EP0351501B1 - Gun recoil brake with a run-out damper - Google Patents

Gun recoil brake with a run-out damper Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0351501B1
EP0351501B1 EP89107188A EP89107188A EP0351501B1 EP 0351501 B1 EP0351501 B1 EP 0351501B1 EP 89107188 A EP89107188 A EP 89107188A EP 89107188 A EP89107188 A EP 89107188A EP 0351501 B1 EP0351501 B1 EP 0351501B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
brake
barrel
piston
forward motion
chamber
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP89107188A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0351501A1 (en
Inventor
Josef Metz
Hans Hülsewis
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Rheinmetall Industrie AG
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Rheinmetall GmbH
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Publication of EP0351501A1 publication Critical patent/EP0351501A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41A—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS COMMON TO BOTH SMALLARMS AND ORDNANCE, e.g. CANNONS; MOUNTINGS FOR SMALLARMS OR ORDNANCE
    • F41A25/00—Gun mountings permitting recoil or return to battery, e.g. gun cradles; Barrel buffers or brakes
    • F41A25/16—Hybrid systems
    • F41A25/20—Hydropneumatic systems

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a hydraulic weapon barrel brake with a pneumatic barrel retractor that can be moved jointly over the base piece of a weapon barrel according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
  • a hydraulic pipe brake according to the generic features of claim 1 can be seen as known.
  • a disadvantage of this combined pipe brake and pipe recoiler is that on the one hand, behind a large-volume compression chamber for receiving pneumatic and hydraulic pressure medium, an additional hydraulic cylinder firmly connected to it is required, so that this results in a space-consuming installation length of the pipe brake of two gun barrel return lengths.
  • long throttle grooves corresponding to the pipe return length are required in order to ensure a return and flow throttling, which requires particularly expensive production, within a control sleeve firmly connected to the housing.
  • a hollow valve rod is also displaceably arranged within the brake piston or the piston rod, which is expensive to manufacture. For this it is necessary to make the valve rod extremely long and in a size corresponding to the pipe return length in addition to arrange a piston head at one end and at the other end radial bores for the reversal processes from pipe return to pipe feed and vice versa.
  • a further disadvantage is that the pressure medium has to flow through extremely long axial inlet channels and radial deflection openings during the pipe return and flow, so that a defined braking force, especially with high return energy, cannot be represented.
  • the pipe recoiler By relocating the flow damping to the pipe brake, a separate pipe recoiler can be significantly simplified and set up to save costs.
  • the pipe recoiler only consists of a cylinder and a piston rod with piston and the associated seals. With the same predeterminable total volume of the pipe recoiler there is a large one Gas volume with the advantages of a flat compression line, especially with regard to the stability of the seals.
  • the means for pre-damping take effect at the same time by opening at least one bore arranged in the piston ring and running parallel to the axis with a constant throttle cross-section.
  • additional throttle devices for example complex, long throttle grooves, can be dispensed with for the barrel advance in the barrel retractor.
  • the constant throttle cross-section ensures that the speed can be predetermined to be uniform, as is required from functional mechanical sequence movements of the weapon.
  • the movements of the piston ring acting as a gate valve are limited on one side by a piston head detachably connected to a brake piston.
  • the detachability of the piston head ensures easy assembly of the piston ring on the brake piston.
  • control rod is equipped with throttle grooves of different lengths, whereby only throttle grooves of the same length can be blocked or released by the piston ring.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates on its right side a schematically represented base piece 2 of a weapon barrel of a barrel weapon, not shown.
  • a pipe brake 1 and, on the other hand, a pipe catcher 3 are separately attached.
  • the pipe brake 1 is connected to its brake piston rod 48 on the base piece 2 via fastening means 62, not described.
  • the tube feeder 3 is connected via a piston rod 25 to the base piece 2 by means of fastening means 63, which are also not described in detail.
  • the respective cylinders of the tube brake 1 and the tube feeder 3 are arranged on a cradle roller, not shown, preferably diametrically opposite one another.
  • the tube recoiler 3 comprises a cylinder 24 with a graduated diameter, which consists of prefabricated, preferably smooth tubes on the inside, so that an additional aftertreatment can largely be dispensed with.
  • the cylinder 24 of the tube recoiler 3 can also consist of a single tube of the same diameter.
  • a piston 26 is slidably arranged within the cylinder 24 of the tube recoiler 3.
  • the compressed gas at the gun barrel return is comparatively only slightly compressed, so that the pressure increase compared to known barrel recoilers is minimal, which, for example, the load on the piston 26 and on Cylinder 24 existing sealing elements 28, 29 is low.
  • the cylinder 24 is closed on both sides by known flanges 30, 31, the flange 30 assigned to the base piece 2 containing guide and further sealing means 32, 33 and the other flange 31 containing a ventilation hole 34.
  • the pipe brake 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 is also closed on both sides of its cylinder jacket 35 by flanges 36, 37, the flange 36 arranged on the bottom part being equipped in a known manner with means for guiding and sealing the brake piston rod 48 connected to the brake piston 4, while the flange 37 attached to the other end of the jacket 35 is a support bearing for a spring 38 of one described in DE-PS 1283706.
  • Compensating piston 39 and a guide of a position 40 of the compensating piston 39 indicating the outside are essentially known and not relevant to the invention, so that a detailed description is unnecessary.
  • a liquid flow control rod 5 rigidly attached to the cylinder jacket 35 in front of the compensating piston 39.
  • This control rod 5 is designed in the area of its attachment as a disk 41, as a result of which the space present between the compensating piston 39 and the flange 36 arranged on the base piece side is divided into a heat compensation chamber 42 and a brake chamber 13. Both rooms 13, 42 are connected to one another via at least one known compensation bore 43.
  • the disk 41 is connected on the side of the heat compensation chamber 42 via a flange 45 which can be screwed on by means of screws 44, through which three segments 47, which are distributed over the circumference and engage positively in recesses 46 of the cylinder jacket, provide a solid fastening of the control rod 5 form on the cylinder wall 35.
  • the segments 47 ensure simple assembly and disassembly of the control rod 5.
  • the control rod 5 with its part projecting into the brake piston 4 and the brake piston rod 48, forms a throttle chamber 14 known per se for throttling the return movement of the weapon barrel.
  • the control rod 5 contains, in a further known manner, a feed inhibitor mandrel 49 which, for returning the pressure fluid, has a longitudinal groove (not shown) which opens into a feed inhibitor mandrel chamber 51.
  • the control rod 5 is provided with an axial bore 52, which is connected on the one hand via further bores 53 to the hydraulic brake mandrel chamber 51 and on the other hand directly in front of the disk 41 via radial bores 54 with the brake chamber 13.
  • the outlet of the axial bore 52 is closed with a stopper 55.
  • the brake piston 4 of the pipe brake 1 contains as a means for pipe return and flow damping against the force of a spring 6 axially displaceable piston ring 7, which is designed as a gate valve and under the force of the spring 6 on the gun barrel advance on the one hand that in the brake piston 4 between one of the brake pistons 4 or the brake piston rod 48 and the brake cylinder inner surface 10 formed brake chamber 13 and a jointly formed by the brake piston 4 or the brake piston rod 48 and the control rod arranged throttle chamber 14 connecting channels 12 and on the other hand at least one arranged within the piston ring 7 bore 15 as a means for a targeted flow damping can be effective.
  • the bores 15 run axially parallel within the piston ring 7 and, during the advance of the weapon barrel, connect the brake chamber 13 behind their free outputs 16 to the space 56 formed between the piston ring 7 and the disk 41 of the control rod 5.
  • the diameter d and the length 1 of each bore 15 are chosen so that the forward speed of the weapon barrel attached to the base piece 2 can be predetermined in a targeted manner and assumes an approximately constant course.
  • the piston ring 7 On the side facing away from the outlets 16, the piston ring 7 contains an end face which is adapted to a preferably radially extending stop face 18 of the brake piston 4 17, into which the holes 15 open.
  • Figure 3 illustrates the position of the ring piston during the barrel return.
  • the brake piston rod 48 is pulled through the base piece 2 in the direction 57 out of the pipe brake 1.
  • the pressure fluid flows in the direction of the arrows from the pressure chamber 13 via the connecting channels 12 of the brake piston 4 into the pressure chamber 14 and from there into the chamber 56, the gun barrel return being braked in a known manner in accordance with the throttle cross sections of the control rod 5.
  • the piston rod 25 is also pulled out through the base piece 2 from the pipe recoiler in direction 57, whereby the gas volume present in the pressure chamber 27 is compressed by the piston 26.
  • FIG. 4 shows the movement process during the pipe advance, the piston rod 25 being drawn into the pipe recoiler 3 by the piston 26 by the expanding compressed gas, so that the brake piston rod 48 is also moved into the cylinder 35 of the pipe brake 1 via the moving base piece 2.
  • the piston ring 7 has moved axially under the force of the spring 6 into the closed position of the connecting channels 12 which is delimited by a stop 59 provided on the brake piston 4 (FIG. 2).
  • the hydraulic fluid therefore no longer flows through the connecting channels 12 when the weapon barrel is advancing in the direction of the arrow indicated, but to achieve a predetermined one.
  • the piston ring 7 is equipped with low-friction and low-maintenance sealing elements 9, 9.1 for sealing and for achieving a rapid sliding movement on its outer surface 8 facing the inner surface 10 of the cylinder jacket 35. On the inside, the piston ring 7 slides with its guide surface 11 designed as a bore on a cylindrical shoulder 60 of the brake piston 4.
  • a head 19 receiving the stop surface 18 of the brake piston 4 is detachably fastened by a thread 61 to the free end of the brake piston 4.
  • the thread 61 has a smaller diameter than the projection 60.
  • the spring 6 arranged between the end face 16 of the piston ring 7 and the stop face 18 of the head 19 is designed as a compression spring and is mounted in respective grooves 20, 21 of the piston head 19 and the piston ring 7 pointing in the axial directions.
  • the connecting channels 12 arranged and lockable by the piston ring 7 inside the brake piston 4 open into throttle grooves 22, 23 of the control rod 5.1, the throttle grooves 22, 23 having a different length and are adjustable outside the pipe brake 1 in a manner not shown.
  • the maximum return path of the weapon barrel indicated by s in FIG. 1 can be achieved by comparatively long throttle grooves 23 and a shortened return path by shorter throttle grooves 22.
  • the Throttle grooves 22, 23 are staggered relative to the connecting channels 12 such that only opposite, equally long throttle grooves 22 or 23 can be connected to the connecting channels 12.
  • the throttle rod is fastened here differently from the example shown in FIG. 2 outside the pipe brake 1.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine hydraulische Waffenrohrbremse mit einem gemeinsam über das Bodenstück eines Waffenrohres bewegbaren pneumatischen Rohrvorholer nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to a hydraulic weapon barrel brake with a pneumatic barrel retractor that can be moved jointly over the base piece of a weapon barrel according to the preamble of patent claim 1.

Es ist bekannt, daß bei schweren Waffenanlagen, beispielsweise bei Geschützen die Rücklaufgeschwindigkeit des Waffenrohres durch eine in der Rohrbremse eingebaute Drosselstange erfolgt. Eine derartige Rohrbremse geht aus der DE-PS 1283706 bereits hervor. Ebenso ist es aus der DE-AS 2053098 bekannt, die Vorlaufgeschwindigkeit des Waffenrohres durch eine in einem separaten Rohrvorholer angeordnete Drosselvorrichtung zu dämpfen.It is known that in the case of heavy weapon systems, for example in the case of guns, the return speed of the weapon barrel is effected by a throttle rod installed in the barrel brake. Such a pipe brake is already apparent from DE-PS 1283706. Likewise, it is known from DE-AS 2053098 to dampen the advance speed of the weapon barrel by means of a throttle device arranged in a separate barrel retractor.

Bedingt durch eine jeweilige Anordnung einer Rücklaufdrossel in der Rohrbremse und einer Vorlaufdrossel in dem Rohrvorholer entsteht ein erheblicher fertigungsbedingter Aufwand zur Herstellung beider Vorrichtungen. Beispielsweise ist zur Drosselung des Vorlaufs innerhalb des Rohrvorholers neben der Anordnung eines Gasdruckraumes noch ein mit Hydraulikflüssigkeit gefüllter aufwendiger Vorlaufhohlzylinder und ein zusätzliches Drosselventil erforderlich. Bedingt durch die Anordnung der Flüssigkeitsdrosselung innerhalb des in den äußeren Abmessungen vorgegebenen Rohrvorholers unterliegt das Gasvolumen einem erhöhten Druckniveau und größeren Drurkschwankungen, wodurch ein erhöhter Verschleiß an den Dichtungen und somit auch ein erhöhter Wartungsaufwand entstehen kann.Due to a respective arrangement of a return throttle in the pipe brake and a flow throttle in the pipe recoiler, considerable manufacturing-related effort is required to produce both devices. For example, in addition to the arrangement of a gas pressure space, a complex hollow hollow cylinder filled with hydraulic fluid and an additional throttle valve are required to restrict the flow within the pipe recoiler. Due to the arrangement of the liquid throttling within the pipe recuperator specified in the outer dimensions, the gas volume is subject to an increased pressure level and larger pressure fluctuations, which can result in increased wear on the seals and thus also increased maintenance.

Ein Einsatz von wartungsfreundlichen Dichtungen ist nach der DE-OS 3323713 möglich, jedoch kann bei diesem Hohlzylinder bei erheblich unterschiedlichen Rücklauflängen, wie sie bei steilschießenden Waffen auftreten, keine bestimmte Vorlaufgeschwindigkeit eingestellt werden. Die Erzielung einer gleichbleibenden Vorlaufgeschwindigkeit ist jedoch für ein reibungsloses Funktionieren des Waffenmechanismus notwendig.The use of maintenance-friendly seals is possible according to DE-OS 3323713, however, with this hollow cylinder with considerably different return lengths, such as those that occur with high-angle weapons, no particular advance speed can be set. However, achieving a constant forward speed is necessary for the weapon mechanism to function properly.

Aus der DE-C-423490 ist eine hydraulische Rohrbremse nach den gattungsbildenden Merkmalen des Patentanspruchs 1 als bekannt zu entnehmen. Nachteilig bei diesem kombinierten Rohrbrems- und Rohrvorholer ist einerseits, daß hinter einem großvolumigen Kompressionsraum zur Aufnahme von pneumatischem und hydraulischem Druckmedium ein daran fest angeschlossener zusätzlicher Hydraulikzylinder erforderlich ist, so daß daraus eine Raum verzehrende Einbaulänge der Rohrbremse von zwei Waffenrohrrücklauflängen resultiert. Andererseits sind zur Gewährleistung einer Rücklauf- und Vorlaufdrosselung besonders fertigungsaufwendige, innerhalb einer mit dem Gehäuse fest verbundenen Regelhülse, lange, der Rohrrücklauflänge entsprechende Drosselnuten erforderlich. Damit nach vollendetem Rücklaufhub der Vorlaufhub eingeleitet werden kann, ist eine hohle Ventilstange ebenfalls fertigungsaufwendig innerhalb des Bremskolbens bzw. der Kolbenstange verschiebbar angeordnet. Dazu ist es erforderlich, die Ventilstange extrem lang in einer der Rohrrücklauflänge entsprechenden Größe auszuführen und zusätzlich an dem einen Ende einen Kolbenkopf und an dem anderen Ende radiale Bohrungen für die Umsteuervorgänge vom Rohrrücklauf zum Rohrvorlauf und umgekehrt anzuordnen. Ein weiterer Nachteil ist, daß das Druckmedium während des Rohrrück- und Vorlaufs extrem lange axiale Zulaufkanäle und radiale Umlenköffnungen durchströmen muß, so daß eine definierte Bremskraft, insbesondere bei hohen Rücklaufenergieen, nicht darstellbar ist.From DE-C-423490 a hydraulic pipe brake according to the generic features of claim 1 can be seen as known. A disadvantage of this combined pipe brake and pipe recoiler is that on the one hand, behind a large-volume compression chamber for receiving pneumatic and hydraulic pressure medium, an additional hydraulic cylinder firmly connected to it is required, so that this results in a space-consuming installation length of the pipe brake of two gun barrel return lengths. On the other hand, long throttle grooves corresponding to the pipe return length are required in order to ensure a return and flow throttling, which requires particularly expensive production, within a control sleeve firmly connected to the housing. So that the forward stroke can be initiated after the return stroke has been completed, a hollow valve rod is also displaceably arranged within the brake piston or the piston rod, which is expensive to manufacture. For this it is necessary to make the valve rod extremely long and in a size corresponding to the pipe return length in addition to arrange a piston head at one end and at the other end radial bores for the reversal processes from pipe return to pipe feed and vice versa. A further disadvantage is that the pressure medium has to flow through extremely long axial inlet channels and radial deflection openings during the pipe return and flow, so that a defined braking force, especially with high return energy, cannot be represented.

Aus der Druckschrift DE-C-735887 ist ein Rückschlagventil für eine Rohrbremse entnehmbar, das jedoch keine Mittel zur Vorlaufdämpfung enthält und somit maßgeblich zur Reduzierung der Bauteile in einem Rohrvorholer keinen Beitrag leisten kann.From the document DE-C-735887 a check valve for a pipe brake can be found, but it does not contain any means for damping the flow and therefore cannot make a significant contribution to reducing the components in a pipe recoiler.

Demgegenüber ist es Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Brems- und Vorholsystem eines Waffenrohres derartig zu verbessern, daß die Bauteile im Rohrvorholer reduziert und die Einsatzbereitschaft sowie die Zuverlässigkeit des Rohrvorholers erhöht werden.In contrast, it is an object of the invention to improve a braking and rewinding system of a weapon barrel in such a way that the components in the barrel recoiler are reduced and the operational readiness and reliability of the barrel recuperator are increased.

Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Patentanspruchs 1 angegebenen Merkmale. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung gehen aus den Merkmalen der Unteransprüche hervor.This object is achieved by the features specified in the characterizing part of patent claim 1. Advantageous embodiments of the invention emerge from the features of the subclaims.

Durch eine Verlegung der Vorlaufdämpfung in die Rohrbremse kann ein separater Rohrvorholer wesentlich vereinfacht und kostensparend aufgebaut werden. Der Rohrvorholer besteht nur noch aus einem Zylinder und einer Kolbenstange mit Kolben und den dazugehörigen Dichtungen. Bei gleichem vorgebbaren Gesamtvolumen des Rohrvorholers steht ein großes Gasvolumen mit den Vortailen einer flachen Kompressionslinie, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Standfestigkeit der Dichtungen, zur Verfügung.By relocating the flow damping to the pipe brake, a separate pipe recoiler can be significantly simplified and set up to save costs. The pipe recoiler only consists of a cylinder and a piston rod with piston and the associated seals. With the same predeterminable total volume of the pipe recoiler there is a large one Gas volume with the advantages of a flat compression line, especially with regard to the stability of the seals.

Durch die erfindungsgemäße Anordnung eines axial verschieblichen Kolbenringes auf dem Bremskolben der Rücklaufbremse lassen sich auf einfache Weise bereits beim Waffenrohrrücklauf ausschließlich nur die zur Rücklaufdrosselung notwendigen Durchlaßöffnungen öffnen und beim Umschalten auf den Waffenrohrvorlauf sofort schließen. Beim Umschaltvorgang auf den Waffenrohrvorlauf werden gleichzeitig die Mittel zur Vorlaufdämpfung wirksam, indem wenigstens eine im Kolbenring angeordnete, achsparallel verlaufende Bohrung mit einem konstanten Drosselquerschnitt geöffnet wird. Dadurch können zusätzliche Drosseleinrichtungen, beispielsweise aufwendige lange Drosselnuten, für den Waffenrohrvorlauf im Rohrvorholer entfallen. Ferner gewährleistet der konstante Drosselquerschnitt einen in der Geschwindigkeit vorbestimmbaren gleichmäßigen Verlauf, wie er aus funktionellen mechanischen Ablaufbewegungen der Waffe gefordert wird.Due to the inventive arrangement of an axially displaceable piston ring on the brake piston of the return brake, only the passage openings necessary for throttling the return line can be opened in a simple manner and immediately closed when switching to the forward barrel. When switching to the weapon barrel advance, the means for pre-damping take effect at the same time by opening at least one bore arranged in the piston ring and running parallel to the axis with a constant throttle cross-section. As a result, additional throttle devices, for example complex, long throttle grooves, can be dispensed with for the barrel advance in the barrel retractor. Furthermore, the constant throttle cross-section ensures that the speed can be predetermined to be uniform, as is required from functional mechanical sequence movements of the weapon.

Die Bewegungen des als Absperrschieber wirkenden Kolbenringes werden auf einer Seite von einem mit einem Bremskolben lösbar verbundenen Kolbenkopf begrenzt. Die Lösbarkeit des Kolbenkopfes gewährleistet eine einfache Montage des Kolbenringes auf den Bremskolben.The movements of the piston ring acting as a gate valve are limited on one side by a piston head detachably connected to a brake piston. The detachability of the piston head ensures easy assembly of the piston ring on the brake piston.

Für den Schließvorgang, die einerseits für den Bremsvorgang und andererseits für die Vorlaufbewegung benötigten Durchgangsbohrungen, werden am Kolbenring keine zusätzlichen Abdichtungen benötigt, weil die Stirn- und Führungsflächen des Kolbenringes und die anliegenden Flächen des Bremskolbens als Dichtflächen ausgebildet sind.No additional seals are required on the piston ring for the closing process, the through holes required on the one hand for the braking process and on the other hand for the forward movement, because the end faces and guide surfaces of the piston ring and the abutting surfaces of the brake piston are designed as sealing surfaces.

Ein weiterer Vorteil dieses erfindungsgemäßen Waffenrohrrück- und Vorlaufsystems ist es, daß eine gezielte Drosselung der Vorlaufgeschwindigkeit auch bei unterschiedlichen Rücklauflängen möglich ist. Dazu ist nach einem weiteren Ausgestaltungsmerkmal die Regelstange mit unterschiedlich langen Drosselnuten ausgerüstet, wobei jeweils nur Drosselnuten gleicher Länge durch den Kolbenring absperrbar sind bzw. freigegeben werden. Diese Einstellmöglichkeit bietet eine vorteilhafte Einbaumöglichkeit bei steilschießenden Waffen, die ― in Abhängigkeit von der Feuerhöhe ― eine unterschiedliche Rücklauflänge benötigen.Another advantage of this weapon barrel return and forward system is that a targeted throttling of the forward speed is possible even with different return lengths. For this purpose, according to a further design feature, the control rod is equipped with throttle grooves of different lengths, whereby only throttle grooves of the same length can be blocked or released by the piston ring. This setting option offers an advantageous installation option for high-angle weapons, which - depending on the fire height - require a different return length.

Die Erfindung wird anhand zweier in den Zeichnungen dargestellter Ausführungsbeispiele des näheren erläutert.The invention is explained in more detail with reference to two exemplary embodiments shown in the drawings.

Es zeigt:

Figur 1
einen Längsschnitt durch eine am Bodenstück eines Waffenrohres angeschlossene Rohrbremse und einen Rohrvorholer;
Figur 2
eine Vergrößerung einer in der Figur 1 mit II gekennzeichneten Einzelheit;
Figur 3
die Bewegungsrichtung der Rohrbremse und des Rohrvorholers während des Rohrrücklaufs;
Figur 4
die Bewegungsrichtung der Rohrbremse und des Rohrvorholers während des Rohrvorlaufs;
Figur 5
einen Längsschnitt durch eine auf eine unterschiedliche Rücklauflänge einstellbare Rohrbremse;
Figur 6
einen in der Figur 5 mit VI-VI gekennzeichneten Querschnitt.

It shows:
Figure 1
a longitudinal section through a pipe brake connected to the base of a weapon barrel and a barrel recoiler;
Figure 2
an enlargement of a detail marked II in FIG. 1;
Figure 3
the direction of movement of the pipe brake and pipe recuperator during pipe return;
Figure 4
the direction of movement of the pipe brake and the pipe recoiler during the pipe advance;
Figure 5
a longitudinal section through a pipe brake adjustable to a different return length;
Figure 6
a cross section marked VI-VI in FIG.

Die Figur 1 verdeutlicht auf ihrer rechten Seite ein schematisch dargestelltes Bodenstück 2 eines Waffenrohres einer nicht dargestellten Rohrwaffe. An dem Bodenstück 2 sind einerseits eine Rohrbremse 1 und andererseits ein Rohrvorholer 3 separat befestigt.FIG. 1 illustrates on its right side a schematically represented base piece 2 of a weapon barrel of a barrel weapon, not shown. On the bottom piece 2, on the one hand, a pipe brake 1 and, on the other hand, a pipe catcher 3 are separately attached.

Die Rohrbremse 1 ist dabei mit ihrer Bremskolbenstange 48 an dem Bodenstück 2 über nicht beschriebene Befestigungsmittel 62 verbunden. Der Rohrvorholer 3 ist analog über eine Kolbenstange 25 mit dem Bodenstück 2 durch ebenfalls nicht näher beschriebene Befestigungsmittel 63 verbunden.The pipe brake 1 is connected to its brake piston rod 48 on the base piece 2 via fastening means 62, not described. The tube feeder 3 is connected via a piston rod 25 to the base piece 2 by means of fastening means 63, which are also not described in detail.

Die jeweiligen Zylinder der Rohrbremse 1 und des Rohrvorholers 3 sind an einer nicht dargestellten Wiegenwalze, vorzugsweise diametral gegenüberliegend angeordnet.The respective cylinders of the tube brake 1 and the tube feeder 3 are arranged on a cradle roller, not shown, preferably diametrically opposite one another.

Der Rohrvorholer 3 umfaßt nach der Figur 1 einen im Durchmesser abgestuften Zylinder 24, welcher aus vorgefertigten, vorzugsweise innenseitig glatten Rohren besteht, so daß eine zusätzliche Nachbehandlung weitgehend entfallen kann. In nicht dargestellter Weise kann der Zylinder 24 des Rohrvorholers 3 auch aus einem einzigen durchmessergleichen Rohr bestehen. An dem von dem Bodenstück 2 abgewandten Ende der Kolbenstange 25 ist innerhalb des Zylinders 24 des Rohrvorholers 3 ein Kolben 26 gleitfähig angeordnet. Aufgrund des vergleichsweise großen zwischen der Kolbenstange 25 und der Zylinderinnenwand vorhandenen und mit vorzugsweise Stickstoff gefülltem Druckraum 27 wird das Druckgas beim Waffenrohrrücklauf vergleichsweise nur gering komprimiert, so daß der Druckanstieg gegenüber bekannten Rohrvorholern minimal ist, wodurch beispielsweise die Belastung auf die am Kolben 26 und am Zylinder 24 vorhandenen Dichtelemente 28, 29 gering ist.According to FIG. 1, the tube recoiler 3 comprises a cylinder 24 with a graduated diameter, which consists of prefabricated, preferably smooth tubes on the inside, so that an additional aftertreatment can largely be dispensed with. In a manner not shown, the cylinder 24 of the tube recoiler 3 can also consist of a single tube of the same diameter. At the end of the piston rod 25 facing away from the base piece 2, a piston 26 is slidably arranged within the cylinder 24 of the tube recoiler 3. Due to the comparatively large between the piston rod 25 and the cylinder inner wall and preferably filled with nitrogen pressure chamber 27, the compressed gas at the gun barrel return is comparatively only slightly compressed, so that the pressure increase compared to known barrel recoilers is minimal, which, for example, the load on the piston 26 and on Cylinder 24 existing sealing elements 28, 29 is low.

Der Zylinder 24 ist beidseitig durch ansich bekannte Flansche 30, 31 geschlossen, wobei der dem Bodenstück 2 zugeordnete Flansch 30 Führungs- und weitere Dichtungsmittel 32, 33 und der andere Flansch 31 eine Entlüftungsbohrung 34 enthält.The cylinder 24 is closed on both sides by known flanges 30, 31, the flange 30 assigned to the base piece 2 containing guide and further sealing means 32, 33 and the other flange 31 containing a ventilation hole 34.

Die in den Figuren 1 bis 4 dargestellte Rohrbremse 1 ist beidseitig ihres Zylindermantels 35 ebenfalls durch Flansche 36, 37 verschlossen, wobei der bodenstückseitig angeordnete Flansch 36 in bekannter Weise mit Mitteln zur Führung und Abdichtung der mit dem Bremskolben 4 verbundenen Bremskolbenstange 48 ausgerüstet ist, während der am anderen Ende des Mantels 35 befestigte Flansch 37 ein Abstützlager für einer Feder 38 eines in der DE-PS 1283706 beschriebenen.The pipe brake 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 is also closed on both sides of its cylinder jacket 35 by flanges 36, 37, the flange 36 arranged on the bottom part being equipped in a known manner with means for guiding and sealing the brake piston rod 48 connected to the brake piston 4, while the flange 37 attached to the other end of the jacket 35 is a support bearing for a spring 38 of one described in DE-PS 1283706.

Ausgleichskolbens 39 und eine Führung eines die Stellung des Ausgleichskolbens 39 nach außen angebenden Anzeige 40 bildet. Diese Teile sind im wesentlichen bekannt und nicht erfindungsrelevant, so daß eine nähere Beschreibung entbehrlich ist.Compensating piston 39 and a guide of a position 40 of the compensating piston 39 indicating the outside. These parts are essentially known and not relevant to the invention, so that a detailed description is unnecessary.

Innerhalb des Bremskolbens 4 und der Bremskolbenstange 48 ist eine vor dem Ausgleichskolben 39 starr am Zylindermantel 35 befestigte Flüssigkeitsstromregelstange 5 angeordnet. Diese Regelstange 5 ist in dem Bereich ihrer Befestigung als Scheibe 41 ausgebildet, wodurch der zwischen dem Ausgleichskolben 39 und dem bodenstückseitig angeordneten Flansch 36 vorhandener Raum in eine Wärmeausgleichskammer 42 und einen Bremsraum 13 aufgeteilt ist. Beide Räume 13, 42 sind über wenigstens eine ansich bekannte Ausgleichsbohrung 43 miteinander verbunden.Arranged within the brake piston 4 and the brake piston rod 48 is a liquid flow control rod 5 rigidly attached to the cylinder jacket 35 in front of the compensating piston 39. This control rod 5 is designed in the area of its attachment as a disk 41, as a result of which the space present between the compensating piston 39 and the flange 36 arranged on the base piece side is divided into a heat compensation chamber 42 and a brake chamber 13. Both rooms 13, 42 are connected to one another via at least one known compensation bore 43.

Zur Befestigung der Regelstange 5 ist die Scheibe 41 auf der Seite der Wärmeausgleichskammer 42 über einen mittels Schrauben 44 anschraubbaren Flansch 45 verbunden, durch den vorzugsweise drei auf dem Umfang verteilt angeordnete und formschlüssig in Ausnehmungen 46 des Zylindermantels eingreifende Segmente 47 eine solide Befestigung der Regelstange 5 an der Zylinderwand 35 bilden. Die Segmente 47 gewährleisten dabei eine einfache Mon- und Demontage der Regelstange 5.To fasten the control rod 5, the disk 41 is connected on the side of the heat compensation chamber 42 via a flange 45 which can be screwed on by means of screws 44, through which three segments 47, which are distributed over the circumference and engage positively in recesses 46 of the cylinder jacket, provide a solid fastening of the control rod 5 form on the cylinder wall 35. The segments 47 ensure simple assembly and disassembly of the control rod 5.

Die Regelstange 5 bildet mit ihrer in den Bremskolben 4 und die Bremskolbenstange 48 hineinragenden Teil einen ansich bekannten Drosselraum 14 zur Drosselung der Rücklaufbewegung des Waffenrohres. An ihrem freien Ende enthält die Regelstange 5 in weiter bekannter Weise einen Vorlaufhemmdorn 49, der zur Rückführung der Druckflüssigkeit eine nicht dargestellte Längsnute aufweist, die in eine Vorlaufhemmdornkammer 51 mündet. Für den weiteren Abtransport der durch den Vorlaufhemmdorn 49 aus der Bohrung 50 der Bremskolbenstange 48 in die Vorlaufhemmdornkammer 51 hineingedrückten Druckflüssigkeit ist die Regelstange 5 mit einer Axialbohrung 52 versehen, die einerseits über weitere Bohrungen 53 mit der Vorlaufhemmdornkammer 51 und andererseits unmittelbar vor der Scheibe 41 über Radialbohrungen 54 mit dem Bremsraum 13 verbunden ist. Auf der Befestigungsseite der Regelstange 5 ist der Ausgang der Axialbohrung 52 mit einem Stopfen 55 verschlossen.The control rod 5, with its part projecting into the brake piston 4 and the brake piston rod 48, forms a throttle chamber 14 known per se for throttling the return movement of the weapon barrel. At its free end, the control rod 5 contains, in a further known manner, a feed inhibitor mandrel 49 which, for returning the pressure fluid, has a longitudinal groove (not shown) which opens into a feed inhibitor mandrel chamber 51. For the further removal of the through the Vorhemhemmdorn 49 from the Bore 50 of the brake piston rod 48 into the hydraulic fluid mandrel chamber 51, the control rod 5 is provided with an axial bore 52, which is connected on the one hand via further bores 53 to the hydraulic brake mandrel chamber 51 and on the other hand directly in front of the disk 41 via radial bores 54 with the brake chamber 13. On the fastening side of the control rod 5, the outlet of the axial bore 52 is closed with a stopper 55.

Der Bremskolben 4 der Rohrbremse 1 enthält als Mittel zur Rohrrücklauf- und Vorlaufdämpfung einen gegen die Kraft einer Feder 6 axial verschieblichen Kolbenring 7, der als Absperrschieber ausgebildet ist und unter der Kraft der Feder 6 beim Waffenrohrvorlauf einerseits die im Bremskolben 4 zwischen einem von dem Bremskolben 4 bzw. der Bremskolbenstange 48 und der Bremszylinderinnenfläche 10 gebildeten Bremsraum 13 und einen gemeinsam von dem Bremskolben 4 bzw. der Bremskolbenstange 48 und der Regelstange gebildeten Drosselraum 14 angeordneten Verbindungskanäle 12 absperrt und andererseits wenigstens eine innerhalb des Kolbenringes 7 angeordnete Bohrung 15 als Mittel für eine gezielte Vorlaufdämpfung wirksam werden läßt.The brake piston 4 of the pipe brake 1 contains as a means for pipe return and flow damping against the force of a spring 6 axially displaceable piston ring 7, which is designed as a gate valve and under the force of the spring 6 on the gun barrel advance on the one hand that in the brake piston 4 between one of the brake pistons 4 or the brake piston rod 48 and the brake cylinder inner surface 10 formed brake chamber 13 and a jointly formed by the brake piston 4 or the brake piston rod 48 and the control rod arranged throttle chamber 14 connecting channels 12 and on the other hand at least one arranged within the piston ring 7 bore 15 as a means for a targeted flow damping can be effective.

Die Bohrungen 15 verlaufen innerhalb des Kolbenringes 7 achsparallel und verbinden während des Waffenrohrvorlaufs den hinter ihren freien Ausgängen 16 liegenden Bremsraum 13 mit dem zwischen dem Kolbenring 7 und der Scheibe 41 der Regelstange 5 gebildeten Raum 56. Der Durchmesser d und die Länge 1 jeder Bohrung 15 sind dabei so gewählt, daß die Vorlaufgeschwindigkeit des am Bodenstück 2 befestigten Waffenrohres gezielt vorbestimmbar ist und einen annähernd konstanten Verlauf annimmt.The bores 15 run axially parallel within the piston ring 7 and, during the advance of the weapon barrel, connect the brake chamber 13 behind their free outputs 16 to the space 56 formed between the piston ring 7 and the disk 41 of the control rod 5. The diameter d and the length 1 of each bore 15 are chosen so that the forward speed of the weapon barrel attached to the base piece 2 can be predetermined in a targeted manner and assumes an approximately constant course.

Der Kolbenring 7 enthält auf der den Ausgängen 16 abgewandten Seite eine an eine vorzugsweise radial verlaufende Anschlagfläche 18 des Bremskolbens 4 angepaßte Stirnfläche 17, in die die Bohrungen 15 münden.On the side facing away from the outlets 16, the piston ring 7 contains an end face which is adapted to a preferably radially extending stop face 18 of the brake piston 4 17, into which the holes 15 open.

Während des Rohrrücklaufs wird unter der Wirkung des im Bremsraum 13 herrschenden Bremsdruckes der Kolbenring 7 mit seiner Stirnfläche 17 an die Anschlagfläche 18 des Bremskolbens 4 gedrückt. Dadurch wird der während des Waffenrohrvorlaufs freie Durchgang der Bohrung 15 zur Zeit des Bremsvorganges unterbrochen.During the pipe return, the end face 17 of the piston ring 7 is pressed against the stop face 18 of the brake piston 4 under the effect of the brake pressure prevailing in the brake chamber 13. As a result, the free passage of the bore 15 during the barrel advance is interrupted at the time of the braking process.

Die Figur 3 verdeutlicht die Stellung des Ringkolbens während des Waffenrohrrücklaufs. Die Bremskolbenstange 48 wird dabei durch das Bodenstück 2 in die Richtung 57 aus der Rohrbremse 1 gezogen. Dabei fließt die Druckflüssigkeit entsprechend den Pfeilrichtungen aus dem Druckraum 13 über die Verbindungskanäle 12 des Bremskolbens 4 in den Druckraum 14 und von dort aus in den Raum 56, wobei der Waffenrohrrücklauf entsprechend den Drosselquerschnitten der Regelstange 5 in bekannter Weise abgebremst wird.Figure 3 illustrates the position of the ring piston during the barrel return. The brake piston rod 48 is pulled through the base piece 2 in the direction 57 out of the pipe brake 1. The pressure fluid flows in the direction of the arrows from the pressure chamber 13 via the connecting channels 12 of the brake piston 4 into the pressure chamber 14 and from there into the chamber 56, the gun barrel return being braked in a known manner in accordance with the throttle cross sections of the control rod 5.

Während des Rohrrücklaufs wird die Kolbenstange 25 durch das Bodenstück 2 aus dem Rohrvorholer ebenfalls in Richtung 57 herausgezogen, wodurch das im Druckraum 27 vorhandene Gasvolumen durch den Kolben 26 komprimiert wird.During the pipe return, the piston rod 25 is also pulled out through the base piece 2 from the pipe recoiler in direction 57, whereby the gas volume present in the pressure chamber 27 is compressed by the piston 26.

Die Figur 4 zeigt den Bewegungsvorgang während des Rohrvorlaufs, wobei durch das expandierende Druckgas die Kolbenstange 25 durch den Kolben 26 in den Rohrvorholer 3 hineingezogen wird, wodurch über das mitbewegende Bodenstück 2 auch die Bremskolbenstange 48 in den Zylinder 35 der Rohrbremse 1 hineinbewegt wird. Vor Beginn der Vorlaufbewegung hat sich unter der Kraft der Feder 6 der Kolbenring 7 axial in die durch einen am Bremskolben 4 vorhandenen Anschlag 59 begrenzte Verschlußstellung der Verbindungskanäle 12 verschoben (Figur 2). Die Druckflüssigkeit strömt deshalb beim Waffenrohrvorlauf in der angegebenen Pfeilrichtung nicht mehr durch die Verbindungskanäle 12, sondern zur Erzielung einer vorgegebenen.FIG. 4 shows the movement process during the pipe advance, the piston rod 25 being drawn into the pipe recoiler 3 by the piston 26 by the expanding compressed gas, so that the brake piston rod 48 is also moved into the cylinder 35 of the pipe brake 1 via the moving base piece 2. Before the start of the forward movement, the piston ring 7 has moved axially under the force of the spring 6 into the closed position of the connecting channels 12 which is delimited by a stop 59 provided on the brake piston 4 (FIG. 2). The hydraulic fluid therefore no longer flows through the connecting channels 12 when the weapon barrel is advancing in the direction of the arrow indicated, but to achieve a predetermined one.

Vorlaufgeschwindigkeit durch die freigewordenen Bohrungen 15 des Kolbenringes 7 aus dem nunmehr unter Druck stehenden Raum 56 in den beim Vorlauf druckentlasteten Bremsraum 13.Forward speed through the bores 15 of the piston ring 7 that have become free from the now pressurized space 56 into the brake space 13 that is relieved of pressure during the advance.

Der Kolbenring 7 ist zur Abdichtung und zur Erzielung einer schnellen Gleitbewegung auf seiner der Innenfläche 10 des Zylindermantels 35 zugekehrten Außenfläche 8 mit reibungs- und wartungsarmen Dichtungselementen 9, 9.1ausgerüstet. Innenseitig gleitet der Kolbenring 7 mit seiner als Bohrung ausgebildeten Führungsfläche 11 auf einem zylindrischen Ansatz 60 des Bremskolbens 4.The piston ring 7 is equipped with low-friction and low-maintenance sealing elements 9, 9.1 for sealing and for achieving a rapid sliding movement on its outer surface 8 facing the inner surface 10 of the cylinder jacket 35. On the inside, the piston ring 7 slides with its guide surface 11 designed as a bore on a cylindrical shoulder 60 of the brake piston 4.

Für eine einfache Montage des Kolbenringes 7 ist ein die Anschlagfläche 18 des Bremskolbens 4 aufnehmender Kopf 19 lösbar durch ein Gewinde 61 am freien Ende des Bremskolbens 4 befestigt. Das Gewinde 61 weist dazu gegenüber dem Ansatz 60 einen kleineren Durchmesser auf. Die zwischen der Stirnfläche 16 des Kolbenringes 7 und der Anschlagfläche 18 des Kopfes 19 angeordnete Feder 6 ist als Druckfeder ausgebildet und in jeweiligen in Axialrichtungen weisenden Nuten 20, 21 des Kolbenkopfes 19 und des Kolbenringes 7 gelagert.For simple assembly of the piston ring 7, a head 19 receiving the stop surface 18 of the brake piston 4 is detachably fastened by a thread 61 to the free end of the brake piston 4. For this purpose, the thread 61 has a smaller diameter than the projection 60. The spring 6 arranged between the end face 16 of the piston ring 7 and the stop face 18 of the head 19 is designed as a compression spring and is mounted in respective grooves 20, 21 of the piston head 19 and the piston ring 7 pointing in the axial directions.

In einem weiteren, in den Figuren 5, 6 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel der Rohrbremse 1.1 münden die von dem Kolbenring 7 innerhalb des Bremskolbens 4 angeordneten und versperrbaren Verbindungskanäle 12 in Drosselnuten 22, 23 der Regelstange 5.1, wobei die Drosselnuten 22, 23 eine unterschiedliche Länge aufweisen und auf nicht näher dargestellte Weise außerhalb der Rohrbremse 1 verstellbar sind.In a further exemplary embodiment of the pipe brake 1.1 shown in FIGS. 5, 6, the connecting channels 12 arranged and lockable by the piston ring 7 inside the brake piston 4 open into throttle grooves 22, 23 of the control rod 5.1, the throttle grooves 22, 23 having a different length and are adjustable outside the pipe brake 1 in a manner not shown.

So kann der in der Figur 1 mit s angegebene maximale Rücklaufweg des Waffenrohres durch vergleichsweise lange Drosselnuten 23 und ein verkürzter Rücklaufweg durch kürzere Drosselnuten 22 erzielt werden. Die Drosselnuten 22, 23 sind gegenüber den Verbindungskanälen 12 derartig versetzt angeordnet, daß jeweils nur gegenüberliegende gleichlange Drosselnuten 22 oder 23 mit den Verbindungskanälen 12 verbunden werden können. Die Befestigung der Drosselstange erfolgt hier unterschiedlich zu dem in der Figur 2 dargestellten Beispiel außerhalb der Rohrbremse 1.Thus, the maximum return path of the weapon barrel indicated by s in FIG. 1 can be achieved by comparatively long throttle grooves 23 and a shortened return path by shorter throttle grooves 22. The Throttle grooves 22, 23 are staggered relative to the connecting channels 12 such that only opposite, equally long throttle grooves 22 or 23 can be connected to the connecting channels 12. The throttle rod is fastened here differently from the example shown in FIG. 2 outside the pipe brake 1.

Claims (7)

1. Hydraulic barrel brake (1,1.1) with one common pneumatic barrel recuperator (3) movable by the base (2) of a barrel of a weapon and with means (12, 14, 15, 22, 23) for damping the recoil and the forward motion of the barrel, the barrel brake (1, 1.1) containing, for damping the recoil of the barrel, a brake piston (4, 4.1) and a liquid flow regulator (5, 5.1), wherein the brake piston (4, 4.1) of the barrel brake (1, 1.1) contains a hollow element (7) which is axially displaceable in opposition to the force of a spring (6) and which initiates the damping of the forward motion, as a result of which the means for damping the forward motion, under the effect of the brake pressure prevailing in the barrel brake (1, 1.1) become inoperative during the recoil of the barrel, while during the forward motion of the barrel the said means become operative through the force of the spring (6), characterised by the following features:
(a) the barrel recuperator (3) comprises a separate cylinder (24) in which a single piston (26) connected with a piston rod (25) is moved against a pressure gas present in a pressure chamber (27) surrounding the piston rod (25),
(b) the liquid flow regulator is formed by a liquid flow regulating rod (5, 5.1) which, in relation to the brake piston (4) or brake piston rod (48), forms a throttle chamber (14) of which the connection is by connecting channels (12) situated inside the brake piston (4) to a braking chamber (13) formed by the brake piston (4) or the brake piston rod (48) and the inner surface (10) of the brake cylinder (13) is interrupted by the axially displaceable element (7) during the forward motion of the barrel,
(c) the brake piston (4, 4.1) bears, as an axially displaceable element, a piston ring (7) which, for the damping of the forward motion, has at least one paraxial boring (15) which on one side contains an open outlet (16) to the brake chamber (13) and on the other side leads into the end face (17) of the piston ring (7), while the end face (17), during the braking operation, bears against a stop face (18) conforming thereto and belonging to the brake piston (4), as a result of which a free passage provided by the boring (15) during the forward motion of the barrel is obstructed during the braking process.
2. Barrel brake in accordance with Claim 1, characterised by the fact that the forward speed of the base (2) secured to the barrel is preselectable by the values of the diameter d and the length 1 of the boring (15).
3. Barrel brake in accordance with Claim 1, characterised by the fact that the stop face (18) is provided on a removable crown (19) of the brake piston (4).
4. Barrel brake in accordance with one of Claims 1 to 3, characterised by the fact that the spring (6) is constructed as a pressure spring (6) and is situated between the end face (16) of the piston ring (7) and the stop face (18) of the crown (19) of the brake piston (4), the spring (6) being mounted in annular grooves (20, 21) of the piston crown (19) and of the piston ring (7) respectively.
5. Barrel brake in accordance with one of Claims 1 to 4, characterised by the fact that the connecting channels (12) which can be obstructed by the piston ring (7) lead into throttle grooves (22, 23) of the regulating rod (5.1) which can be adjusted in length to suit different recoil strokes of the weapon.
6. Barrel brake in accordance with Claim 1, characterised by the fact that the barrel recuperator (3) comprises a cylinder (24) of constant diameter or of graduated diameter.
7. Barrel brake in accordance with Claim 1, characterised by the fact that a disc (41) is provided on the liquid flow regulating rod (5) in order to form a heat equalising chamber (42) and is equipped with means for securing same to the internal casing (35) of the brake cylinder comprising segments (47) which engage recesses (46) of the internal casing (35) of the brake cylinder with a positive interlock and which are distributed around the periphery and which can be secured to the disc (41) by means of a screw flange connection (44, 45).
EP89107188A 1988-07-16 1989-04-21 Gun recoil brake with a run-out damper Expired - Lifetime EP0351501B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3824153 1988-07-16
DE3824153A DE3824153A1 (en) 1988-07-16 1988-07-16 ARM PIPE RETURN BRAKE WITH FORWARD DAMPING

Publications (2)

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EP0351501A1 EP0351501A1 (en) 1990-01-24
EP0351501B1 true EP0351501B1 (en) 1991-11-27

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US (1) US4924751A (en)
EP (1) EP0351501B1 (en)
DE (2) DE3824153A1 (en)

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DE102006014155A1 (en) 2006-03-24 2007-09-27 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Hydropneumatic braking and recuperation system e.g. for recoil cannons, has adjustable working piston arranged between gun barrel of cannon and non-return mechanism
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WO2018149644A1 (en) 2017-02-15 2018-08-23 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Muzzle brake for braking the barrel during the recoil of a barrelled weapon

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4924751A (en) 1990-05-15
EP0351501A1 (en) 1990-01-24
DE58900494D1 (en) 1992-01-09
DE3824153A1 (en) 1990-04-26

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