EP0311984A2 - Elektrorheologische Flüssigkeiten - Google Patents

Elektrorheologische Flüssigkeiten Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0311984A2
EP0311984A2 EP88116871A EP88116871A EP0311984A2 EP 0311984 A2 EP0311984 A2 EP 0311984A2 EP 88116871 A EP88116871 A EP 88116871A EP 88116871 A EP88116871 A EP 88116871A EP 0311984 A2 EP0311984 A2 EP 0311984A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electro
rheological fluid
fluid according
rheological
polymer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP88116871A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0311984A3 (de
Inventor
Douglas Alan Brooks
Sivakumar Kandian
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wyeth Holdings LLC
Original Assignee
American Cyanamid Co
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Publication date
Application filed by American Cyanamid Co filed Critical American Cyanamid Co
Publication of EP0311984A2 publication Critical patent/EP0311984A2/de
Publication of EP0311984A3 publication Critical patent/EP0311984A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/06—Groups 3 or 13
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/14—Electric or magnetic purposes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/14—Electric or magnetic purposes
    • C10N2040/16—Dielectric; Insulating oil or insulators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/14—Electric or magnetic purposes
    • C10N2040/17—Electric or magnetic purposes for electric contacts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/14—Electric or magnetic purposes
    • C10N2040/175—Pantographs, i.e. printing devices
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    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
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    • C10N2040/18—Electric or magnetic purposes in connection with recordings on magnetic tape or disc
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
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    • C10N2040/185—Magnetic fluids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/32—Wires, ropes or cables lubricants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/34—Lubricating-sealants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10N2040/36—Release agents or mold release agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
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    • C10N2040/38—Conveyors or chain belts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
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    • C10N2040/40—Generators or electric motors in oil or gas winning field
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/42—Flashing oils or marking oils
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/44—Super vacuum or supercritical use
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/50—Medical uses

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improved electro­rheological fluids.
  • Electro-rheological (ER) fluids also sometimes termed electroviscous (EV) fluids, consist of finely divided solid particles suspended in a non-conducting base liquid.
  • ER fluids also sometimes termed electroviscous (EV) fluids, consist of finely divided solid particles suspended in a non-conducting base liquid.
  • EV electroviscous
  • ER fluids are being increasingly used in various fluid power systems and engineering applications, for example in clutches, brake systems, fluid drives and couplings, as well as in other devices.
  • the currently preferred ER fluids in commerce are based on the teachings of GB-A-1570234, and comprise the lithium salt of polymethacrylic acid (LMAA) as the solid phase in a base liquid of a chlorinated paraffin.
  • LMAA polymethacrylic acid
  • these ER fluids have been moderately successful, they are nonetheless deficient in a number of properties. For example, their no-field viscosity is relatively high, which in some instances can make it difficult to control the fluid. Also, they have a relatively high pour-­point, resulting in an undesirably high viscosity at low temperatures, whilst on the other hand at high temperatures they start to break down to hydrochloric acid, which of course is highly corrosive.
  • the useful temperature range of these known ER fluids is limited to about -10°C to about +60°C, which prevents their widespread adoption in many industries eg the automotive industry, where ER fluids could otherwise be useful.
  • ER fluids it would also be desirable to improve the strength of the known ER fluids, thereby to permit smaller devices, requiring less power to drive them, to be built.
  • the provision of stronger ER fluids would also allow devices to be operated at lower voltages, which would have advantages in power supply design, and generally would open up other application areas for the use of ER fluids that are currently beyond the capabilities of existing ER fluids.
  • Fluorolube FS-5 a polymer of trifluorovinyl chloride manufactured by the Hooker Chemical Company of New York, and Fomblin, a perfluoro polyether fraction marketed by Montedison, are suitable for use as the base liquid.
  • fluorinated hydrocarbons are, in general, less satisfactory than chlorinated paraffins.
  • the base liquids which we use in this invention are polyfluoroalkylmethyl siloxanes, and we have found that such liquids can be employed in conjunction with a wide variety of substances as the solid phase to provide novel ER fluids of desirable properties, and, in the preferred embodiments, with properties superior to those of ER fluids currently available in commerce especially as regards strength and stability.
  • the present invention broadly provides an ER fluid of the type comprising a solid phase dispersed in a base phase liquid, wherein the base liquid comprises a perfluoroalkylmethyl siloxane.
  • solid materials may be used to form the dispersed phase in the ER fluids of this invention, amongst which can be mentioned acid group-containing polymers, silica gel, starch and electronic conductors, by way of example.
  • polymethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropylsiloxane or polymethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorooctylsiloxane both of which are commercially available.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment uses polymethyl 3,3,3-trifluoro­propylsiloxane of the general formula: wherein n is selected to provide a liquid having an average molecular weight of about 500 to about 15,000. Such liquids are available from Dow Corning Silicones under the designation FS 1265.
  • Polymethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrahydroperfluorooctyl­siloxane is available from Petrarch Systems, Inc., U.S.A.
  • polyfluoroalkylmethyl siloxanes can be prepared by known methods.
  • the base fluid may suitably have a viscosity up to about 10,000 cs at 25°C, but for the majority of applications the viscosity should lie in the range about 30-1000 cs at 25°C, preferably about 30-500 cs as 25°C, more preferably about 80-300 cs at 25°C, and most preferably about 80-100 cs at 25°C.
  • the polymethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropylsiloxane available from Dow Corning Silicones under the designation FS 1265 is supplied with a viscosity of either 300 cs at 25°C or 10,000 cs at 25°C.
  • a desired viscosity within the ranges indicated above may be obtained by distillation and/or blending of these commercially available products.
  • the most preferred embodiment of this invention currently uses a distillation fraction of FS1265/300 cs which has a viscosity of about 100 cs at 25°C.
  • One preferred class of materials to form the dispersed phase of the ER fluids of this invention are the acid group-containing polymers which are taught in GB-A-1570234, hereby incorporated by reference.
  • a particularly preferred class of polymer is an addition polymer containing at least one monomer which has at least one acid group and/or at least one group convertible to an acid group after polymerization. Exemplary of such monomers are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate.
  • the currently most preferred acid group-­containing polymers are the metal salts of polymethacrylic acid, and especially the lithium salt, ie LMAA, since these have been found to give the strongest ER fluids with the lowest current consumption.
  • the molecular weight of the solid polymer is not critical, since variations in molecular weight do not appear to have a significant effect on the rheological or other properties of the ER fluid. However, we typically use LMAA with a molecular weight in the range 20,000 - 30,000.
  • the preferred water content of the ER fluid is approximately 12% as measured using an IR dryer (the water content measured is that driven off by the dryer, not the total water present).
  • the preferred water content is about 15.5%, as measured by the same technique.
  • the particle size of the solid phase preferably should lie within the range from 1-50 microns, and more preferably be from 2-25 microns. Typically we have successfully used LMAA with a mean particle size of about 10 microns.
  • the amount of the solid used to form the dispersed phase will be within the range employed in known ER fluids, and typically will be from 20% to 40% by volume of the fluid.
  • the ER effect is observable at lower solid phase loadings, even down 5% v/v, and similarly a loading of 40% v/v does not represent the maximum which can be used.
  • the ER fluids of this invention may be prepared by conventional techniques. We used the following method to prepare an ER fluid containing LMAA dispersed in polymethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropylsiloxane. Polymethacrylic acid is neutralized with lithium hydroxide to a desired pH, following which the aqueous solution of LMAA is spray dried, and the resulting dried polymer is ground in a small mill. At this time, the water content of the polymer is measured by driving off the water using an IR dryer, and adjusted if required. Adjustment is effected using a fluidized bed dryer to reduce the water content, or by allowing it to gain water under vacuum in a vacuum chamber if it is necessary to hydrate the polymer.
  • the required quantity of LMAA, of the desired water content is now dispersed in the polymethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl-siloxane base liquid and then milled in a bead mill for a time sufficient to reduce the particles to the required size range.
  • a dispersant such as a hydrogenated castor oil may be incorporated, but it is an advantage of the present ER fluids that they are in general quite physically stable and do not require the inclusion of a dispersant to maintain the solid phase sufficiently dispersed.
  • the present ER fluids are also stable chemically with respect to temperature, and in particular do not break down at elevated temperatures to corrosive by-products. This permits the ER fluids to be used over a wider temperature range than was hitherto possible with the standard LMAA-­chlorinated paraffin systems.
  • ER fluids are stronger than the conventional LMAA-chlorinated paraffin systems, and that their low temperature viscosity is lower, and the viscosity varies less with temperature, than the conventional systems.
  • Polymethacrylic acid with a molecular weight of about 25,000, was neutralized to pH of about 9 by the addition of lithium hydroxide.
  • the resulting solution of the lithium salt of the polymer was spray dried to remove the major portion of the water, and then carefully dried in a fluidized bed drier to the final water content.
  • the polymer was then mixed with the selected liquid forming the continuous phase and milled in a bead mill for approximately then minutes.
  • the polymer loading was in each case 35% by volume.
  • ER fluids were prepared in this manner using the following liquids as the continuous phase: Liquid Designation Description of Liquid S300 polymethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropylsiloxane available from Dow Corning Silicones under the designation FS 1265 - viscosity 300 cs at 25°C S100 distillation product of S300 with a viscosity of 100 cs at 25°C F300 clear, colourless low volatility polydimethylsiloxane available from Dow Corning Silicones - viscosity 300 cs at 25°C F100 as F300, but with a viscosity of 100 cs at 25°C 50LV chlorinated paraffin available from ICI plc under the trade mark Cereclor 50LV
  • the mean particle size of the LMAA in the ER fluids was about 12 microns, and the water content varied from 15.5 - 16.1%.
  • the measurements were made at 50°C and at a shear rate of 125 sec ⁇ 1.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
EP88116871A 1987-10-12 1988-10-11 Elektrorheologische Flüssigkeiten Withdrawn EP0311984A3 (de)

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GB8723924A GB2210893A (en) 1987-10-12 1987-10-12 Electrorheological fluids
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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0482663A1 (de) * 1990-10-25 1992-04-29 Dow Corning Toray Silicone Company, Limited Elektroviskose Flüssigkeit
EP0483774A1 (de) * 1990-10-29 1992-05-06 Dow Corning Toray Silicone Company, Limited Elektroviskose-Flüssigkeit
US5122293A (en) * 1991-04-15 1992-06-16 General Motors Corporation Method of activating and deactivating an electrorheological response at constant alternating current
US5122292A (en) * 1991-04-15 1992-06-16 General Motors Corporation Methods of varying the frequency to produce predetermined electrorheological responses
US5130040A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-07-14 General Motors Corporation Anhydrous electrorheological compositions including Zr(HPO4)2
US5130039A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-07-14 General Motors Corporation Anhydrous electrorheological compositions including Liy Si1-x Ax O4
US5130038A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-07-14 General Motors Corporation Anhydrous electrorheological compositions including A5 MSi4 O.sub.
US5139690A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-08-18 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological compositions including Ax (Lx/2 Sn1-(x/2))O2
US5139692A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-08-18 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological compositions including an amine-terminated polyester steric stabilizer
US5139691A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-08-18 General Motors Corporation Anhydrous electrorheological compositions including Na3 PO4
US5149454A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-09-22 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological compositions including am5-11 O8-17
EP0521638A1 (de) * 1991-06-29 1993-01-07 Dow Corning Limited Polysiloxan mit einer Fluorohexylalkyl-Gruppe enthaltendes elektrorheologische Flüssigkeit
US5252239A (en) * 1991-04-15 1993-10-12 General Motors Corporation ER fluids having chemically defoliated vermiculite treated with an alkyl ammonium halide and methods of making and using the same
US5252240A (en) * 1991-04-15 1993-10-12 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological fluids including alkyl benzoates
US5279754A (en) * 1991-04-15 1994-01-18 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological fluids having polypropylene carbonate adsorbed on the solid phase
EP0589637A1 (de) * 1992-09-21 1994-03-30 Dow Corning Corporation Organosiloxane enthaltende verbesserte elektrorheologische Flüssigkeitzubereitungen
US5316687A (en) * 1991-05-20 1994-05-31 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological compositions including A1+x Zr2 Six P-x O12
EP0699743A2 (de) * 1994-08-19 1996-03-06 The Lubrizol Corporation Poläre Feststoffe und organische Halbleiter enthaltende elektrorheologische Flüssigkeiten
US5834578A (en) * 1997-09-30 1998-11-10 General Electric Company Polyfluoroalkyl siloxanes
EP0964053A2 (de) * 1998-06-08 1999-12-15 Bridgestone Corporation Elektrorheologische Flüssigkeit

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2575850B2 (ja) * 1988-11-22 1997-01-29 信越化学工業 株式会社 電気粘性流体組成物

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US3427247A (en) * 1961-08-25 1969-02-11 Textron Inc Electroviscous compositions
US3714044A (en) * 1971-08-19 1973-01-30 Dow Chemical Co Fluorosilicone lubricants containing nitrophenyl substituted organopolysiloxanes
GB1570234A (en) * 1974-07-09 1980-06-25 Secr Defence Electric field responsive fluids
GB2125230A (en) * 1982-07-22 1984-02-29 Nat Res Dev Improvements relating to electroviscous fluid-actuated devices
GB2170510A (en) * 1985-02-06 1986-08-06 Nat Res Dev Electrorheological fluids
US4645614A (en) * 1984-07-26 1987-02-24 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Electroviscous liquids
EP0284268A2 (de) * 1987-03-24 1988-09-28 Er Fluid Developments Limited Elektrorheologische Flüssigkeiten/auf elektrische Felder reagierende Flüssigkeiten

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3427247A (en) * 1961-08-25 1969-02-11 Textron Inc Electroviscous compositions
US3714044A (en) * 1971-08-19 1973-01-30 Dow Chemical Co Fluorosilicone lubricants containing nitrophenyl substituted organopolysiloxanes
GB1570234A (en) * 1974-07-09 1980-06-25 Secr Defence Electric field responsive fluids
GB2125230A (en) * 1982-07-22 1984-02-29 Nat Res Dev Improvements relating to electroviscous fluid-actuated devices
US4645614A (en) * 1984-07-26 1987-02-24 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Electroviscous liquids
GB2170510A (en) * 1985-02-06 1986-08-06 Nat Res Dev Electrorheological fluids
EP0284268A2 (de) * 1987-03-24 1988-09-28 Er Fluid Developments Limited Elektrorheologische Flüssigkeiten/auf elektrische Felder reagierende Flüssigkeiten

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0482663A1 (de) * 1990-10-25 1992-04-29 Dow Corning Toray Silicone Company, Limited Elektroviskose Flüssigkeit
EP0483774A1 (de) * 1990-10-29 1992-05-06 Dow Corning Toray Silicone Company, Limited Elektroviskose-Flüssigkeit
US5252239A (en) * 1991-04-15 1993-10-12 General Motors Corporation ER fluids having chemically defoliated vermiculite treated with an alkyl ammonium halide and methods of making and using the same
US5122293A (en) * 1991-04-15 1992-06-16 General Motors Corporation Method of activating and deactivating an electrorheological response at constant alternating current
US5122292A (en) * 1991-04-15 1992-06-16 General Motors Corporation Methods of varying the frequency to produce predetermined electrorheological responses
US5279754A (en) * 1991-04-15 1994-01-18 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological fluids having polypropylene carbonate adsorbed on the solid phase
US5252240A (en) * 1991-04-15 1993-10-12 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological fluids including alkyl benzoates
US5130038A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-07-14 General Motors Corporation Anhydrous electrorheological compositions including A5 MSi4 O.sub.
US5316687A (en) * 1991-05-20 1994-05-31 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological compositions including A1+x Zr2 Six P-x O12
US5139691A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-08-18 General Motors Corporation Anhydrous electrorheological compositions including Na3 PO4
US5149454A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-09-22 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological compositions including am5-11 O8-17
US5139690A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-08-18 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological compositions including Ax (Lx/2 Sn1-(x/2))O2
US5130039A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-07-14 General Motors Corporation Anhydrous electrorheological compositions including Liy Si1-x Ax O4
US5279753A (en) * 1991-05-20 1994-01-18 General Motors Corporation Water free electrorheological compositions including AM5-11 O8-17 where M is Al
US5130040A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-07-14 General Motors Corporation Anhydrous electrorheological compositions including Zr(HPO4)2
US5139692A (en) * 1991-05-20 1992-08-18 General Motors Corporation Electrorheological compositions including an amine-terminated polyester steric stabilizer
EP0521638A1 (de) * 1991-06-29 1993-01-07 Dow Corning Limited Polysiloxan mit einer Fluorohexylalkyl-Gruppe enthaltendes elektrorheologische Flüssigkeit
EP0589637A1 (de) * 1992-09-21 1994-03-30 Dow Corning Corporation Organosiloxane enthaltende verbesserte elektrorheologische Flüssigkeitzubereitungen
EP0699743A2 (de) * 1994-08-19 1996-03-06 The Lubrizol Corporation Poläre Feststoffe und organische Halbleiter enthaltende elektrorheologische Flüssigkeiten
EP0699743A3 (de) * 1994-08-19 1996-09-11 Lubrizol Corp Poläre Feststoffe und organische Halbleiter enthaltende elektrorheologische Flüssigkeiten
US5834578A (en) * 1997-09-30 1998-11-10 General Electric Company Polyfluoroalkyl siloxanes
EP0964053A2 (de) * 1998-06-08 1999-12-15 Bridgestone Corporation Elektrorheologische Flüssigkeit
EP0964053A3 (de) * 1998-06-08 2001-05-30 Bridgestone Corporation Elektrorheologische Flüssigkeit
US6352651B1 (en) 1998-06-08 2002-03-05 Bridgestone Corporation Electrorheological fluid

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB8723924D0 (en) 1987-11-18
JPH01198696A (ja) 1989-08-10
EP0311984A3 (de) 1989-10-11
GB2210893A (en) 1989-06-21

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