EP0344095B2 - Method for continuous direct strand reduction - Google Patents

Method for continuous direct strand reduction Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0344095B2
EP0344095B2 EP89730119A EP89730119A EP0344095B2 EP 0344095 B2 EP0344095 B2 EP 0344095B2 EP 89730119 A EP89730119 A EP 89730119A EP 89730119 A EP89730119 A EP 89730119A EP 0344095 B2 EP0344095 B2 EP 0344095B2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
flat product
thickness
flat
product
continuous casting
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89730119A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0344095A3 (en
EP0344095B1 (en
EP0344095A2 (en
Inventor
Fritz-Peter Dr. Pleschiutschnigg
Lothar Parschat
Armin Burau
Werner Dr. Rahmfeld
Gerd Möllers
Hans-Jürgen Ehrenberg
Hans Georg Eberhardt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Vodafone GmbH
Original Assignee
Mannesmann AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Mannesmann AG filed Critical Mannesmann AG
Priority to AT89730119T priority Critical patent/ATE92797T1/en
Publication of EP0344095A2 publication Critical patent/EP0344095A2/en
Publication of EP0344095A3 publication Critical patent/EP0344095A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0344095B1 publication Critical patent/EP0344095B1/en
Publication of EP0344095B2 publication Critical patent/EP0344095B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/46—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting
    • B21B1/463—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting in a continuous process, i.e. the cast not being cut before rolling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
    • B22D11/1206—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for plastic shaping of strands

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for continuous Casting rolls of flat metal products from steel.
  • Flat products are the starting material for the production of sheets or strips. Such Flat products are also called slabs or Inscribed thin slabs. Will be slabs with a size exceeding a certain thickness generation problems usually occur on. According to DE-OS 24 44 443 should be the segregation prevented with such products be that in the continuous caster on the Strand within the solidification section, if possible just before the solidification point, a deformation with a degree of reduction of 0.1 to 2% is exercised.
  • EP 0286862 A1 (State of the art according to Art. 54 (3) EPC.) is a system for Manufacture of a steel strip known, the strand emerging from the continuous caster, the already reduced in thickness by compression has been in a subsequent rolling stand is rolled into the actual strip.
  • the invention is based on the object Specify the procedure with which the Continuous caster a product with a high proportion Rolling structure is made available with the thickness dimension leaving the casting plant is coil capable.
  • the thickness reduction of the flat product is in the field of solidification and coordinated with one another in the solidified area, that the total reduction of the flat product is at least 60%.
  • the so generated Flat product is at a thickness of max. 35 mm coil capable, so that in a further embodiment the invention following the casting and rolling process the flat product obtained is coiled.
  • the flat product emerging from the mold due to the scaling of the flat product protecting atmosphere should cover the entire area the deformation distance are maintained. This can be done in particular by the fact that an inert gas atmosphere within the strand guide section is maintained. Should this be out not be possible for operational reasons descaling as an equivalent measure of the flat product within the deformation section on.
  • Embodiment of the invention can the roles be surface-coated in the sense of a reduction the cooling effect caused by the rollers.
  • the temperature range from 1500 - 1200 ° C for further reduction has turned out to be special proven beneficial for obtaining an isotropic Structure.
  • the Invention will be explained in more detail.
  • steel is turned into a mold the cross-sectional dimension 60 mm x 1200 mm shed.
  • the one that partially froze across the cross-section Strand is withdrawn from the mold with a speed of approx. 3.5 m / min and by means of Led pairs of roles.
  • the pairs of roles are individual or combined into segments against the strand adjustable and are so against pressed the strand that in the area of the solidification section, from the end of the mold to solidification, the strand to a thickness of 36 mm (approx. 40% of the dimension at the mold exit) is reduced.
  • This area is included another area with pairs of roles in which one further thickness reduction from 36 to 25 mm (30% from the already reduced strand thickness) is made.
  • the flat product produced in this way can then be wound up into the coil or directly fed for further processing by rolling become.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Mold Materials And Core Materials (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for continuous direct strand reduction of flat metallic products, in particular made from steel, by pouring the molten metal into a continuous casting mould, drawing off the strand, partially solidified over the casting cross-section, by means of pairs of rollers, and shaping the strand at least in the region of its solidified portion. In order to provide a method with which, using the currently existing continuous casting installation, a product can be made available having a high proportion of rolled grains and which can be coiled with the thickness dimension leaving the casting installation, it is proposed that a flat product having a thickness of 50 to 100 mm is produced in the continuous casting mould, the flat product produced in this way is reduced in thickness, within the solidification portion, at least 10% to 70%, and a further reduction of the thickness by at least 30% is carried out by means of the pair of rollers in the thoroughly solidified region of the flat product.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum kontinuierlichen Gießwalzen metallischer Flachprodukte aus Stahl.The invention relates to a method for continuous Casting rolls of flat metal products from steel.

Flachprodukte sind das Ausgangsmaterial für die Erzeugung von Blechen oder Bändern. Derartige Flachprodukte werden auch als Brammen oder Dünnbrammen bezeichnet. Werden Brammen mit einer eine bestimmte Dicke übersteigenden Größe erzeugt, treten in der Regel Seigerungsprobleme auf. Gemaß der DE-OS 24 44 443 soll die Seigerung bei derartigen Produkten dadurch verhindert werden, daß in der Stranggießanlage auf den Strang innerhalb der Erstarrungsstrecke, möglichst kurz vor dem Durcherstarrungspunkt, eine Verformung mit einem Reduktionsgrad von 0,1 bis 2% ausgeübt wird.Flat products are the starting material for the production of sheets or strips. Such Flat products are also called slabs or Inscribed thin slabs. Will be slabs with a size exceeding a certain thickness generation problems usually occur on. According to DE-OS 24 44 443 should be the segregation prevented with such products be that in the continuous caster on the Strand within the solidification section, if possible just before the solidification point, a deformation with a degree of reduction of 0.1 to 2% is exercised.

Aus der EP 0286862 A 1 (Stand der Technik gemäß Art. 54 (3)EPÜ.) ist eine Anlage zum Herstellen eines Stahlbandes bekannt, wobei der aus der Stranggießanlage austretende Strang, der bereits durch Zusammendrücken dickenreduziert worden ist, in einem anschließenden Walzgerüst zum eigentlichen Band ausgewalzt wird.From EP 0286862 A1 (State of the art according to Art. 54 (3) EPC.) is a system for Manufacture of a steel strip known, the strand emerging from the continuous caster, the already reduced in thickness by compression has been in a subsequent rolling stand is rolled into the actual strip.

In neuerer Zeit ist man bestrebt, die Dickenabmessung der stranggegossenen Brammen mehr dem zu erzeugenden Fertigprodukt anzupassen. Hierfür stehen Begriffe wie "endabmessungsnahes Gießen" oder "die Erzeugung von Vorbändern". Hierbei wird in der Stranggießanlage ein Flachprodukt mit einer Dicke zwischen 40 bis 50 mm erzeugt. Die so erzeugten Flachprodukte weisen eine Gußstruktur auf. Nach Verlassen der Stranggießanlage (Transportrollen) wird der Strang abgelängt und die Teilstücke der Flachprodukte werden einem Ausgleichsofern zugeführt und anschließend gewalzt (s. Stahl u. Eisen 1988, Nr. 3, Seite 99ff).In recent times, efforts have been made to measure the thickness of the continuously cast slabs more adapt to the finished product to be produced. Terms such as "close to final dimensions stand for this Casting "or" the production of pre-strips ". Here, a flat product is produced in the continuous caster generated with a thickness between 40 to 50 mm. The flat products so produced have a Cast structure on. After leaving the continuous caster (Transport rollers) the strand is cut to length and the sections of the flat products become one Compensation supplied and then rolled (see Stahl and Eisen 1988, No. 3, page 99ff).

Nachteilig bei diesem Verfahren ist der erhebliche maschinentechnische Aufwand und im Fall der Vorbänder außerdem das Gußgefüge. The disadvantage of this method is that it is considerable mechanical expenditure and in the case of Support strips also the cast structure.

Aus "Stahl und Eisen" (108, 1988, Nr. 9 Seiten 432 - 434 (ist es bereits bekannt, mit einer Gieß Walz-Anlage eine Dünnbramme in der Gießlange Schrittweise zu verformen und daraus ein coilfähiger Produkt mit Walzgefüge herzustellen.From "Stahl und Eisen" (108, 1988, No. 9 pages 432 - 434 (it is already known with a pour Rolling plant a thin slab in the casting line To gradually deform and use it to create a coil-compatible product To produce roll structures.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren anzugeben, mit dem bereits mit der Stranggießanlage ein Produkt mit hohem Anteil an Walzgefüge zur Verfügung gestellt wird, das mit der die Gießanlage verlassenden Dickenabmessung coilfähig ist.The invention is based on the object Specify the procedure with which the Continuous caster a product with a high proportion Rolling structure is made available with the thickness dimension leaving the casting plant is coil capable.

Die Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst. Hierbei wird das in der Stranggießkokille mit einer Dicke von 50 bis 100 mm erzeugte Flachprodukt ausschließlich von innengekühlten Rollen gekühlt und mittels der Rollenpaare die Verformung im durcherstarrten Bereich bei Temperaturen des Flachproduktes dicht unter der Solidustemperatur, insbesondere im Temperaturbereich von 1500 - 1200 °C durchgeführt wird.The object is achieved solved by the features of claim 1. This is in the continuous casting mold Flat product produced with a thickness of 50 to 100 mm exclusively from internally cooled rolls cooled and the deformation by means of the pairs of rollers in the solidified area at temperatures of the flat product just below the solidus temperature, especially in the temperature range of 1500 - 1200 ° C is carried out.

Die Dickenreduktion des Flachproduktes wird im Bereich der Erstarrungsstrecke und im durcherstarrten Bereich derart aufeinander abgestimmt, daß die Gesamtreduktion des Flachproduktes mindestens 60 % beträgt. Das so erzeugte Flachprodukt ist bei einer Dicke von max. 35 mm coilfähig, so daß in weiterer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung im Anschluß an den Gießwalzprozeß das erhaltene Flachprodukt gecoilt wird.The thickness reduction of the flat product is in the field of solidification and coordinated with one another in the solidified area, that the total reduction of the flat product is at least 60%. The so generated Flat product is at a thickness of max. 35 mm coil capable, so that in a further embodiment the invention following the casting and rolling process the flat product obtained is coiled.

Zur Verbesserung der Oberflächenqualität ist es nach einem weiteren Vorschlag der Erfindung vorteilhaft, das aus der Kokille austretende Flachprodukt durch eine die Verzunderung des Flachproduktes unterbindende Atmosphäre zu schützen. Die Atmosphäre sollte über den gesamten Bereich der Verformungsstrecke aufrechterhalten werden. Dies kann insbesondere dadurch geschehen, daß innerhalb der Strangführungsstrecke eine Inertgasatmosphäre aufrechterhalten wird. Sollte dies aus betrieblichen Gründen nicht möglich sein bietet sich als äquivalente Maßnahme eine Entzunderung des Flachproduktes innerhalb der Verformungsstrecke an.To improve the surface quality is it according to another proposal of the invention advantageous, the flat product emerging from the mold due to the scaling of the flat product protecting atmosphere. The atmosphere should cover the entire area the deformation distance are maintained. This can be done in particular by the fact that an inert gas atmosphere within the strand guide section is maintained. Should this be out not be possible for operational reasons descaling as an equivalent measure of the flat product within the deformation section on.

In weiterer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung können die Rollen oberflächenbeschichtet sein im Sinne einer Reduzierung der durch die Rollen bewirkten Kühlwirkung.In another Embodiment of the invention can the roles be surface-coated in the sense of a reduction the cooling effect caused by the rollers.

Der Temperaturebereich von 1500 - 1200°C für die weitere Reduktion hat sich als besonders günstig erwiesen für den Erhalt eines isotropen Gefüges.The temperature range from 1500 - 1200 ° C for further reduction has turned out to be special proven beneficial for obtaining an isotropic Structure.

Anhand eines Ausführungsbeispieles soll die Erfindung näher erläutert werden. In einer Stranggießanlage vom Bogentyp wird Stahl in eine Kokille der Querschnittsabmessung 60 mm x 1200 mm vergossen. Der über den Querschnitt teilweise erstarrte Strang wird aus der Kokille abgezogen mit einer Geschwindigkeit von ca. 3,5 m/min und mittels Rollenpaare geführt. Die Rollenpaare sind einzeln oder zu Segmenten zusammengefaßt gegen den Strang anstellbar und werden derart gegen den Strang angepreßt, daß im Bereich der Erstarrungsstrecke, also vom Kokillenende bis zur Durcherstarrung, der Strang auf eine Dicke von 36 mm (ca. 40 % der Abmessung am Kokillenausgang) reduziert wird. An diesen Bereich schließt sich ein weiterer Bereich mit Rollenpaaren an, in dem eine weitere Dickenreduktion von 36 auf 25 mm (30 % von der bereits reduzierten Strangdicke aus gesehen) vorgenommen wird.Using an exemplary embodiment, the Invention will be explained in more detail. In a continuous caster of the bow type, steel is turned into a mold the cross-sectional dimension 60 mm x 1200 mm shed. The one that partially froze across the cross-section Strand is withdrawn from the mold with a speed of approx. 3.5 m / min and by means of Led pairs of roles. The pairs of roles are individual or combined into segments against the strand adjustable and are so against pressed the strand that in the area of the solidification section, from the end of the mold to solidification, the strand to a thickness of 36 mm (approx. 40% of the dimension at the mold exit) is reduced. This area is included another area with pairs of roles in which one further thickness reduction from 36 to 25 mm (30% from the already reduced strand thickness) is made.

Das auf diese Weise erzeugte Flachprodukt kann anschließend zum Coil aufgewickelt oder direkt der Weiterverarbeitung durch Walzen zugeführt werden.The flat product produced in this way can then be wound up into the coil or directly fed for further processing by rolling become.

Aufgrund der Temperatur des Flachgutes ist eine gute Verformbarkeit bei geringem maschinentechnischem Aufwand gegeben. Außerdem wird durch die beschriebene Arbeitsweise ein Flachprodukt erzeugt, das bereits bei Verlassen der Stranggießanlage ein feinkörniges, einem Walzerzeugnis entsprechendes Gefüge aufweist. Ein derartiges Material ist ohne Schwierigkeiten coilbar. Auch hat es sich überraschend herausgestellt, daß die Festigkeitseigenschatten und Zähigkeitswerte eines durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren erzeugten Flachproduktes schon bei diesen geringen Verformungsgraden den Eigenschaften eines Walzproduktes entsprechen.Due to the temperature of the flat goods good ductility with little mechanical Effort given. Besides, will a flat product due to the method of operation described generated that already when leaving the continuous caster a fine-grained, a rolled product has a corresponding structure. Such a thing Material is coilable without difficulty. Also has it surprisingly turned out that the firmness shadow and toughness values of a generated by the inventive method Flat product even with these low degrees of deformation the properties of a rolled product correspond.

Claims (6)

  1. Method for the continuous casting and rolling of metallic flat products, by which a steel melt is poured into a continuous casting mould to produce a flat product of a thickness of 50 to 100 mm, which product is withdrawn after leaving the continuous casting mould and after having partly solidified over the casting cross section solely by means of internally cooled roll pairs and reduced by means of these roll pairs by a total of at least 60% of its thickness to form a flat product of a thickness of ≥ 35 mm, wherein the reduction in the solidification section amounts to at least 10 - 70% and at least a further 30% in the completely solidified area at temperatures which are just below the solidus temperature, in particular in the temperature range of 1500 - 1200°C.
  2. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that the flat product is cooled by surface-coated rolls.
  3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the flat product leaving the mould is guided in an atmosphere which prevents scaling up to the end of the forming section.
  4. Method according to claim 3, characterised in that the flat product is guided in an inert gas atmosphere.
  5. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the flat product is descaled during forming.
  6. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that the flat product which is produced is coiled after leaving the roll pairs.
EP89730119A 1988-05-25 1989-05-11 Method for continuous direct strand reduction Expired - Lifetime EP0344095B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT89730119T ATE92797T1 (en) 1988-05-25 1989-05-11 PROCESS FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING ROLLS.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3818077A DE3818077A1 (en) 1988-05-25 1988-05-25 METHOD FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING ROLLERS
DE3818077 1988-05-25

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0344095A2 EP0344095A2 (en) 1989-11-29
EP0344095A3 EP0344095A3 (en) 1991-03-06
EP0344095B1 EP0344095B1 (en) 1993-08-11
EP0344095B2 true EP0344095B2 (en) 2000-03-22

Family

ID=6355277

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89730119A Expired - Lifetime EP0344095B2 (en) 1988-05-25 1989-05-11 Method for continuous direct strand reduction

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US4976306A (en)
EP (1) EP0344095B2 (en)
JP (1) JP3065321B2 (en)
CN (1) CN1018157B (en)
AT (1) ATE92797T1 (en)
BR (1) BR8902396A (en)
CA (1) CA1311991C (en)
DE (2) DE3818077A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2044205T5 (en)

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ES2089317T3 (en) * 1991-09-19 1996-10-01 Schloemann Siemag Ag PROCEDURE AND INSTALLATION FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL BELT.
DE4134159C1 (en) * 1991-10-11 1992-12-17 Mannesmann Ag, 4000 Duesseldorf, De Continuous casting process of steel, for redn. of scrap - comprises pouring molten steel into open-ended mould to produce strand, then reducing cross=section
AT398396B (en) * 1993-02-16 1994-11-25 Voest Alpine Ind Anlagen METHOD FOR PRODUCING A TAPE, PRE-STRIP OR A LAM
DE4403048C1 (en) * 1994-01-28 1995-07-13 Mannesmann Ag Continuous caster and process for producing rectangular thin slabs
DE4403049C1 (en) * 1994-01-28 1995-09-07 Mannesmann Ag Continuous caster and method for producing thin slabs
CA2164343C (en) 1994-04-04 2002-01-01 Yoshikazu Matsumura Twin-roll type continuous casting method and device
JP3008821B2 (en) * 1994-07-29 2000-02-14 住友金属工業株式会社 Continuous casting method and apparatus for thin slab
IT1280171B1 (en) * 1995-05-18 1998-01-05 Danieli Off Mecc VERTICAL CASTING LINE FOR BRAMME
DE19529049C1 (en) * 1995-07-31 1997-03-20 Mannesmann Ag High-speed thin slab plant
KR100368253B1 (en) 1997-12-09 2003-03-15 주식회사 포스코 Method for manufacturing hot rolled strip by mini mill process
IT1302582B1 (en) * 1998-10-01 2000-09-29 Giovanni Arvedi PROCESS AND RELATED PRODUCTION LINE FOR THE DIRECT MANUFACTURE OF FINISHED PIECES PRINTED OR DRAWN FROM ULTRA-THIN HOT TAPE
DE19931331A1 (en) * 1999-07-07 2001-01-18 Siemens Ag Method and device for producing a strand of metal
FI116453B (en) * 2000-12-20 2005-11-30 Outokumpu Oy Process for producing a multilayer metal product blank and multi-layer metal product blank
CN100427229C (en) * 2005-07-26 2008-10-22 北京交通大学 Liquid liquid phase composite method of steel back aluminium composite plate and its device
CN100396391C (en) * 2005-09-01 2008-06-25 中冶东方工程技术有限公司 Thin steel belt casting and rolling production process
IT202000000928A1 (en) 2020-01-20 2021-07-20 Kverneland Group Ravenna Srl ROUND BALER

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE898135C (en) * 1948-12-19 1953-11-26 Adolf Reimitz Process for the production of metal sheets, strips, profiles and pipes by casting thin preliminary products in the roller gap
AT280191B (en) * 1966-12-01 1970-04-10 Gerb Boehler & Co Ag Process for the production of rolled products from continuously cast products using two pairs of rolls
JPS5916862B2 (en) * 1973-03-26 1984-04-18 日本鋼管株式会社 Continuous casting method
JPS5422777B2 (en) * 1973-09-17 1979-08-09
JPS5160633A (en) * 1974-11-25 1976-05-26 Nippon Kokan Kk Haganeno renzokuchuzoho
JPS5180624A (en) * 1975-01-13 1976-07-14 Nippon Kokan Kk Haganenorenzokuchuzoho oyobi sonosochi
US4519439A (en) * 1977-07-26 1985-05-28 Jernjontoret Method of preventing formation of segregations during continuous casting
JPS5516752A (en) * 1978-07-24 1980-02-05 Nippon Steel Corp Directly rolling molten steel to thin sheet
JPS56119607A (en) * 1980-02-25 1981-09-19 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd Continuous manufacture of thin steel sheet
EP0326190B1 (en) * 1987-04-13 1992-05-13 Thyssen Stahl Aktiengesellschaft Apparatus for manufacturing a steel strip having a thickness between 2 and 25 mm

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1018157B (en) 1992-09-09
EP0344095A3 (en) 1991-03-06
DE3818077C2 (en) 1991-06-20
DE3818077A1 (en) 1989-11-30
US4976306A (en) 1990-12-11
JP3065321B2 (en) 2000-07-17
CN1038955A (en) 1990-01-24
BR8902396A (en) 1990-01-16
JPH0220650A (en) 1990-01-24
CA1311991C (en) 1992-12-29
ES2044205T3 (en) 1994-01-01
DE58905221D1 (en) 1993-09-16
ES2044205T5 (en) 2000-07-01
EP0344095B1 (en) 1993-08-11
EP0344095A2 (en) 1989-11-29
ATE92797T1 (en) 1993-08-15

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