Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
  • C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/39—Organic or inorganic per-compounds
  • C11D3/3902—Organic or inorganic per-compounds combined with specific additives
  • C11D3/3905—Bleach activators or bleach catalysts
  • C11D3/3907—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/391—Oxygen-containing compounds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a novel enzymatic proteolytic perhydrolysis or activated oxidant system and and method of use for the system in an aqueous solution for achieving enhanced bleaching, the activated oxidant system and bleaching method being particularly characterized by the ability to produce peracid in the aqueous solution.
• bleaches have long been employed in numerous cleaning applications including the washing and prewashing of fabrics as well as in other applications such as hard surface cleaning.
• the bleaching agent oxidizes various stains or soils on fabrics, textiles and hard surfaces.
• Peroxygen bleaching compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonat and sodium perborate have been found useful in dry bleach formulations because of their oxidizing power. It has also been found that certain organic compounds, including activators such as tetraacetylethylenediamine, can be added to perborate bleaches for improved bleaching performance because of in situ formation of peracetic acid.
• Cleaning compositions for fabrics, textiles and other materials including hard surfaces have also been developed which employ various enzymes for removing certain stains or soils.
• Protease enzymes have been found useful for hydrolyzing protein-based stains particularly in the cleaning of fabrics.
• Amylase enzymes have been found useful against carbohydrate-based stains resulting, for example, from food.
• Lipase enzymes have been found useful for hydrolyzing fat-based stains in a prewash or presoak mode.
• U.S. Patent 3,974,082 issued August 10, 1976 to Weyn, disclosed a bleaching composition and method of use in which an acyl-alkyl ester was used with an esterase or lipase enzyme in an aqueous medium.
• European Patent Application, Publication No. 0 253 487 (1988) applied for by The Clorox Company discloses an enzymatic perhydrolysis system on the basis of lipases or esterases for producing active oxygen of a peracid origin in the aqueous solution with a functionalized ester, namely glycerides of lower molecular weight, as a substrate. This system is useful in numerous cleaning applications and works at a broad range of pH- and temperature conditions.
• the presnt invention solves the aforementioned problem and offers a variety of other technical advantages by providing a temperature and pH-insensitive activated oxygen system for in situ generation of peracid as well as a method of peracid production and bleaching by enzymatic perhydrolysis of a suitable ester substrate in the presence of a source of hydrogen peroxide and a protease, the system of the present invention comprising:
• the present invention relates to a novel peracid generating system for use in aqueous media in the form of a proteolytic perhydrolysis system and corresponding process of bleaching, in aqueous solution, providing high bleaching activity with satisfying detergency in both high and low temperature wash applications.
• the novel enzymatic proteolytic perhydrolysis system essentially comprises a protease enzyme having esterase activity as defined below, a suitable ester substrate and a source of hydrogen peroxide. Accordingly, the invention is based upon peracid or perhydrolysis chemistry which, by itself, has been dealt with at length in the prior art, for example, in an article by Sheldon N. Lewis, entitled “Peracid and Peroxide Oxidations” in the publication: Oxidation, Volume 1, published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1969, (see pages 213-254).
• the perhydrolysis system may also include buffering agents, emulsifying agents, stabilizers and other adjuncts described in greater detail below.
• both the inorganic peroxide starting material and the peracid product are oxidants.
• inorganic peroxide has been used as an oxidant, for example, in dry laundry bleaches.
• the oxidative power of the inorganic peroxide and peracid product are very different, and it is important to note that the peracid product is the desired oxidant for laundry bleaches according to the present invention.
• the oxidative ability of the peracid product makes it an effective stain removal agent for laundry bleaches.
• the peracid oxidant remains sufficiently mild to assure only minimal reaction with fabric dyes.
• the source of measured active oxygen in the present invention may be determined by a modification of the thiosulfate assay technique which is well known to those skilled in the art.
• “Chemical perhydrolysis” generally includes those perhydrolysis reactions in which an activator or peracid precursor such as tetraacetylethylendiamine is combined with a source of hydrogen peroxide. Accordingly, sufficient reactivity between the peracid precursor or activator and inorganic peroxide must be present to produce the perhydrolysis reaction.
• Enzymatic perhydrolysis is defined as a perhydrolysis reaction which is assisted or catalyzed by an enzyme generally classified as a hydrolase and more specifically identified below.
• Proteolytic perhydrolysis is similarly defined as enzymatic perhydrolysis but with the enzyme specifically being a protease.
• “Chemically non-perhydrolyzable” substrates are those which do not undergo substantial chemical perhydrolysis when combined with a source of hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous medium. Thus, “chemically non-perhydrolyzable” substrates do not significantly active hydrogen peroxygen and produce peracid.
• necessary components for enzymatic or proteolytic perhydrolysis include the substrate, a source of inorganic peroxide and the protease.
• the components may also include other adjuncts which are generally outside the scope of this invention although they may be of importance in a commercial product or process employing the invention.
• Inorganic peroxide is traditionally provided by perborate or percarbonate salts.
• the substrate of the activated oxidant system is selected for enzyme catalyzed reaction, in the presence of a source of hydrogen peroxide, to form peracid.
• certain substrates are normally present as solids and particularly lend themselves to use in dry formulations including the substrate, enzyme and peroxide source. In such products, it is important that the dry formulation exhibition prolonged shelf life with the enzyme catalyzed reaction not taking place until the formulation is added to an aqueous solution.
• the substrate may also exhibit surface active characteristics so that in situ formation of the peracid occurs at or near the surface of the fabric to be cleaned. This assures greater effectiveness of the oxidant responsible for bleaching action.
• esters are particularly suitable as the substrate for the presnt enzymatic proteolytic perhydrolysis system.
• the ester substrate of the present invention is selected without functional groups or only with hydroxyl groups which do not tend to decompose the resulting peracid produce din the process of the invention.
• Such functional groups do not react appreciably with peracid in aqueous solution and over a time period and temperature range corresponding to a typical wash cycle, for example, about twelve to fifteen minutes and 20 - 40 C.
• Particular substrates contemplated by the present invention thus include but are not limited to methyl acetate; (2-hexyloxyethoxy) acetic acid, (2-hydroxypropyl) ester; methylmethoxyacetate; octanoic acid (2-hydroxypropyl) ester; methyloctanoate and ethyloctanoate.
• the substrates discussed above are inexpensive and are thus also important for reducing initial cost of the enzymatic perhydrolysis sysfem of the present invention.
• the substrate and hydrogen peroxide source are the two major components of the enzymatic perhydrolysis system on a weight basis.
• the enzyme need only be present in very small amounts, less than stoichiometric, to carry out the in situ peracid production contemplated in the aqueous solution. The enzyme thus acts in a catalytic manner in that, while it participates in the reaction, it is not consumed but regenerates itself for further reaction.
• the oxidant source of the enzymatic perhydrolysis system of the invention virtually any source of peroxide is satisfactory.
• the peroxide source may comprise a perborate or percarbonate such as sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate.
• the peroxide source may comprise or include hydrogen peroxide adducts such as urea hydrogen peroxide, liquid hydrogen peroxide, etc.
• esterase activity Since the substrate of the proteolytic perhydrolysis system is characterized by an ester structure, suitable enzymes for use in the enzymatic perhydrolysis system necessarily require esterase activity.
• protease enzymes of the types noted above are well known in the prior art and are readily available from a number of commercial sources. Protease enzymes have long been known to be widely distributed in many tissues, fluids, cells, seeds, organs etc. and to perform an important metabolic function, classically for cleaving amide bonds in proteins.
• the enzyme for use within the present invention may be selected from a broad class of known protease enzymes.
• a number of refernces are illustrative of a range of such protease enzymes which may be employed in the present invention.
• Such references include, for example, U.S. Patent 4,511, 490 issued April 16, 1985 to Stanislowski, et al and assigned to the assignee of the present invention ; Hagihara, "Bacterial and Mold Proteases," (1960); and Matsubara and Feder, “Other Bacterial, Mold and Yeast Proteases," in Boyer, The Enzymes Volume III, pages 721-795.
• the preceding references are also specifically helpful in defining certain protease enzymes according to the classifications of alkaline, neutral and acidic enzymes.
• the classifications refer to enzymes which are particularly active in either alkaline, neutral or acidic pH conditions. Since the perhydrolysis system of the present invention may be employed in formulations with widely varying pH ranges, all of the above three types of protease enzymes are contemplated for use within the present invention. However, since many conventional cleanser or bleach compositions are typically alkaline or neutral, the present invention particularly contemplates the use of either alkaline or neutral protease enzymes because of their increased activity in such conventional systems.
• Enzyme stability is also important with respect to temperature, peroxides, peracids and other possible harmful agents or factors which may be present in cleanser formulations employing the enzyme perhydrolysis system.
• protease enzymes disclosed in the above references may be employed in the present invention, certain protease enzymes are disclosed in the following examples and are further identified below in terms of activity and specific activity definitions in Table I.
• the first two enzymes above are from Novo Industries and the latter two are available from Sigma Chemical Company with their activities in units per milliliters (U/ml) values being calculated from the total number of units purchased as reported from the supplier divided by the volume of the supplied sample.
• the present invention is based on the interaction of a protease enzyme with a suitable ester substrate, because of the esterase activity exhibited by the protease enzyme.
• Proteolytic perhydrolysis occurs, according to the invention, where the protease enzyme and ester substrate interact with each other in the presence of a source of hydrogen peroxide.
• the hostile environment referred to above is different from the environment encountered by the prior art use of protease enzymes in detergent products.
• the hostile environment of the present invention is unusual in that the protease of the invention is employed to actually produce the peracid.
• the peracid is a more active oxidant.
• it is produced directly in the active site of the enzyme, a particularly critical location relative to enzyme activity.
• the protease enzyme produces a material - the peracid - which is considered damaging to the enzyme.
• the protease enzyme is not absolutely stable. Rather, it is important to consider whether the protease enzyme will survive long enough to promote peracid generation during a normal wash cycle as discussed above. It is also important to understand that the enzyme reacts catalytically. Thus, it must survive many instances of intimate contact with peracid as described above in order to provide the unexpected benefit of the invention.
• the reaction of the perhydrolysis system of the invention exhibits a number of important practical advantages in generating peracid for bleach applications. These advantages include the following:
• the reaction described above can take place at a variety of pH levels as demonstrated further in the following examples.
• the enzymatic perhydrolysis system is useful in normally basic aqueous solutions and also in relatively neutral solutions and even in acidic solutions.
• any protease enzymes included within the broad classes of alkaline, neutral and acidic types may be employed within the present invention.
• alkaline and neutral type enzymes may be considered preferable because of the prevalence for bleaching and cleaning products to be relatively alkaline or neutral in pH.
• preferred protease enzymes include Alcalase@, Esperasee, carboxypeptidase A and alphachymop- trypsin.
• some newer detergents or cleaners operate at lower pH levels than previously.
• the use of a buffer is possible but not necessary and any pH is possible between a relatively basic pH of 10.5 to a lower pH level of about 8.0.
• the enzymatic perhydrolysis system of the present invention is also adapted for use at a wide variety of temperatures, as long as the temperatures do not denature the enzyme. Accordingly, the enzymatic proteolytic perhydrolysis system of the invention may be employed in low temperature wash conditions as well as high temperature wash conditions.
• the enzymatic perhydrolysis system of the present invention has particularly been found useful in low temperature wash cycles where it has traditionally been more difficult to achieve effective bleaching.
• emulsifiers or surfactants are generally desirable as in other peracid bleach products, for example, to promote detergency and other characteristics desirable in such products.
• the emulsifying agents may or may not enhance proteolytic perhydrolysis. Accordingly, they are not considered essential to this invention.
• nonionic surfactants are believed particularly suitable for use within the enzyme perhydrolysis system of the invention.
• Nonionic surfactants include linear ethoxylated alcohols, such as those sold by Shell Chemical Company under the brand name NEODOL.
• Other nonionic surfactants include various linear ethoxylated alcohols with an average length of from about 6 to 16 carbon atoms and averaging about 2 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol; linear and branched, primary and secondary ethoxylated, propoxylated alcohols with an average length of about 6 to 16 carbon atoms and averaging 0 to 10 moles of ethylene oxide and about 1 to 10 moles of propylene oxide per mole of alcohol; linear and branched alkylphenoxy (polyethoxy) alcohols, otherwise known as ethoxylated alkylphenols with an average chain length of 8 to 16 carbon atoms and averaging 1.5 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol; and mixtures thereof.
• nonionic surfactants include certain block copolymers of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, block polymers propylene oxide and ethylene oxide with propoxylated ethylene diamine, and semi-polar nonionic surfactants such as amine oxides, phosphine oxides, sulfoxides, and their ethoxylated derivatives.
• Anionic surfactants may also be employed.
• anionic surfactants include alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts of Cs - C, fatty acids and resin acids, linear and branched alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfates. alkyl ether sulfates, alkane sulfonates, olefin sulfonates and hydroxyalkane sulfonates.
• Suitable cationic surfactants include the quarternary ammonium compounds in which typically one of the groups linked to the nitrogen atom is a Cs - C 18 alkyl group and the other three groups are short chained alkyl groups which may bear inert substituents such as phenyl groups.
• amphoteric and zwitterionic surfactants which may contain an anionic water-solubilizing group, a cationic group and a hydrophobic organic group, include amino carboxylic acids and their salts, amino dicarboxylic acids and their salts, alkylbetainoc, alkyl aminopropylbetains, sulfobetaines, alkyl imidazolinium derivatives, certain quarternary ammonium compounds, certain quarternary ammonium compounds and certain tertiary sulfonium compounds.
• exemplary emulsifiers include water soluble or dispersible polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), methylhydroxypropylcellulose (MHPC), etc. as well as bile and other natural emulsifiers.
• PVA polyvinyl alcohol
• PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
• MHPC methylhydroxypropylcellulose
• adjuncts of a wide variety may be considered for use in combination with the enzymatic perhydrolysis system of the present invention, depending upon the specific application contemplated.
• the enzymatic perhydrolysis system may be employed or included within a wide variety of cleaning applications or formulations such as straight bleach products, prewash products (which are often in liquid form) and even various hard surface cleansers.
• the hydrogen peroxide source may be separate from either the substrate or the enzyme, and preferably, from both. This may be accomplished by using a multiple chambered dispenser, such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,585,150, issued in April 29, 1986, to Beacham et al, and commonly assigned to The Clorox Company.
• Additional adjuncts may include fragrances, dyes, builders, stabilizers, buffers, etc.
• Stabilizers may be included to achieve a number of purposes.
• the stabilizers may be directed toward establishing and maintaining effectiveness of the enzymes for original formulation components or even intermediate products existing after the formulation is placed in an aqueous solution. Since enzymes may be hindered in hydrolysis of the substrates because of heavy metals, organic compounds, etc., for example, suitable stabilizers which are generally known in the prior art may be employed to counter such effects and achieve maximum effectiveness of the enzymes within the formulations.
• Buffering agents can also be utilized in the invention to maintain a desired alkaline pH level for the aqueous solutions.
• Buffering agents generally include all such materials which are well known to those skilled in the detergent art.
• buffering agents contemplated for use in the present invention include but are not limited to carbonates, phosphates, silicates, borates and hydroxides
• Table III set forth below demonstrates similar results for generally the same enzymes employed with methylmethoxyacetate as a substrate.
• all of the reactions were run in an aqueous solution on the pH stat (30 ml sample size) at a constant pH of 10.5 with 400 ppm A.O. (hydrogen peroxide).
• Multiple concentrations of the enzymes of Table III are set forth because of the different resulting levels of perhydrolysis.
• the methylmethoxyacetate substrate of Table III has a structure as indicated immediately below:
• perhydrolysis was carried out again with a number of protease enzymes and (2-hexyloxyethoxy) acetic acid, (2-hydroxypropyl) ester (6.25 mM, 0.188 meq).
• the 2-hydroxypropyloctanoate substrate of Table V has a structure illustrated immediately below:
• the first example is a blank sample without enzyme to demonstrate perhydrolysis for the respective substrate in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at the conditions shown.
• the examples in Tables 11-V illustrate varying degrees of perhydrolysis according to the present invention.

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• 1989
  • 1989-06-21 AU AU36729/89A patent/AU3672989A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1989-09-05 EP EP19890116326 patent/EP0359087A3/de not_active Withdrawn
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• 1992
  • 1992-09-04 AU AU22184/92A patent/AU2218492A/en not_active Abandoned

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