also be used according to the invention.
- dyes are understood here to mean those dyes which can be dissolved in the solvent of the paint and / or can be dissolved in the binder of the paint itself or in can be in colloidal form or in dissolved form in a powdered binder.
- the advantage here is that in comparison to the usual color pigments, which are present as larger particles, a significantly lower concentration of the dyes or pigments is necessary in order to obtain a desired color.
- a significantly lower concentration of the dyes or pigments is necessary in order to obtain a desired color.
- Soluble dyes which have a high UV resistance are advantageously used in order to avoid a change in color or fading due to solar radiation. It is also possible, as is provided in the context of the invention, to counteract the harmful influence of solar radiation by adding at least one additional substance to the paint which absorbs or reflects in the UV range.
- preferred binders are those which have a high transmission in the spectral range of the thermal radiation, such as, for example, cyclo rubber and chlorine rubber. If there is also to be a good resistance to, for example, oil, gasoline and chemicals, binders are preferred within the scope of the invention which comprise polyurethanes, PVC copolymers, polyethylene / vinyl acetate copolymers, hydrocarbon resins, butyl rubber and silicone-alkyd resins Group can be selected. Depending on the particular requirements, aqueous binders such as polyurethane / polyacrylate can also be used.
- the paints with disembodied dyes contain metal particles which are designed as metallized hollow microspheres or metallized plastic flakes which preferably have a different particle size with maximum dimensions between 5 and 500 ⁇ m.
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung von bestimmten Anstrichstoffen zur Herstellung von Zielobjekten, beispielsweise Zielscheiben, die mit Wärmebildgeräten erkennbar sind sowie die dabei erhaltenen Zielobjekte.The invention relates to the use of certain paints for the production of target objects, for example targets which can be recognized with thermal imaging devices, and the target objects obtained thereby.
Die militärische Einführung einer neuen Generation von Aufklärungsgeräten und Visiereinrichtungen, die im Bereich des thermischen Infrarot arbeiten und als Wärmebildgeräte bezeichnet werden, bedingen neue Zielobjekte z.B. für das Übungsschießen von Panzern auf TruppenübungsplätzenThe military introduction of a new generation of reconnaissance devices and sighting devices, which work in the field of thermal infrared and are known as thermal imaging devices, require new targets, e.g. for the practice shooting of tanks on military training areas
Wärmebildgeräte machen Oberflächen mit unterschiedlicher Temperatur bzw. Wärmeabstrahlung (Temperaturunterschiede) in der Natur oder auf künstlichen Objekten sichtbar. Herkömmliche Zielscheiben, die aus olivgrün angestrichenen Sperrholz- oder Hartfaserplatten bestehen, bieten außer unter Sonneneinstrahlung keinen Temperaturkonstrat zur Umgebung und sind somit auch nicht ausreichend sichtbar.Thermal imaging devices make surfaces with different temperatures or heat radiation (temperature differences) visible in nature or on artificial objects. Conventional targets, which consist of olive green painted plywood or hardboard, offer no temperature contrast to the surroundings except under sunlight and are therefore not sufficiently visible.
In der DE-A- 3 514 610 wird eine Zielscheibe für Übungsschießanlagen beschrieben, deren Kontur, durch ein Rohrleitungssystem durch das eine erwärmte Flüssigkeit gepumpt wird, im Wärmebildgerät sichtbar gemacht wird. Diese Zielscheibe kann nur für Visierübungen eingesetzt werden, da bei Beschuß die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Treffers im Rohrleitungssystem zu groß ist. Für ein Übungsschießen mit scharfer Munition wäre die Scheibe zu teuer.DE-A-3 514 610 describes a target for practice shooting ranges, the contour of which is made visible in the thermal imaging device through a piping system through which a heated liquid is pumped. This target can only be used for sighting exercises, since the probability of a hit in the piping system is too high when fired at. The target would be too expensive for practice shooting with live ammunition.
In der DE-A-3 521 376 wird eine Zielscheibe beschrieben , deren Konturen durch ein beheiztes Gas dargestellt werden.DE-A-3 521 376 describes a target whose contours are represented by a heated gas.
Der Nachteil beider Erfindungen ist, daß Energie benötigt wird, um einmal die Flüssigkeit und im anderen Falle das Gas zu erwärmen. Da die meisten Übungsplätze für Schießen mit scharfer Munition nicht elektrifiziert sind, muß die Energiebereitstellung sehr aufwendig durch einen Generator erfolgen, der indirekt auch dem Beschuß ausgesetzt ist.The disadvantage of both inventions is that energy is required to heat the liquid and the gas in the other case. Since most of the practice areas for shooting with live ammunition are not electrified, the energy supply has to be carried out very expensively by a generator, which is also indirectly exposed to the shelling.
In der DE-A-3 516 392 wird eine elektrisch beheizbare Folie beschrieben, die auf einer Zielscheibe auflaminiert, diese im Wärmebildgerät sichtbar macht.DE-A-3 516 392 describes an electrically heatable film which is laminated onto a target, making it visible in the thermal imaging device.
Allen Verfahren ist gemeinsam, daß sie zur Funktion einer zugeführten Energie bedürfen. Da die meisten Schießbahnen auf Truppenübungsplätzen nicht elektrifiziert sind, bleibt die Stromzuführung durch Generator oder durch Batterien.All processes have in common that they require an energy to be used in order to function. Since most of the firing lanes on military training areas are not electrified, the power supply from the generator or batteries remains.
Die Stromzufuhr durch Batterien ist auszuschließen, da der Energiebedarf zur Beheizung eines Zieles im Bereich von 500 bis 1000 Watt liegt. Diesen Energiebedarf für mehrere Zielscheiben auf einer Schießbahn durch Batterien zu decken, liegt jenseits der logistischen Möglichkeiten auf einem Truppenübungsplatz. Bei der Energiezufuhr durch einen Generator besteht die Möglichkeit, daß der Generator, der selber mehr Abwärme erzeugt als die beheizte Zielscheibe, als Ziel aufgefaßt und abgeschossen wird.The power supply by batteries must be excluded, since the energy required to heat a target is in the range of 500 to 1000 watts. Covering this energy requirement for multiple targets on a shooting range with batteries is beyond the logistical possibilities at a military training area. When energy is supplied by a generator, there is the possibility that the generator, which itself generates more waste heat than the heated target, is perceived as a target and shot down.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, Zielobjekte für Richtübungen und Schießübungen (bei Beobachtung durch Wärmebildgeräte) bereitzustellen, die die Nachteile der bisherigen Zielobjekte nicht aufweisen, d. h. die keiner äußeren Energiezufuhr bedürfen.The invention has for its object to provide target objects for target practice and target practice (when observed by thermal imaging devices) that do not have the disadvantages of the previous target objects, d. H. that do not require external energy supply.
Es hat sich gezeigt, daß diese Aufgabe gelöst werden kann durch die Bereitstellung von Zielobjekten, die eine Beschichtung aus Anstrichstoffen mit hohem Reflexionsvermögen im Spektralbereich der Wärmestrahlung, die Metallteilchen mit hoher elektrischer Leitfähigkeit enthalten, aufweisen.It has been shown that this object can be achieved by providing target objects which have a coating of paints with high reflectivity in the spectral range of the thermal radiation, which contain metal particles with high electrical conductivity.
Durch die erfindungsgemäßen Zielobjekte mit Beschichtungen derartiger, im thermischen Infrarotbereich stark reflektierender Anstrichstoffe wird es möglich, die Strahlungstemperatur des Himmels wiederzuspiegeln. Da die Strahlungstemperatur des unbewölkten Himmels bei etwa -50°C und bei bewölktem Himmel auch noch unter 0°C liegt, stellen sich Zielobjekte, die mit Überzügen aus den erfindungsgemäß bereitgestellten Anstrichstoffen versehen sind, kälter als die Umgebung dar.The target objects according to the invention with coatings of such coating materials, which strongly reflect in the thermal infrared range, make it possible to reflect the radiation temperature of the sky. Since the radiation temperature of the cloudy sky is around -50 ° C and below 0 ° C when the sky is cloudy, target objects which are provided with coatings from the paints provided according to the invention are colder than the surroundings.
Da ein Wärmebildgerät "Temperaturunterschiede" sichtbar macht, wird es durch die vorliegende Erfindung möglich, Zielobjekte erkennbar mit Wärmebildgeräten bereitzustellen, die nicht erwärmt werden müssen. Wie vorstehend erläutert, werden durch die Erfindung Zielobjekte bereitgestellt, die kälter als die Umgebung sind und somit einen deutlichen Strahlungstemperaturunterschied zur Umgebung aufweisen. Sie können daher mit einem Wärmebildgerät sichtbar gemacht werden.Since a thermal imaging device makes “temperature differences” visible, the present invention makes it possible to provide target objects recognizably with thermal imaging devices that do not need to be heated. As explained above, the invention provides target objects that are colder than the surroundings and thus have a significant difference in radiation temperature from the surroundings. They can therefore be made visible with a thermal imaging device.
Durch die Erfindung wird es daher möglich, Zielobjekte bereitzustellen, die keine Energiezufuhr benötigen und keine größeren Anforderungen an die Logistik eines Truppenübungsplatzes stellen. Die bisher für den sichtbaren Bereich eingesetzten Lacke zur Einfärbung der Zielscheiben werden lediglich durch Lacke mit hoher Reflexion im thermischen Infrarot ersetzt.The invention therefore makes it possible to provide target objects that do not require any energy supply and do not make any major demands on the logistics of a military training area. The paints previously used for the visible area to color the targets are only replaced by paints with high reflection in the thermal infrared.
Im Wärmebildgerät erscheint ein solchermaßen angestrichenes Zielobjekt mit deutlichem Temperaturkontrast zur Umgebung, als kaltes Ziel. Im sichtbaren Bereich erscheint das Zielobjekt, wie bislang eingesetzte Zielobjekte, z.B. als olivgrün eingefärbte Klapptafel, die für Richt- und Schießungen beobachtet mit Wärmebildgeräten eingesetzt werden kann.A target object painted in this way appears with a clear temperature contrast to the surroundings in the thermal imager as a cold target. The target object appears in the visible area, as have been the target objects previously used, e.g. as an olive-green colored folding board, which can be used for sighting and shooting with thermal imaging devices.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Zielobjekte können beispielsweise in der Form üblicher Zielscheiben ausgeführt sein.The target objects according to the invention can be designed, for example, in the form of conventional targets.
Eine weitere sinnvolle Ausbildung der Zielobjekte ist das Auftragen, z.B. Aufstreichen einer Panzersignatur. Hiermit können realistische Panzerfront- oder Panzerseitebilder mit einfachen Mitteln erzeugt werden, indem nur ein Teil der Zielscheibe mit Infrarot reflektierendem Lack und der andere Teil mit einem normalen Lack,der im thermischen Bereich ein hohes Absorptionsvermögen hat und damit nicht reflektierend wirkt, versehen wird. Dabei kann wahlweise der innere oder der äußere Teil der Zielscheibe mit dem im Infrarotbereich reflektierenden Lack versehen, z.B. angestrichen werden.Another useful training of the target objects is the application, e.g. Painting a tank signature. With this, realistic tank front or tank side images can be created with simple means, in that only part of the target is coated with infrared reflective paint and the other part with a normal paint, which has a high thermal absorption capacity and is therefore not reflective. The inner or outer part of the target can be provided with the varnish reflecting in the infrared range, e.g. be painted.
Große Zielobjekte,die beispielsweise mit ca. 6 Meter Länge eine Panzerseite darstellen, bestehen im allgemeinen aus einem Rahmen, z. B. Holzrahmen, in den ein offenporiges Gewebe zur Herabsetzung der Windlast und aus Kostengründen eingespannt ist.Large target objects, which for example represent a tank side with a length of approximately 6 meters, generally consist of a frame, e.g. B. wooden frame in which an open-pore fabric is clamped to reduce the wind load and for cost reasons.
Dieses Gewebe kann mit der im Infrarotbereich reflektierenden Farbe entweder ganz oder aber nur teilweise zur Ausbildung einer Signatur versehen , z.B. gespritzt werden.This tissue can be provided with the color reflecting in the infrared range either entirely or only partially to form a signature, e.g. be injected.
Als Zielobjekte können auch sogenannte Hartziele dienen, z.B.ausrangierte militärische Objekte wie Panzer, die nach bisherigen Methoden unter äußerer Energiezufuhr nicht einsetzbar waren.So-called hard targets can also serve as target objects, e.g. discarded military objects such as tanks that could not be used with external energy supply according to previous methods.
Um eine maximale Reflexion der Himmelstemperatur zu ergeben, ist es vorteilhaft, wenn die erfindungsgemäßen Zielobjekte zumindest eine mit der Beschichtung aus Anstrichstoffen mit hohem Reflexionsvermögen versehene Zone aufweisen, die von der Senkrechten derart abweicht, daß vom Betrachter bzw. Wärmebildgerät aus gesehen eine Neigung nach hinten gegeben ist bzw. so, daß die mit der Beschichtung versehene Fläche himmelwärts gerichtet ist. Beispielsweise kann das Zielobjekt Flächen aufweisen, die abweichend von der Senkrechten nach hinten geneigt sind. Bei Hartzielen, wie ausrangierten militärischen Objekten sind derart geneigte Zonen durch die unterschiedliche räumliche Ausgestaltung im allgemeinen vorhanden. Bei anderen Zielobjekten, wie beispielsweise Zielscheiben, können ebene Flächen ganz oder teilweise so angeordnet sein, daß sie von der Senkrechten abweichend nach hinten geneigt sind.In order to obtain a maximum reflection of the sky temperature, it is advantageous if the target objects according to the invention have at least one zone provided with the coating of paints with a high reflectivity, which deviates from the vertical in such a way that, as seen by the viewer or thermal imaging device, a backward inclination is given or so that the surface provided with the coating is directed skyward. For example, the target object can have surfaces that are inclined to the rear, deviating from the vertical. With hard targets, such as discarded military objects, such inclined zones are generally present due to the different spatial configuration. In the case of other target objects, such as targets, flat surfaces can be arranged in whole or in part in such a way that they are inclined backwards, deviating from the vertical.
Bevorzugt liegt der Neigungswinkel ebener Flächen so, daß eine möglichst günstige Reflexion der Himmelstemperatur erzielt wird. Im allgemeinen genügt eine Abweidung im spitzen Winkel, z.B. um etwa 5 Grad von der Senkrechten. Günstige Neigungswerte liegen beispielsweise bei bis zu 20 Grad. Ein bevorzugter Neigungswinkel beträgt etwa 10 bis 15 Grad zur Senkrechten.The angle of inclination of flat surfaces is preferably such that the most favorable reflection of the sky temperature is achieved. Generally, grazing at an acute angle, e.g. about 5 degrees from the vertical. Favorable inclination values are up to 20 degrees, for example. A preferred angle of inclination is about 10 to 15 degrees to the vertical.
Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung werden somit Zielobjekte, insbesondere in Form von Zielscheiben, bereitgestellt, die zumindest eine mit der Beschichtung aus Anstrichstoffen mit hohem Reflexionsvermögen versehene Fläche aufweisen, die abweichend von der Senkrechten nach hinten geneigt ist, insbesondere mit einem Neigungswinkel von 5 bis 20 Grad.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, target objects, in particular in the form of targets, are thus provided which have at least one surface provided with the coating of paints with a high reflectivity, which is inclined to the rear, deviating from the vertical, in particular with an angle of inclination of 5 to 20 degrees.
Die beigefügten Figuren 1, 2 und 3 stellen Beispiele für erfindungsgemäße Zielobjekte dar. In der Figur 1 stellt (1) eine Zielscheibe mit im Infrarotbereich reflektierendem Lack, (3) die Temperaturstrahlung des Hintergrundes und (4) die Darstellung des Wärmebildes dar. In der Figur 2 haben (1), (3) und (4) die gleichen Bedeutungen wie in der Figur 1, jedoch stellt zusätzlich (2) einen Bereich dar, der mit normalem Lack beschichtet wurde. Die Figur 3 zeigt die bevorzugte Ausführungsform einer ebenen Zielscheibe , die in einem Winkel von etwa 10 bis 15 Grad zur Senkrechten geneigt ist.The attached FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 represent examples of target objects according to the invention. In FIG. 1, (1) shows a target with lacquer reflecting in the infrared range, (3) shows the temperature radiation of the background and (4) shows the thermal image FIG. 2 (1), (3) and (4) have the same meanings as in FIG. 1, but additionally (2) represents an area which has been coated with normal lacquer. FIG. 3 shows the preferred embodiment of a flat target, which is inclined at an angle of approximately 10 to 15 degrees to the vertical.
Als Anstrichstoffe kommen erfindungsgemäß solche mit einem hohen Reflexionsvermögen im Spektralbereich der Wärmestrahlung bzw. mit einer hohen Reflexion im Bereich des thermischen Infrarot in Frage. Es handelt sich dabei um Anstrichstoffe, wie Lacke, die aufgrund des hohen Reflexionsvermögens ein niedriges Emissionsvermögen im Spektralbereich der Wärmestrahlung aufweisen und aus diesem Grund bisher für Infrarottarnzwecke von Objekten mit einem hohen materialabhängigen Emissionsvermögen eingesetzt wurden. Derartige Anstrichstoffe werden beispielsweise in der EP-A-0 065 207, der DE-C-3 432 998 und der EP-A-0 246 342 beschrieben.The paints according to the invention are those with a high reflectivity in the spectral range of thermal radiation or with a high reflection in the range of thermal infrared. These are paints, such as lacquers, which, due to their high reflectivity, have a low emissivity in the spectral range of thermal radiation and for this reason have so far been used for infrared camouflage purposes for objects with a high material-dependent emissivity. Such paints are described for example in EP-A-0 065 207, DE-C-3 432 998 and EP-A-0 246 342.
Die für die Beschichtungen des erfindungsgemäßen Zielobjektes eingesetzten Anstrichstoffe können zur Farbgebung mindestens ein Farbpigment und/oder einen körperlosen und/oder transparenten Farbstoff enthalten. Bei den körperlosen und/oder transparenten Farbstoffen können die Teilchen aufgelöst sein. Bevorzugt weisen die Farbpigmente eine Teilchengröße mit derartigen Abmessungen auf, daß ihre streuende und absorbierende Wirkung im Spektralbereich der Wärmestrahlung klein ist.The paints used for the coatings of the target object according to the invention can contain at least one color pigment and / or a disembodied and / or transparent dye for coloring. With the disembodied and / or transparent dyes, the particles can be dissolved. The color pigments preferably have a particle size with dimensions such that their scattering and absorbing effect is small in the spectral range of the thermal radiation.
Bevorzugt enthalten die Anstrichstoffe 1 bis 70 Gew.-% und besonders bevorzugt 3 bis 30 Gew.-% Metallteilchen. Geeignete Metallteilchen sind übliche Metallpigmente, z.B. Aluminiumpigmente.The paints preferably contain 1 to 70% by weight and particularly preferably 3 to 30% by weight of metal particles. Suitable metal particles are common metal pigments, e.g. Aluminum pigments.
Das Metallpigment und insbesondere ein Aluminiumpigment liegt in den erfindungsgemäß verwendeten Anstrichstoffen vorzugsweise in Form von Blättchen, Stäbchen oder Kugeln vor, wovon Blättchen besonders bevorzugt sind. Das Metallpigment und insbesondere Aluminium-Metallpigment sollte vorzugsweise Abmessungen von etwa 0,1 bis etwa 100 µm haben. BeiThe metal pigment and in particular an aluminum pigment is preferably present in the paint materials used according to the invention in the form of flakes, rods or spheres, of which flakes are particularly preferred. The metal pigment, and in particular aluminum-metal pigment, should preferably have dimensions from approximately 0.1 to approximately 100 μm. At
Verwendung von blättchenförmigen bzw. stäbchenförmigen Metallpigmenten sollte ein großes Durchmesser/Dicken-Verhältnis bzw. ein großes Durchmesser/Längen-Verhältnis gegeben sein. Blättchenförmige Metallpigmente haben vorzugsweise eine Dicke von 0,1 bis 10 µm, insbesondere von 1 µm, bei einem mittleren Durchmesser von 1 bis 100 µm. Stäbchenförmige Metallpigmente haben vorzugsweise einen Durchmesser von 0,1 bis 10 µm und eine Länge von 1 bis 100 µm. Bei kugelförmigen Metallpigmenten beträgt der mittlere Pigmentdurchmesser vorzugsweise etwa 1 bis etwa 100 µm. Zur Erzielung grauer und olivfarbener Farbtöne werden vorzugsweise blättchenförmige Metallpigmente verwendet und insbesondere solche mit Abmessungen von 5 bis 20 µm, vorzugsweise von 10 µm, zur Erzielung grauer Farbtöne, und solche mit Abmessungen von 10 bis 100 µm, beispielsweise 10 bis 80 µm, vorzugsweise von 40 bis 50 µm, zur Erzielung bunter, beispielsweise olivfarbener Farbtöne.The use of flake-shaped or rod-shaped metal pigments should give a large diameter / thickness ratio or a large diameter / length ratio. Flake-shaped metal pigments preferably have a thickness of 0.1 to 10 μm, in particular 1 μm, with an average diameter of 1 to 100 μm. Rod-shaped metal pigments preferably have a diameter of 0.1 to 10 µm and a length of 1 to 100 µm. In the case of spherical metal pigments, the mean pigment diameter is preferably about 1 to about 100 μm. To obtain gray and olive-colored hues, flaky metal pigments are preferably used, and in particular those with dimensions of 5 to 20 μm, preferably of 10 μm, for achieving gray hues, and those with dimensions of 10 to 100 μm, for example 10 to 80 μm, preferably of 40 to 50 µm, to achieve more colorful, for example olive-colored shades.
Das erwünschte hohe Infrarot-Reflexionsvermögen ist mit einer hohen elektrischen Leitfähigkeit des Metallpigments verknüpft. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß das Reflexionsvermögen mit steigendem Volumen bzw. Gewichtsanteil des Metallpigments steigt. So erreicht beispielsweise bei einem Metallpigmentgehalt von 30 Gew.-% im ausgehärteten Polyurethanlack die Erhöhung des Reflexionsvermögens einen Sättigungswert. Auch wurde festgestellt, daß die Pigmentform einen großen Einfluß auf die Heraufsetzung des Reflexionsvermögens hat. Ein starker Effekt ist bei schuppenförmigen Metallplättchen insbesondere Aluminiumpigmenten zu beobachten, gefolgt von stäbchenförmigen und kugelförmigen Metallpigmenten Schuppenförmige Metallplättchen werden heute allgemein in Lacken zur Erzielung eines Metallglanzeffektes verwendet Stark anisotrope Pigmentformen zeigen dabei eine starke Heraufsetzung des Reflexionsvermögens, d.h. blättchenförmige oder schuppenförmige und stäbchenförmige Pigmente weisen ein höheres Reflexionsvermögen auf als kugelförmige Pigmente.The desired high infrared reflectivity is linked to a high electrical conductivity of the metal pigment. It was found that the reflectivity increases with increasing volume or proportion by weight of the metal pigment. For example, with a metal pigment content of 30% by weight in the cured polyurethane varnish, the increase in reflectivity reaches a saturation value. It has also been found that the pigment form has a great influence on increasing the reflectivity. A strong effect can be observed with flake-shaped metal flakes, in particular aluminum pigments, followed by rod-shaped and spherical metal pigments. Flake-shaped metal flakes are generally used today in paints to achieve a metallic gloss effect. Strongly anisotropic pigment forms show a strong increase in reflectivity, i.e. Flake-shaped or flake-shaped and rod-shaped pigments have a higher reflectivity than spherical pigments.
Erfindungsgemäß können auch körperlose und/oder transparente Farbstoffe eingesetzt werden.Disembodied and / or transparent dyes can also be used according to the invention.
Unter dem Ausdruck "körperlose Farbstoffe" werden hier solche Farbstoffe verstanden, die im Lösungsmittel des Anstrichstoffes gelöst sein können und/oder im Binder des Anstrichstoffes selbst gelöst sein können oder in kolloider Form vorliegen können oder in gelöster Form in einem pulverförmigen Binder vorliegen können.The expression "disembodied dyes" is understood here to mean those dyes which can be dissolved in the solvent of the paint and / or can be dissolved in the binder of the paint itself or in can be in colloidal form or in dissolved form in a powdered binder.
Alle diese Maßnahmen führen zu einer Teilchengröße der Farbteilchen bzw. der Farbpigmente, die möglichst klein ist, wodurch bei der spezifischen Absorption im Spektralbereich der Wärmestrahlung nur geringe Verluste durch Streuung oder Reflexion auftreten.All of these measures lead to a particle size of the colored particles or the colored pigments which is as small as possible, as a result of which only small losses due to scattering or reflection occur in the specific absorption in the spectral range of the thermal radiation.
Von Vorteil ist hier, daß im Vergleich zu den üblichen Farbpigmenten, die als größere Teilchen vorliegen, eine wesentlich niedrigere Konzentration der Farbstoffe bzw. Pigmente notwendig ist, um einen erwünschten Farbton zu erhalten. Mit solchen körperlosen Farbstoffen oder transparenten Farbpigmenten mit handelsüblichen Bindern, die im Spektralbereich der Wärmestrahlung, insbesondere im Spektralbereich von 3 bis 5 und 8 bis 14 µm eine gute Transmission aufweisen, lassen sich für den sichtbaren Spektralbereich beliebige, auch dunkle Farben herstellen, die die genannten Nachteile der normal pigmentierten Farben, nämlich im thermischen Infrarot stark zu absorbieren, nicht aufweisen.The advantage here is that in comparison to the usual color pigments, which are present as larger particles, a significantly lower concentration of the dyes or pigments is necessary in order to obtain a desired color. With such disembodied dyes or transparent color pigments with commercially available binders, which have good transmission in the spectral range of heat radiation, in particular in the spectral range from 3 to 5 and 8 to 14 µm, any desired, even dark colors can be produced for the visible spectral range Disadvantages of the normally pigmented colors, namely to absorb strongly in the thermal infrared, do not have.
Vorteilhafterweise werden solche löslichen Farbstoffe verwendet, die eine hohe UV-Beständigkeit aufweisen, um eine Farbänderung oder ein Verblassen durch Sonneneinstrahlung zu vermeiden. Es ist auch möglich, wie es im Rahmen der Erfindung vorgesehen ist, dem schädlichen Einfluß der Sonnenstrahlung dadurch zu begegnen, daß dem Anstrichstoff mindestens eine zusätzliche Substanz zugegeben wird, die im UV-Bereich absorbiert oder reflektiert.Soluble dyes which have a high UV resistance are advantageously used in order to avoid a change in color or fading due to solar radiation. It is also possible, as is provided in the context of the invention, to counteract the harmful influence of solar radiation by adding at least one additional substance to the paint which absorbs or reflects in the UV range.
Als Binder werden im Rahmen der Erfindung solche bevorzugt, die eine hohe Transmission im Spektralbereich der Wärmestrahlung aufweisen, wie z.B. Zyklo-Kautschuk und Chlor-Kautschuk. Soll auch eine gute Beständigkeit gegen z.B. Öl,Benzin und Chemikalien vorliegen, so werden im Rahmen der Erfindung Binder bevorzugt, die aus der Polyurethane, PVC-Mischpolymerisate, Polyethylen/Vinylacetat-Mischpolymerisate, Kohlenwasserstoffharze, Butyl-Kautschuk und Silicon-Alkyd-Harze umfassenden Gruppe ausgewählt werden. In Abhängigkeit von den jeweiligen Anforderungen können auch wäßrige Binder, wie beispielsweise Polyurethan/Polyacrylat verwendet werden.In the context of the invention, preferred binders are those which have a high transmission in the spectral range of the thermal radiation, such as, for example, cyclo rubber and chlorine rubber. If there is also to be a good resistance to, for example, oil, gasoline and chemicals, binders are preferred within the scope of the invention which comprise polyurethanes, PVC copolymers, polyethylene / vinyl acetate copolymers, hydrocarbon resins, butyl rubber and silicone-alkyd resins Group can be selected. Depending on the particular requirements, aqueous binders such as polyurethane / polyacrylate can also be used.
Als besonders vorteilhaft hat es sich herausgestellt, daß die Anstrichstoffe mit körperlosen Farbstoffen Metallteilchen enthalten, die als metallisierte Mikrohohlkugeln oder metallisierte Kunststoff-Flakes ausgebildet sind, die vorzugsweise eine unterschiedliche Teilchengröße mit maximalen Abmessungen zwischen 5 und 500 µm aufweisen.It has been found to be particularly advantageous that the paints with disembodied dyes contain metal particles which are designed as metallized hollow microspheres or metallized plastic flakes which preferably have a different particle size with maximum dimensions between 5 and 500 μm.
Claims (16)
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Anstrichstoffe zur Farbgebung mindestens ein Farbpigment und/oder ein transparentes Farbpigment und/oder einen körperlosen und/oder transparenten Farbstoff enthalten.2. Use according to claim 1,
characterized in that the paints for coloring contain at least one color pigment and / or a transparent color pigment and / or a disembodied and / or transparent dye.
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie einen Überzug, hergestellt aus einem Anstrichstoff, wie in einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche definiert, aufweisen.10. Target objects recognizable with thermal imaging devices,
characterized in that they have a coating made of a paint as defined in any one of the preceding claims.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3832555 | 1988-09-24 | ||
| DE19883832555 DE3832555A1 (en) | 1988-09-24 | 1988-09-24 | Use of coating compositions having a high reflecting power (reflectivity) in the spectral range of thermal radiation for the coating of targets, and targets recognizable using thermal imaging devices |
| DE8816089U DE8816089U1 (en) | 1988-09-24 | 1988-12-24 | Target object detectable with thermal imaging devices |
| DE8816089U | 1988-12-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0361327A1 true EP0361327A1 (en) | 1990-04-04 |
Family
ID=25872572
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP89117547A Withdrawn EP0361327A1 (en) | 1988-09-24 | 1989-09-22 | Coating of targets with paints having a high reflective power in the thermal radiation spectrum, and targets responding to thermal viewers |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0361327A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE8816089U1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1299686A2 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2003-04-09 | David Reshef | Multi-spectral products |
| DE102005061684A1 (en) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-06-28 | Eckart Gmbh & Co. Kg | Infrared radiation reflecting pigment, useful e.g. in color, lacquers and printing ink, comprises an infrared reflecting core with permeable or encasing coating for infrared-radiation |
| US8679617B2 (en) | 2010-11-02 | 2014-03-25 | Prc Desoto International, Inc. | Solar reflective coatings systems |
| US8822025B2 (en) | 2007-02-05 | 2014-09-02 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Coating system exhibiting cool dark color |
| US9057835B2 (en) | 2011-06-06 | 2015-06-16 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Coating compositions that transmit infrared radiation and exhibit color stability and related coating systems |
| US9056988B2 (en) | 2007-02-05 | 2015-06-16 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Solar reflective coatings and coating systems |
| US20210237470A1 (en) * | 2020-01-17 | 2021-08-05 | Caliente LLC | System and method for producing an ultraviolet reflective photorealistic image |
| DE202024102683U1 (en) | 2024-05-23 | 2024-07-05 | Pinnecke & Engelhardt Gmbh | Target for shooting training |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3930914A1 (en) * | 1989-09-15 | 1991-03-28 | Capito & Assenmacher Gmbh | Shooting target raising mechanism - incorporates spring accumulator corked by motor-driven lever mechanism |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2056211A1 (en) * | 1970-11-16 | 1972-05-25 | Pusch Guenter | Heat-reflecting paint - contg metal particles esp aluminium and absorbent binder |
| US4302068A (en) * | 1980-03-24 | 1981-11-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Infrared reflex device |
| EP0065207A1 (en) * | 1981-05-08 | 1982-11-24 | Herberts Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Use of pigmented coating compounds with reduced emission capability in the spectral range of the heat radiation for camouflage purposes |
| GB2162930A (en) * | 1984-08-10 | 1986-02-12 | Laser Sporting Products Limite | Reflective device to be used on the target in a simulated shooting exercise |
| DE3432998A1 (en) * | 1984-09-07 | 1986-05-22 | Gerd 8913 Schondorf Hugo | Paints having a low emission capacity in the spectral region of heat radiation |
| DE3606653A1 (en) * | 1986-02-28 | 1987-09-03 | Mankiewicz Gebr & Co | TARGET OBJECT |
-
1988
- 1988-12-24 DE DE8816089U patent/DE8816089U1/en not_active Expired
-
1989
- 1989-09-22 EP EP89117547A patent/EP0361327A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2056211A1 (en) * | 1970-11-16 | 1972-05-25 | Pusch Guenter | Heat-reflecting paint - contg metal particles esp aluminium and absorbent binder |
| US4302068A (en) * | 1980-03-24 | 1981-11-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Infrared reflex device |
| EP0065207A1 (en) * | 1981-05-08 | 1982-11-24 | Herberts Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Use of pigmented coating compounds with reduced emission capability in the spectral range of the heat radiation for camouflage purposes |
| GB2162930A (en) * | 1984-08-10 | 1986-02-12 | Laser Sporting Products Limite | Reflective device to be used on the target in a simulated shooting exercise |
| DE3432998A1 (en) * | 1984-09-07 | 1986-05-22 | Gerd 8913 Schondorf Hugo | Paints having a low emission capacity in the spectral region of heat radiation |
| DE3606653A1 (en) * | 1986-02-28 | 1987-09-03 | Mankiewicz Gebr & Co | TARGET OBJECT |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1299686A2 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2003-04-09 | David Reshef | Multi-spectral products |
| EP1299686A4 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2004-10-06 | David Reshef | Multi-spectral products |
| DE102005061684A1 (en) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-06-28 | Eckart Gmbh & Co. Kg | Infrared radiation reflecting pigment, useful e.g. in color, lacquers and printing ink, comprises an infrared reflecting core with permeable or encasing coating for infrared-radiation |
| US10023746B2 (en) | 2005-12-21 | 2018-07-17 | Eckart Gmbh | White pigment reflecting IR radiation, production and use thereof |
| US8822025B2 (en) | 2007-02-05 | 2014-09-02 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Coating system exhibiting cool dark color |
| US9056988B2 (en) | 2007-02-05 | 2015-06-16 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Solar reflective coatings and coating systems |
| US8679617B2 (en) | 2010-11-02 | 2014-03-25 | Prc Desoto International, Inc. | Solar reflective coatings systems |
| US9057835B2 (en) | 2011-06-06 | 2015-06-16 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Coating compositions that transmit infrared radiation and exhibit color stability and related coating systems |
| US20210237470A1 (en) * | 2020-01-17 | 2021-08-05 | Caliente LLC | System and method for producing an ultraviolet reflective photorealistic image |
| DE202024102683U1 (en) | 2024-05-23 | 2024-07-05 | Pinnecke & Engelhardt Gmbh | Target for shooting training |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE8816089U1 (en) | 1989-03-23 |
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