EP0309433B1 - Method of continuous casting a molten metal - Google Patents
Method of continuous casting a molten metal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0309433B1 EP0309433B1 EP88870150A EP88870150A EP0309433B1 EP 0309433 B1 EP0309433 B1 EP 0309433B1 EP 88870150 A EP88870150 A EP 88870150A EP 88870150 A EP88870150 A EP 88870150A EP 0309433 B1 EP0309433 B1 EP 0309433B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- continuous casting
- lubricating agent
- mold
- molten metal
- balls
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000005361 soda-lime glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000035874 Excoriation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910017976 MgO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001080024 Telles Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005499 meniscus Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/07—Lubricating the moulds
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the continuous casting of a molten metal, particularly but not exclusively of steel, according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Continuous casting is a casting method, known for a long time, which consists in casting a molten metal, without interruption in a bottomless ingot mold.
- the walls of the mold are cooled vigorously; this results in rapid cooling of the cast metal and the formation of a solidified skin whose thickness increases as the metal progresses in the mold.
- the partially solidified ingot crosses a zone, called secondary cooling, where it continues and completes its solidification.
- the ingot mold is generally driven by a vibration movement in the direction of its longitudinal axis.
- the surface solidification of the metal in the ingot mold brings about the presence of two different metal surfaces, being at different temperatures and animated relative to each other in a discontinuous movement.
- the contact area of these surfaces is the site of serious friction problems.
- the cast metal has a relatively thick solidified skin, which is at a temperature lower than that of the molten metal.
- the inner wall of the mold only undergoes reduced heating and, due to its vigorous cooling, its temperature remains below the melting point of the powder. This inner wall is thus covered with a layer of solidified powder which is formed at the expense of the film of lubricating agent and which consequently reduces its effectiveness.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method of the type which is mentioned in the introduction, but which does not have the disadvantages of implementation which have just been indicated.
- the method of the invention poses no problem for ensuring a continuous supply of the lubricant, and it does not require preheating of the latter.
- a process for the continuous casting of a molten metal in which a lubricant is introduced into the ingot mold, through at least one passage orifice formed in the wall of said ingot mold, is characterized in that the 'a lubricating agent is used in the form of substantially spherical balls, the diameter of which is not more than 1.5 mm.
- the diameter of said balls is between 20 ⁇ m and 800 ⁇ m.
- said beads consist of glass, and preferably of soda-lime glass.
- This type of glass well known in the art, is used in particular for the manufacture of flat glass.
- said lubricating agent has a temperature at the start of softening of between 400 ° C. and 800 ° C.
- said balls of lubricating agent are introduced via conduits inserted into the walls of the mold and opening out in the interval between the wall of the mold and the cast metal.
- the supply of balls of lubricating agent can be ensured by a natural flow.
- the products obtained had a perfectly smooth surface, containing neither shrinkage cracks nor oscillation marks.
- the process of the invention makes it possible to improve the surface quality of the continuously cast products; it also makes it possible to increase the speed of casting, without compromising the safety of casting, that is to say without increasing the risk of breakthroughs. It thus contributes to improving the productivity of casting installations.
- the process of the invention poses no implementation problem, since the beads used constitute an industrial product available in a wide range of particle sizes. Because of their spherical shape, the balls flow without difficulty in the conduits and they do not present a risk of abrasion of the walls of the ingot mold, even in the event of incomplete melting.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un procédé de coulée continue d'un métal fondu, particulièrement mais non exclusivement de l'acier, selon le préambule de la revendication 1.The present invention relates to a process for the continuous casting of a molten metal, particularly but not exclusively of steel, according to the preamble of claim 1.
La coulée continue est une méthode de coulée, connue depuis longtemps, qui consiste à couler un métal fondu, sans interruption dans une lingotière sans fond. Les parois de la lingotière sont refroidies énergiquement; il en résulte un refroidissement rapide du métal coulé et la formation d'une peau solidifiée dont l'épaisseur augmente à mesure que le métal progresse dans la lingotière. A la sortie de cette dernière, le lingot partiellement solidifié traverse une zone, dite de refroidissement secondaire, où il poursuit et achève sa solidification. Pour faciliter la progression du lingot, la lingotière est généralement animée d'un mouvement de vibration suivant la direction de son axe longitudinal.Continuous casting is a casting method, known for a long time, which consists in casting a molten metal, without interruption in a bottomless ingot mold. The walls of the mold are cooled vigorously; this results in rapid cooling of the cast metal and the formation of a solidified skin whose thickness increases as the metal progresses in the mold. At the exit of the latter, the partially solidified ingot crosses a zone, called secondary cooling, where it continues and completes its solidification. To facilitate the progress of the ingot, the ingot mold is generally driven by a vibration movement in the direction of its longitudinal axis.
La solidification superficielle du métal dans la lingotière entraîne la mise en présence de deux surfaces métalliques différentes, se trouvant à des températures différentes et animées l'une par rapport à l'autre d'un mouvement discontinu. La zone de contact de ces surfaces est le siège de sérieux problèmes de frottement.The surface solidification of the metal in the ingot mold brings about the presence of two different metal surfaces, being at different temperatures and animated relative to each other in a discontinuous movement. The contact area of these surfaces is the site of serious friction problems.
Pour favoriser la progression du métal dans la lingotière, il est de pratique courante de lubrifier celle-ci au moyen d'une poudre, à point de fusion relativement bas, que l'on dépose sur la surface supérieure du métal coulé dans la lingotière. Sous l'effet de la haute température du métal fondu, la poudre contenant un agent lubrifiant fond et s'écoule entre la paroi de la lingotière et le métal en train de se solidifier. Il peut cependant arriver que la poudre fondue perde totalement ou partiellement ses propriétés, et notamment sa fluidité avant d'atteindre la partie inférieure de la lingotière. Ce phénomène peut être du, par exemple, à l'entraînement de particules solides provenant dû métal coulé. Ces particules solides sont généralement réfractaires, telles que des inclusions d'alumine, et ont pour effet de relever le point de fusion de la poudre; celle-ci se fige de façon irrégulière et la lubrification de la lingotière perd son caractère hydrodynamique.To promote the progression of the metal in the ingot mold, it is common practice to lubricate the latter by means of a powder, with a relatively low melting point, which is deposited on the upper surface of the metal poured into the ingot mold. Under the effect of the high temperature of the molten metal, the powder containing a lubricating agent melts and flows between the wall of the mold and the metal solidifying. However, it may happen that the molten powder completely or partially loses its properties, and in particular its fluidity before reaching the lower part of the mold. This phenomenon may be due, for example, to the entrainment of solid particles originating from the cast metal. These solid particles are generally refractory, such as inclusions of alumina, and have the effect of raising the melting point of the powder; it freezes irregularly and the lubrication of the mold loses its hydrodynamic character.
En outre, dans la zone inférieure de la lingotière, le métal coulé présente une peau solidifiée relativement épaisse, qui se trouve à une température inférieure à celle du métal fondu. La paroi intérieure de la lingotière ne subit plus qu'un échauffement réduit et, du fait de son refroidissement énergique, sa température reste inférieure au point de fusion de la poudre. Cette paroi intérieure se couvre ainsi d'une couche de poudre solidifiée qui se constitue au détriment du film d'agent lubrifiant et qui réduit par conséquent son efficacité.In addition, in the lower area of the mold, the cast metal has a relatively thick solidified skin, which is at a temperature lower than that of the molten metal. The inner wall of the mold only undergoes reduced heating and, due to its vigorous cooling, its temperature remains below the melting point of the powder. This inner wall is thus covered with a layer of solidified powder which is formed at the expense of the film of lubricating agent and which consequently reduces its effectiveness.
Cet effet est encore aggravé par le fait que, dans la zone considérée de la lingotière, le métal partiellement solidifié subit une contraction qui provoque la rupture du contact entre la peau solidifiée et la paroi de la lingotière. Il s'établit entre celles-ci une couche d'air isolante, qui contrarie la transmission de chaleur du métal fondu vers la paroi de la lingotière et favorise par conséquent le figeage de la poudre.This effect is further aggravated by the fact that, in the zone under consideration of the mold, the partially solidified metal undergoes a contraction which causes the contact between the solidified skin and the wall of the mold to be broken. An insulating layer of air is established between them, which impedes the transmission of heat from the molten metal to the wall of the mold and consequently promotes the freezing of the powder.
Dans ces conditions, la lubrification de la partie inférieure d'une lingotière de coulée continue n'est en général pas assurée d'une manière satisfaisante. Il en résulte un sérieux inconvénient en ce qui concerne la qualité du produit coulé, dont la surface peut présenter divers défauts tels que des fissures de retrait ou des marques de solidification.Under these conditions, the lubrication of the lower part of a continuous casting ingot mold is generally not ensured in a satisfactory manner. This results in a serious drawback with regard to concerns the quality of the cast product, the surface of which may have various defects such as shrinkage cracks or solidification marks.
Par le brevet BE-A-899.544, il a déjà été proposé un procédé pour lubrifier une lingotière de coulée continue en introduisant un agent lubrifiant par un orifice ménagé à travers la paroi de la lingotière. Ce brevet fait état d'un agent lubrifiant qui se trouve de préférence sous la forme d'un barreau. La mise en oeuvre de ce procédé s'est cependant avérée malaisée, en raison de la difficulté de réaliser des barreaux de lubrifiant satisfaisants et d'assurer une alimentation continue du lubrifiant sous cette forme. En outre, le procédé nécessite le préchauffage du lubrifiant, ce qui complique l'installation et augmente le cout de l'opération.By patent BE-A-899,544, a method has already been proposed for lubricating a continuous casting ingot mold by introducing a lubricating agent through an orifice formed through the wall of the ingot mold. This patent describes a lubricating agent which is preferably in the form of a bar. The implementation of this method has however proved difficult, due to the difficulty of producing satisfactory lubricant bars and of ensuring a continuous supply of the lubricant in this form. In addition, the method requires the preheating of the lubricant, which complicates the installation and increases the cost of the operation.
L'objet de la présente invention est de proposer un procédé du type de celui qui est mentionné dans l'introduction, mais qui ne comporte pas les inconvénients de mise en oeuvre qui viennent d'être indiqués. En particulier, le procédé de l'invention ne pose aucun problème pour assurer une alimentation continue du lubrifiant, et il ne nécessite pas de préchauffage de celui-ci.The object of the present invention is to provide a method of the type which is mentioned in the introduction, but which does not have the disadvantages of implementation which have just been indicated. In particular, the method of the invention poses no problem for ensuring a continuous supply of the lubricant, and it does not require preheating of the latter.
Conformément à la présente invention, un procédé de coulée continue d'un métal fondu, dans lequel on introduit un agent lubrifiant dans la lingotière, à travers au moins un orifice de passage ménagé dans la paroi de ladite lingotière, est caractérisé en ce que l'on utilise un agent lubrifiant sous la forme de billes sensiblement sphériques, dont le diamètre n'est pas supérieur à 1,5 mm.According to the present invention, a process for the continuous casting of a molten metal, in which a lubricant is introduced into the ingot mold, through at least one passage orifice formed in the wall of said ingot mold, is characterized in that the 'a lubricating agent is used in the form of substantially spherical balls, the diameter of which is not more than 1.5 mm.
Il est en effet apparu, au cours des essais, qu'un diamètre de 1,5 mm constituait une limite supérieure raisonnable concernant le temps de ramollissement et de fusion des billes, ainsi que leur facilité de transport et de mise en oeuvre.It indeed appeared, during the tests, that a diameter of 1.5 mm constituted a reasonable upper limit concerning the time of softening and of melting of the balls, as well as their ease of transport and implementation.
Selon une caractéristique particulière du procédé de l'invention, le diamètre desdites billes est compris entre 20 µm et 800 µm.According to a particular characteristic of the process of the invention, the diameter of said balls is between 20 μm and 800 μm.
Egalement selon l'invention, lesdites billes sont constituées de verre, et de préférence d'un verre sodo-calcique. Ce type de verre, bien connu dans la technique, est notamment utilisé pour la fabrication de verre plat.Also according to the invention, said beads consist of glass, and preferably of soda-lime glass. This type of glass, well known in the art, is used in particular for the manufacture of flat glass.
Toujours selon l'invention, ledit agent lubrifiant présente une température de début de ramollissement comprise entre 400 °C et 800°C.Still according to the invention, said lubricating agent has a temperature at the start of softening of between 400 ° C. and 800 ° C.
Conformément à l'invention, on introduit lesdites billes d'agent lubrifiant par des conduits insérés dans les parois de la lingotière et débouchant dans l'intervalle entre la paroi de la lingotière et le métal coulé.According to the invention, said balls of lubricating agent are introduced via conduits inserted into the walls of the mold and opening out in the interval between the wall of the mold and the cast metal.
Il est en outre apparu avantageux d'ajuster le débit de l'agent lubrifiant en fonction du débit de métal fondu, en particulier du débit d'acier, afin d'assurer en permanence un effet lubrifiant satisfaisant.It has also appeared advantageous to adjust the flow rate of the lubricating agent as a function of the flow rate of molten metal, in particular the flow rate of steel, in order to permanently ensure a satisfactory lubricating effect.
En principe, l'alimentation en billes d'agent lubrifiant peut être assurée par un écoulement naturel. Il s'est cependant avéré intéressant, suivant une variante particulière de l'invention, de réaliser cette alimentation sous pression, notamment afin de prévenir tout risque de bouchage des orifices d'alimentation.In principle, the supply of balls of lubricating agent can be ensured by a natural flow. However, it has proved to be advantageous, according to a particular variant of the invention, to carry out this supply under pressure, in particular in order to prevent any risk of clogging of the supply orifices.
Un exemple de mise en oeuvre permettra de faire apparaître divers avantages liés au procédé de la présente invention.An example of implementation will make it possible to show various advantages linked to the process of the present invention.
On a coulé des blooms carrés de 220 mm de coté en un acier contenant 0,8 % C. La température de l'acier était voisine de 1500°C. A une distance d'environ 10 cm en-dessous du niveau du ménisque, on a disposé 12 injecteurs présentant chacun une section de sortie de 12 mm², à raison de deux injecteurs par face et d'un injecteur dans chaque angle de la lingotière. Ces injecteurs étaient alimentés à partir de vérins, par l'intermédiaire de tubes en acier inoxydable de 6 mm de diamètre intérieur. Par ces injecteurs, on a introduit des billes de verre d'une granulométrie comprise entre 100 µm et 200 µm, sous un débit global de 0,5 kg/min. Les billes étaient constituées d'un verre sodocalcique présentant la composition suivante, en poids :
Leur température de début de ramollissement était de 570°C.Their start softening temperature was 570 ° C.
Dans ces conditions, et avec une lingotière fixe, c'est-à-dire non soumise à des vibrations, on a atteint une vitesse de coulée de 1,2 m/min, avec un débit d'acier supérieur de 30 % à celui que l'on aurait atteint dans une lingotière vibrante, sans la lubrification conforme à l'invention.Under these conditions, and with a fixed ingot mold, that is to say one not subjected to vibrations, a casting speed of 1.2 m / min was reached, with a steel flow rate 30% higher than that that would have been reached in a vibrating ingot mold, without the lubrication according to the invention.
Les produits obtenus présentaient une surface parfaitement lisse, ne comportant ni fissures de retrait ni marques d'oscillation.The products obtained had a perfectly smooth surface, containing neither shrinkage cracks nor oscillation marks.
Le procédé de l'invention permet d'améliorer la qualité de surface des produits coulés en continu; il permet également d'accroître la vitesse de coulée, sans compromettre la sécurité de la coulée, c'est-à-dire sans augmenter le risque de percées. Il contribue ainsi à améliorer la productivité des installations de coulée.The process of the invention makes it possible to improve the surface quality of the continuously cast products; it also makes it possible to increase the speed of casting, without compromising the safety of casting, that is to say without increasing the risk of breakthroughs. It thus contributes to improving the productivity of casting installations.
Par ailleurs, l'installation requise est simplifiée, car elle ne comporte plus le mécanisme d'oscillation de la lingotière; enfin, il n'est plus nécessaire de prévoir un dispositif de préchauffage du lubrifiant.Furthermore, the installation required is simplified, since it no longer includes the oscillation mechanism of the mold; finally, it is no longer necessary to provide a device for preheating the lubricant.
Le procédé de l'invention ne pose aucun problème de mise en oeuvre, car les billes utilisées constituent un produit industriel disponible dans une large gamme de granulométrie. En raison de leur forme sphérique, les billes s'écoulent sans difficulté dans les conduits et elles ne présentent pas de risque d'abrasion des parois de la lingotière, même en cas de fusion incomplète.The process of the invention poses no implementation problem, since the beads used constitute an industrial product available in a wide range of particle sizes. Because of their spherical shape, the balls flow without difficulty in the conduits and they do not present a risk of abrasion of the walls of the ingot mold, even in the event of incomplete melting.
Enfin, la composition des billes peut aisément être adaptée, au moment de leur fabrication, pour tenir compte de diverses conditions, telles que :
- aptitude au ramollissement et à la fusion sans préchauffage;
- aptitude à mouiller une surface chaude, telle qu'une peau d'acier à une température de l'ordre de 1200°C;
- viscosité suffisamment basse pour assurer un bon effet lubrifiant;
- aptitude à s'écouler et à remplir l'intervalle entre les parois de la lingotière et la surface du produit coulé.
- ability to soften and melt without preheating;
- ability to wet a hot surface, such as a steel skin at a temperature of the order of 1200 ° C;
- viscosity low enough to ensure a good lubricating effect;
- ability to flow and fill the gap between the walls of the mold and the surface of the cast product.
Claims (7)
- Method for continuous casting of a molten metal, in which a lubricating agent is introduced into the mould through at least one passage orifice made in the wall of the said mould, characterised in that a lubricating agent is used which is in the form of substantially spherical balls whose diameter is not greater than 1.5 mm.
- Method for continuous casting according to Claim 1, characterised in that the diameter of the said balls is between 20 µm and 800 µm.
- Method for continuous casting according to either of Claims 1 and 2, characterised in that the said balls are made of glass.
- Method for continuous casting according to Claim 3, characterised in that the said balls are made of a soda-lime glass.
- Method for continuous casting according to any of Claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the said lubricating agent has a temperature for the onset of softening between 400°C and 800°C.
- Method for continuous casting according to any of Claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the said lubricating agent is introduced under pressure into the passage orifice or orifices.
- Method for continuous casting according to any of Claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the flow rate of the lubricating agent is adjusted as a function of the flow rate of molten metal.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT88870150T ATE85248T1 (en) | 1987-09-25 | 1988-09-15 | METAL CONTINUOUS CASTING PROCESS. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| BE8701090 | 1987-09-25 | ||
| BE8701090A BE1000921A6 (en) | 1987-09-25 | 1987-09-25 | Process for continuous casting of molten metal. |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0309433A2 EP0309433A2 (en) | 1989-03-29 |
| EP0309433A3 EP0309433A3 (en) | 1990-04-25 |
| EP0309433B1 true EP0309433B1 (en) | 1993-02-03 |
Family
ID=3882882
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP88870150A Expired - Lifetime EP0309433B1 (en) | 1987-09-25 | 1988-09-15 | Method of continuous casting a molten metal |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0309433B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH01107947A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE85248T1 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE1000921A6 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3878121T2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5271452A (en) * | 1987-03-26 | 1993-12-21 | Sms Concast Inc. | Continuous casting method and apparatus |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1383305A (en) * | 1971-03-01 | 1974-02-12 | Bpb Industries Ltd | Refractory insulation material |
| JPS5429967A (en) * | 1977-08-08 | 1979-03-06 | Tektronix Inc | Storage target and storage tube using same |
| CH650425A5 (en) * | 1981-05-21 | 1985-07-31 | Alusuisse | CHOCOLATE WITH HEAT-INSULATING PROTECTIVE LAYER. |
| JPS60221156A (en) * | 1984-04-17 | 1985-11-05 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | Continuous casting method |
| BE899544A (en) * | 1984-04-27 | 1984-08-16 | Centre Rech Metallurgique | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR LUBRICATING A CONTINUOUS COLLEGE LINGOTIERE. |
-
1987
- 1987-09-25 BE BE8701090A patent/BE1000921A6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1988
- 1988-09-15 EP EP88870150A patent/EP0309433B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-09-15 DE DE8888870150T patent/DE3878121T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-09-15 AT AT88870150T patent/ATE85248T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-09-26 JP JP63240641A patent/JPH01107947A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0309433A2 (en) | 1989-03-29 |
| ATE85248T1 (en) | 1993-02-15 |
| EP0309433A3 (en) | 1990-04-25 |
| DE3878121D1 (en) | 1993-03-18 |
| BE1000921A6 (en) | 1989-05-16 |
| DE3878121T2 (en) | 1993-08-19 |
| JPH01107947A (en) | 1989-04-25 |
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