EP0347007B1 - Crème, produit baratté ressemblant à la margarine, fabriqué à partir de celle-ci et procédé pour leur fabrication - Google Patents

Crème, produit baratté ressemblant à la margarine, fabriqué à partir de celle-ci et procédé pour leur fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0347007B1
EP0347007B1 EP89201570A EP89201570A EP0347007B1 EP 0347007 B1 EP0347007 B1 EP 0347007B1 EP 89201570 A EP89201570 A EP 89201570A EP 89201570 A EP89201570 A EP 89201570A EP 0347007 B1 EP0347007 B1 EP 0347007B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cream
dairy
fat
oil
churning
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89201570A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0347007A3 (fr
EP0347007A2 (fr
EP0347007B2 (fr
Inventor
Jan Van Heteren
Jean Claude Martine
Karel Theodorus Vermaat
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Unilever PLC
Unilever NV
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Unilever PLC
Unilever NV
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Application filed by Unilever PLC, Unilever NV filed Critical Unilever PLC
Publication of EP0347007A2 publication Critical patent/EP0347007A2/fr
Publication of EP0347007A3 publication Critical patent/EP0347007A3/fr
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
    • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
    • A23D7/001—Spread compositions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
    • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
    • A23D7/015—Reducing calorie content; Reducing fat content, e.g. "halvarines"
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
    • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
    • A23D7/02—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines characterised by the production or working-up

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a cream, to a churned margarine-like product made therefrom, and to a processes for producing such a cream and such a margarine-like product.
  • the invention relates to the churning of non-dairy creams so as to obtain a butter-like product with a high iodine value.
  • Creams are emulsions of the oil-in-water type, and are well known both as starting materials and intermediates in methods for the production of edible spreads, including butter and margarine.
  • the dispersed fat phase of the cream is converted into a continuous crystallised fat phase in which a dispersed aqueous phase is present.
  • dairy fat refers to fats obtained from lacteal fluids
  • non-dairy fat refers to fats such as may be obtained from vegetable matter, from animal carcases or marine sources such as fish.
  • animal fat is generally intended to include within its scope fats obtained from animal sources such as animal tallow and lard, but to exclude dairy fats. Other than were the context demands otherwise the terms "oil” and "fat” are considered interchangeable.
  • the butter obtained from the conventional churning process has desirable mechanical properties as regards spreadability and elasticity over a relatively narrow range of temperatures; much research has concerned how this range can be extended.
  • butter contains a relatively high level of fat having a relatively low level of unsaturation. Details of the exact composition of butterfat can be found in, for example, International Dairy Federation document 125 (pp 4-13).
  • Typical compositions for milk fat are 61% saturated fatty acids, 36% mono-unsaturated fatty acids and 3% poly-unsaturated (so-called "essential") fatty acids.
  • essential poly-unsaturated
  • Vegetable oils were first used in margarine fat compositions towards the end of the nineteenth century, in proportions of around 20% to soften the end product.
  • the oils used were generally of the lauric fat type, having steep melting curves over a relatively narrow range of temperature. These lauric/animal fat products tended to be too hard and brittle at low temperatures and too soft at high temperatures. As the price of animal fats rose, the proportions of vegetable fat continued to rise until by 1907 vegetable fat comprised some 25-30% of the fat blend of European margarines. It was not possible to incorporate more than this proportion as the resulting products became far too soft during warm weather.
  • GB 25404 disclosed a continuous emulsification apparatus consisting of an elongate chamber with a co-axial shaft mounted for rapid rotation. Developments towards higher rates of shear were continued and resulted in the "Votator” (Registered Trade Mark); the first practical scraped-surface heat exchanger.
  • Votator Registered Trade Mark
  • a significant advantage of these high shear methods is that greater proportions of liquid vegeatble oil can be incorporated into the product, as compared with the churning methods originally applied to margarine manufacture.
  • a further advantage of the "Votator” process is continuous, rather than batch, preparation of the product. "Votators” and similar apparatus have now largely superseded churns in margarine production.
  • iodine-value A convenient measure of the extent of unsaturation of a fat is the so called "iodine-value". This value is defined as the number of parts by weight of iodine which can combine with 100 parts by weight of fat. Some exemplary iodine values are given in the table below, as are approximate melting points in degrees centigrade;
  • European Patent 0106620 discloses a process in which cream separated from cows milk is blended with soybean oil and hydrogenated soybean oil to produce a composition having the same solid fat content as butter, and thus to overcome seasonal variations in the hardness of butter. Up to 75% of the total fat content can comprise non-dairy triglycerides, without detriment to the rheological properties of the product. However, in order to maintain the hardness of the product it was found necessary to use hydrogenated non-dairy fats, and the preferred combinations of vegetable and dairy fat disclosed in EP 0106620 were close to 50/50 blends.
  • European patent 0155246 goes further towards an attempt to churn a pure vegetable blend, but stipulates that the iodine value of the blend must be substantially equal to that of butter.
  • the examples of this patent again state that excellent products can be made with a 50/50 blend, the product quality deteriorates as the vegetable oil content is increased.
  • the vegetable fat content reaches 80% the products are only "acceptable with some hesitation”.
  • the products are considered "too soft for commercial use”.
  • the skilled man would conclude from this art that even with low iodine values, non-dairy churned products are unlikely to approach the rheology of butter when churned.
  • US 4425370 discloses how its method can manufacture products with 60% vegetable fat and 40% butterfat.
  • GB 1216568 discloses a vegetable cream with a high pufa content which can be churned to give a product with 14% poly-unsaturated fatty acids 35.5% mono-unsaturated fatty acids and 50.5% saturated fatty acids. This product would have an iodine value of around 60.
  • the hydrogenated vegetable oil is dispersed in the aqueous phase by means of steam treatment followed by the application of a partial vacuum.
  • One difficulty with this method is a tendency for the cream to "pre- churn" causing blockage of the plant.
  • the teaching of the US patent involves the use of a specific combination of emulsifiers to stabilise the cream prior to churning.
  • the mono-glyceride emulsifiers are particularly good at stabilising a cream, in which the comparatively large oil droplets would otherwise be unstable. Even with the application of these advanced techniques the preferred iodine value of the fat blend used in the method of the invention was no higher than 85.
  • EP 139389 discloses the use of semi-stable cream which is less stable than dairy cream under conditions of shear but which can be churned to form a spread
  • a semi-stable cream containing no or a minor portion of dairy fat and having a numeric average non-dairy fat droplet size below that of dairy cream and further comprising a water in oil promoting emulsifier.
  • Semi-stable creams are those which can be churned by the application of shear but are sufficiently stable to withstandn handling operations such as gentle pumping and the like.
  • the cream according to the invention shows a stability to phase inversion in the presence of shear greater than the corresponding stability of fresh dairy cream under identical conditions.
  • a process for the manufacture of an edible spread containing a fat phase with an iodine value in excess of 85 and in which fat globules are dispersed which comprises the steps of;
  • the method of the invention makes use of a continuous churn. Suitable for this purpose is the so-called “fritsch" continuous buttermaker.
  • Suitable emulsifiers include the so-called saturated monoglycerides, tweens, lecithins and lactic acid ester emulsifiers. These are preferably present between 0.05% and 1% by fat phase.
  • the drop size of the non-dairy cream employed in the method of the present invention is smaller than dairy cream, it is important that sufficient emulsifier activity is present to promote the formation of a water-in-oil emulsion in the churn. In the absence of a water-in-oil promoting emulsifier the cream may be difficult, and at particularly small drop sizes impossible, to churn.
  • no dairy cream is added to the non-dairy cream during the process.
  • the addition of minor amounts of dairy cream or dairy fats is not excluded.
  • the aqueous phase of the cream may comprise low fat milk or skim-milk.
  • This skim-milk may be natural skim-milk or reconstituted by solution of skim-milk powder in a suitable aqueous medium.
  • the churned by-product buttermilk, whether fresh or recombined may also be employed as the major component of the aqueous phase.
  • the fatty components of the cream are in general non-dairy fats. These may be hydrogenated or inter-esterified as is well-known in margarine manufacture. However, the use of hydrogenated fat should be minimized where a high content of unsaturated or poly-unsaturated fat is desired.
  • the hardness of the margarine products of the invention is largely determined by the fat components selected. Some examples of the solids index as measured by NMR are given in table 2 below. It can be seen that the product is slightly softer than butter at low temperature, but is otherwise comparable and generally similar to the "Bregott" products discussed above. A suitable method of NMR spectroscopy is described in Haighton et al (Fette Seifen Anstrichstoff No.5 1978).
  • the drop size distribution in the non-dairy cream should be such that the numeric average droplet diameter is below that of fresh dairy cream as mentioned above.
  • the volume-averaged drop size should be below sum and/or more than 50% by number of the non-dairy fats present should be below 2 ⁇ rn diameter.
  • Figure 2 illustrates how the prior art did not consider the distribution of drop sizes of the cream.
  • Dairy cream is seen from figure 2 to have a drop size range in agreement with that given in US 4 425 370, with the bulk of the fat volume being concentrated in droplets between 2 ⁇ and 20 ⁇ , especially from 2-7 ⁇ , to 8.0 ⁇ with a mean around 4u.
  • a cream according to the present invention is superficially similar to dairy cream in that the volume average of the cream globule diameters is close to 4u.
  • the non-dairy creams of the present invention have many more small oil drops than dairy cream.
  • figure 3 plots "lowest titre" against diameter, thus the vertical axis scale is the number of drops larger than a certain size.
  • the %number of oil droplets below 2 ⁇ was 64% for the non-dairy cream and 42% for the dairy cream.
  • 63% of the total number of oil drops in a sample were found to have diameters of less than 2u.
  • a cream was prepared with the composition shown in table 3 below.
  • the apparatus used in the performance of the method is shown schematically in figure 1.
  • the fat-phase is stored in water-jacketed tank (1) at 60 °C, from which it is drawn at a rate of 120 kg/hr along line (3) by pump (5).
  • the aqueous phase is stored in water-jacketed tank (2) at 60 ° C, from which it is drawn by pump (6) along line (4).
  • the capacity of pump (6) is 300 kg/hr; thus 180 kg/hr of the aqueous phase are drawn along line (4).
  • Pump (6) delivers the 40% fat phase/60% aqueous phase mixture to mixing unit (8) where a 40% oil in water cream is formed.
  • Recirculation line (7) enabled the flow rate of the fat phase to be controlled.
  • the mixing unit (8) comprised a plurality of baffles defining a serpentine flow path so as to induce turbulence in the throughput stream. It is believed that mechanical mixing using for example a high-speed "C-unit" would provide an alternative mixing method.
  • the cream was pasteurized at 85 ° C and cooled to ripening temperature in heat-treatment apparatus (10).
  • the product had the following initial hardness values at the indicated temperatures C5-980, C10-1450, C15-1050, C20-478.
  • Example 1 was repeated with the fatty and aqueous phases given in table 4, except that churning was performed at 12° C.
  • the product had initial C-values (hardness) at the indicated temperatures of C5-645, C10-615, C15-720, C20-265.
  • Example 1 was repeated with a blend of the non-dairy cream as described in example 1 and fresh dairy cream having the same fat content.
  • the ratio of components being 30% dairy cream to 70% non-dairy cream.
  • the experiment was repeated with dairy cream.
  • the figures given in table 5 below illustrate how the stability of the blended cream and the non-dairy cream compared with dairy cream.
  • the column NDC contains the original results for example 1 whereas the column 'blend' contains the results for the blend of 70% NDC and 30% dairy cream.
  • the creams according to the present invention are more difficult to churn than dairy cream, requiring a higher beater speed and slower throughput in the churning process.
  • the interpretation of this is that the creams are more stable than dairy cream.
  • the advantage of this additional stability is that in the melange product, identified as 'blend' above, the dairy cream globules are broken first in the churning process. Thus, the surviving globules in the product are mostly of non-dairy origin and the continuous fat phase which exibits a more rapid flavour release is believed to contain a larger proportion of the dairy fat.
  • the power required is expressed as a relative value determined in part by the dimensions of the equipment used for churning.
  • the power required figure as given is proportional to the figure obtained by the cube of the rotation speed (N) of the beater divided by the throughput of the cream (F) in a continous churn.
  • creams according to the present invention will in general churn at a value of k * N * N * N/F greater than 1 and preferably less than 10. Where k is such that dairy cream gives a value of less than 1.
  • An important feature of the present invention is the measurement of oil drop size and distribution in the cream prior to churning. This being a sensitive measure of the stability of the cream. While this measurement need not be carried out continuously, some attention must be given to this factor when setting up plant to operate the process aspect of the invention. As the drop size attained under differing process conditions and with differing apparatus will vary considerably, the following protocol for measuring drop size distribution is given.
  • the fat globule size was measured using a "Coulter Counter” (Registered Trade Mark) Model ZM obtained from Coulter Electronics, Northwell Drive, Luton, England, using the following methodology. It should be noted that the methodology is similar to that suggested in the "Operator's Handbook for the Coulter Counter Model ZM, issue A, November 1985".
  • a sample of cream was drawn off from the process line immediately prior to the churn.
  • the sample was mixed at a dilution of 1:15000 into a suitable aqueous medium (ISOTON II: Registered Trade Mark).
  • Manometer volume was settled to 50 ⁇ 1, and gain set at 4-Ranks of particle diameter, as determined by varying settings of the current value, lower threshold value and attenuation.
  • a measuring tube with an aperture of 50 ⁇ m was employed.
  • the D3,2 value was determined according to the method and definition described by Dr. M. Alderliesten (A Nomenclature for Mean Particle Diameters, Anal Pix., Vol 21). Typical results for a small range of diameters are given in Table 6 below;

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Dairy Products (AREA)
  • Edible Oils And Fats (AREA)
  • Confectionery (AREA)
  • Bakery Products And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
  • Grain Derivatives (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)

Claims (7)

1. Crème demi-stable ne contenant aucune matière grasse laitière ou n'en contenant qu'une faible partie, dans laquelle la taille moyenne numérique des gouttelettes de matière grasse dans la crème est inférieure à celle d'une crème laitière et ladite crème non-laitière comprenant en outre un émulsifiant activateur, de type eau dans l'huile.
2. Crème selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle l'émulsifiant-activateur de type eau dans l'huile est sélectionné parmi le groupe comportant les monoglycérides saturés, les tweens, la lécithine et les esters de l'acide lactique.
3. Crème selon la revendication 1 ou 2 dans laquelle l'émulsifiant est présent en une quantité allant de 0,05 à 1,0 % de la phase grasse.
4. Crème selon l'une quelconque des reventications 1, 2 ou 3, dans laquelle plus de 50 % du nombre total de gouttelettes d'huile présentes possèdent un diamètre inférieur à 2 um.
5. Procédé de fabrication d'un produit à tartiner comestible contenant une phase grasse ayant un indice d'iode excédant 85 et dans laquelle les globules de matières grasses sont dispersées, comprenant les étapes suivantes :
a) préparation d'une crème ne contenant aucune matière grasse laitière ou n'en contenant qu'une faible partie, dans laquelle le diamètre moyen numérique de gouttelettes de matières grasse dans la crème est inférieur à celui d'une crème laitière fraîchement préparée.
b) opération de barattage de la crème obtenue à l'étape (a) en présence d'un émulsifiant activateur de type eau dans l'huile afin d'obtenir un produit plastifié.
6. Produit à tartiner comestible contenant une phase grasse ayant un indice d'iode excédant 85 et dans lequel les globules de matières grasses sont dispersées, la préparation pouvant se faire par le procédé selon la revendication 5.
7. Produit à tartiner comestible selon la revendication 6 dans lequel le diamètre moyen de globules de matières grasses dispersée se situe dans l'intervalle compris entre 1 et 8 µm.
EP89201570A 1988-06-17 1989-06-16 Crème, produit baratté ressemblant à la margarine, fabriqué à partir de celle-ci et procédé pour leur fabrication Expired - Lifetime EP0347007B2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8814479 1988-06-17
GB888814479A GB8814479D0 (en) 1988-06-17 1988-06-17 Cream churned spread made therefrom & method of manufacturing them

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0347007A2 EP0347007A2 (fr) 1989-12-20
EP0347007A3 EP0347007A3 (fr) 1992-11-25
EP0347007B1 true EP0347007B1 (fr) 1995-11-15
EP0347007B2 EP0347007B2 (fr) 1999-06-16

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EP89201570A Expired - Lifetime EP0347007B2 (fr) 1988-06-17 1989-06-16 Crème, produit baratté ressemblant à la margarine, fabriqué à partir de celle-ci et procédé pour leur fabrication

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0347007B2 (fr)
JP (1) JPH0242939A (fr)
AT (1) ATE130167T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU616532B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA1340510C (fr)
DE (1) DE68924803T3 (fr)
GB (1) GB8814479D0 (fr)
ZA (3) ZA894602B (fr)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE69021123T2 (de) * 1989-05-11 1995-12-21 Unilever Nv Fettzusammensetzung für Schokolade-Konfekt.
IE64601B1 (en) * 1990-04-12 1995-08-23 Waterford Coop Dairy "A spread"
EP0613620A3 (fr) * 1993-03-03 1995-03-22 Dairygold Tech Ltd Procédé de fabrication de beurre à tartiner.
US6916499B1 (en) * 1999-10-18 2005-07-12 Land O'lakes, Inc. Method of forming a light butter
GB201611298D0 (en) * 2016-06-29 2016-08-10 Dairy Crest Ltd Reduced fat spread

Family Cites Families (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3746551A (en) * 1970-10-02 1973-07-17 Lever Brothers Ltd Margarine
US3900503A (en) * 1970-10-02 1975-08-19 Lever Brothers Ltd Randomly interesterified sunflower and tobaccoseed oils
JPS54129150A (en) * 1978-03-31 1979-10-06 Asahi Denka Kogyo Kk Production of fluid shortening
US4315955A (en) * 1980-03-10 1982-02-16 Madison Creamery, Inc. Filled cream, butter-like product made therefrom and method of manufacturing them
AU542411B2 (en) * 1981-02-27 1985-02-21 Unilever Plc Producing a spreadable emulsion
US4425370A (en) * 1982-01-15 1984-01-10 Land O'lakes, Inc. Process for making margarine-type food product
FR2527903A1 (fr) * 1982-06-03 1983-12-09 Noelle Ancenis Coop Agricole Procede et installation pour l'obtention d'un produit gras en tout point comparable au beurre
DE3363732D1 (en) * 1982-07-08 1986-07-03 Unilever Nv A process and an apparatus for producing edible emulsions
ATE18715T1 (de) * 1982-10-15 1986-04-15 Milk Marketing Board Verfahren zur herstellung eines butteraehnlichen brotaufstrichs.
CA1213778A (fr) * 1983-09-07 1986-11-12 Robert D. Price Margarine a tartiner et methode de production
SE8401332L (sv) * 1984-03-09 1985-09-10 Arla Ekonomisk Foerening Forfarande for framstellning av kylskapsbredbart matfett
SE456473B (sv) * 1984-12-06 1988-10-10 Arla Ekonomisk Foerening Forfarande for framstellning av ett lagkalorimargarin
US4840810A (en) * 1985-03-27 1989-06-20 Lever Brothers Company Process for the preparation of an edible fat-containing product
AU587437B2 (en) * 1985-03-27 1989-08-17 Unilever Plc Process for the preparation of an edible fat-containing product
GB2193221B (en) * 1986-07-30 1990-07-11 St Ivel Ltd Low fat spread
AU608536B2 (en) * 1986-09-26 1991-04-11 Unilever Plc Edible fat product and a process for preparing such product
GB8630555D0 (en) * 1986-12-22 1987-02-04 Unilever Plc Producing butter-like w/o emulsion spread
GB8703761D0 (en) * 1987-02-18 1987-03-25 Unilever Plc Edible plastified dispersion

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ZA894601B (en) 1991-02-27
DE68924803T2 (de) 1996-04-18
GB8814479D0 (en) 1988-07-20
DE68924803D1 (de) 1995-12-21
JPH0242939A (ja) 1990-02-13
AU3650789A (en) 1989-12-21
EP0347007A3 (fr) 1992-11-25
ATE130167T1 (de) 1995-12-15
ZA894600B (en) 1991-02-27
EP0347007A2 (fr) 1989-12-20
CA1340510C (fr) 1999-04-20
ZA894602B (en) 1991-02-27
DE68924803T3 (de) 2000-01-27
AU616532B2 (en) 1991-10-31
EP0347007B2 (fr) 1999-06-16

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