EP0302109A1 - Immunoanalyse liposomique pour detecter des antigenes et des immunoglobulines specifiques des antigenes - Google Patents

Immunoanalyse liposomique pour detecter des antigenes et des immunoglobulines specifiques des antigenes

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Publication number
EP0302109A1
EP0302109A1 EP19880903492 EP88903492A EP0302109A1 EP 0302109 A1 EP0302109 A1 EP 0302109A1 EP 19880903492 EP19880903492 EP 19880903492 EP 88903492 A EP88903492 A EP 88903492A EP 0302109 A1 EP0302109 A1 EP 0302109A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
liposomal
antigen
complex
antibody
fluid sample
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP19880903492
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Donald G. Lewis
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Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Publication date
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
    • G01N33/585—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with a particulate label, e.g. coloured latex
    • G01N33/586—Liposomes, microcapsules or cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • G01N33/6854—Immunoglobulins
    • G01N33/686—Anti-idiotype

Definitions

  • the invention relates to diagnostic immunoassays. More particularly, the invention relates to liposomal immunoassays for detecting antigens or haptens and for detecting antigen or hapten specific immunoglobulins.
  • the two immunoassays are similar in that the presence or absence of antigen in a sample is determined by the lysis of liposomes and the release of label. However, the two immunoassays are different in that different agents are employed to lyse the liposomes.
  • Monroe's first antigen competitive inhibition liposomal immunoassay employs free antibody, antigen-cytolysin conjugates, and simple labeled liposomes.
  • the antigen-cytolysin conjugates have the special property that their activity is inhibited when the antigen portion of the conjugate is bound by antibody. However, in the presence of antigen, the binding of free antibody to the antigen-cytolysin conjugate is inhibited. Consequently , when labeled liposomes are added to a mixture containing sample antigen, free antibody , and antigen-cytolysin conjugate, the activity of the conjugate is relatively uninhibited and lysis of the labeled liposomes occurs .
  • Lysis of the labeled liposomes is detected by the release of the label . Conversely , in the absence of antigen, the binding of free antibody to the antigen-cytolysin conjugate is uninhibited . Thus the activity of the conjugate becomes inhibited and little or no lysis results .
  • Both of Monroe ' s liposomal immunoassays are dependent on special characteristics of the sample antigen .
  • Monroe ' s first liposomal immunoassay can be employed only i f the activity of the antigen-cytolysin conjugate is inhibited when the antigen portion of the conjugate is bound by antibody .
  • Monroe ' s second liposomal immunoassay requires the use of labeled liposomes having surface bound antigen. More particularly, the manner in which the antigen is attached to the surface of the liposome must be such as to enable the triggering of the complement cascade when antibody attaches to the surface bound antigen and must be such as to cause complement lysis following complement activation. Not all antigens can necessarily be made to be surface bound upon liposomes so as to satisfy these conditions.
  • Liposomal reagents having non-immunologically bound antibody which is targeted against the cell surface of various cell types. These liposomal reagents bind to their targeted cell surface and are subsequently endocytosed into the cell. Leserman shows that, if the liposomal reagent is loaded with a fluorescent dye, target cells which endocytose the liposomal reagent subsequently become fluorescent. Hashimoto shows that liposomal reagents having non-immunologically bound antigens will agglutinate in the presence of the corresponding serum antibody.
  • Vander-Mallie U . S . Patent No . 4 , 536 , 479 - Aug . 1985 discloses that anti-idiotypic antibody can subs titute for antigen and haptens in various immunoassays of the prior art.
  • Vander-Mallie does not disclose that anti-idiotypic antibody can be employed in liposomal immunoassays .
  • Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody is particularly advantageous because of its reproducibi lity and consistancy . Additionally , as compared to antigens derived from pathogenic materials , anti-idiotypic antibody is much safer to manufacture and handle .
  • liposomal immunoassays which employ liposomal reagents having surface bound antibody for ass aying antigens and antigen specific immunoglobulins .
  • the invention is a liposomal immunoassay which employs liposomal reagents for detecting the presence of an antigen or an antigen specific immunoglobulin within a sample fluid.
  • the liposomal reagent for assaying antigens includes a liposome, antibodies having a speci fity against the antigen , a linkage member for linking the antibody to the liposome , and a label carried by the liposome .
  • the liposomal reagent for assaying antigen specific immunoglobulin includes a liposome , anti-idiotypic antibodies having a specifity against the antigen specific immunoglobulin, a linkage member for linking the anti-idiotypic antibody to the liposome , and a label carried by the liposome.
  • the linkage member is chosen so that the linkage between the antibody or anti-idiotypic antibody and the liposome does not interfere with the ability of the antibody or anti-idiotypic antibody to bind to its respective antigen or antigen specific immunoglobulin in solution.
  • the antibody or anti-idiotypic antibody may be whole antibody or antibody fragments or derivatives . However, the antibody fragments or derivatives must be capable of linkage to the liposome by means of a linkage member .
  • the specificity of the liposomal immunoassay is determined by the specificity of the antibody or anti-idiotypic antibody .
  • the immobilization protocol involves the use of a solid phase ; the agglutination protocol dispenses with the the solid phase and depends upon the agglutination of the liposomal reagents .
  • the agglutination protocol dispenses with the the solid phase and depends upon the agglutination of the liposomal reagents .
  • the immobilization protocol of the liposomal immunoassay for detecting antigens employs an immobilized antibody , i .e. antibody which is immobilized onto a solid phase.
  • This immobilized antibody has a specificity for the antigen.
  • the sample fluid is incubated with both the immobilized antibody and the liposomal reagent antibody under conditions which result in the formation of a complex between the liposomal reagent, the antigen, and the immobilized antibody. The formation of this complex is dependent upon the presence of antigen in the sample fluid.
  • the sample antigen cross links the liposomal reagent with itself and with the immobilized antibody.
  • the complex of liposomal reagent, which is bound to immobilized antibody on the solid phase, is then washed so as to remove unreacted components which are not bound to the solid phase. This results in a separation of bound and unbound components.
  • label belonging either to the complex associated with the solid phase or to the unreacted liposomal reagent is then detected or measured. The presence or absence of antigen can then be correlated with the measurement or detection of such label.
  • the protocol of the immobilization protocol for assaying antigen specific immunoglobulins is similar to the above protocol for antigens except that the immobilized antibody and liposomal reagents employ anti-idiotypic antibody having a specific for the antigen specific immunogobulin instead of antibody having a specificity for antigen.
  • the agglutination protocol of the liposomal immunoassay for detecting antigens dispenses with the immobilized antibody, and, instead, relies upon an agglutination reaction.
  • the sample fluid is incubated with a multivalent liposomal reagent.
  • the multivalent liposomal reagent is a liposome to which are attached multiple surface bound antibodies, each having a specificity for the antigen.
  • the liposomal reagent agglutinates in the presence of high levels of antigen, i.e. an agglutinized complex results.
  • the antigen causes the multivalent liposomal reagent to become cross linked.
  • the complex After the formation of the agglutinized complex, the complex is then separated from unreacted antigen and liposomal reagent and is then detected by the presence of label. If quantitative results are desired, quantitative measurements of the presence of label may be made and compared with measurements taken from liposomal immunoassays on standard samples of antigen. The amount of antigen in the sample fluid may then be quantitatively determined by interpolating or extrapolating the result with the standard samples of antigen.
  • the protocol of the agglutination protocol for assaying antigen specific immunoglobulins is similar to the above agglutination protocol for antigens except that the multivalent liposomal reagents employ anti-idiotypic antibody having a specific for the antigen specific immunogobulin instead of antibody having a specificity for antigen.
  • Construction of the Liposomal Reagent There are four elements to the liposomal reagent, viz. the antibody, the liposome, the label contained by the liposome, and the linkage member between the antibody and the liposome. If the liposomal reagent is multivalent, then there are two or more antibodies attached to each liposome.
  • the above antibody has a specificity for the antigen which is to be assayed.
  • Either high affinity monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antibodies are preferred. Methods for producing monoclonal antibodies are described by Kohler and Milstein (Nature, vol. 256, pp 495-498 (1975)). Polyclonal antibodies may be made by standard immunological techniques or may be obtained, for for a wide variety of specificities, from the American Type Culture Collection or from a number of commercial vendors.
  • the immunoassay is directed to the detection of antigen specific immunoglobulins
  • the above antibody is an anti-idiotypic antibody and has a specificity for the antigen specific immunoglobulin which is to be assayed.
  • High affinity monoclonal antibodies are preferred over polyclonal antibodies for use as the anti-idiotypic antibodies.
  • Methods for producing both monoclonal and polyclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies are described by Vander-Mallie, i.e. U.S. Patent No. 4,536,479, which is incorporated herein by reference. It is assumed that, for virtually every possible antigen specific immunoglobulin, it is possible to produce a corresponding anti-idiotypic antibody.
  • the construction and composition of the liposome may depend, in part, on the particular linkage member which is employed for binding the antibody or anti-idiotypic antibody to the surface of the liposome.
  • linkage member which is employed for binding the antibody or anti-idiotypic antibody to the surface of the liposome.
  • Three equally preferred methods for making liposomes and for linking these liposomes to antibody are described in chapters 2, 3, and 4 of Liposome Technology, vol. Ill “Targeted Drug Delivery and Biological Interaction," ed. Gregory Gregoriadis, CRC Press (1984). In Chapter 2, viz. "Covalent Coupling of Monoclonal Antibodies and Protein A to Liposomes: Specific Interaction with Cells in Vitro and in Vivo" pp 29-40, Leserman et al.
  • DPPE dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
  • Multivalent liposomal reagents are preferred over monovalent liposomal reagents .
  • Multivalent liposomal reagents are liposomal reagents which have , on the average , more than one antibody or anti-idiotypic antibody bound to the surface of each liposome .
  • Multi valency allows the average liposome to bind more than one antigen or antigen specific immunoglobulin and allows antigen or antigen specific immunoglobulin to cross link and agglutinate the liposomal reagent.
  • Low multivalent liposomal reagents are liposomal reagents which have , on the average , approximate ly two antibodies or anti-idiotypic antibodies bound to the surface of each liposome .
  • Highly multivalent liposomal reagents are liposomal reagents which have significantly more s urface bound antibodies or anti-idiotypic antibodies than low multivalent liposomal reagents and which , under identical conditions , are capable of agglutination in the presence of a lower level of antigen or antigen specific immunoglobulin than the minimum level of antigen or antigen speci fic immunoglobulin required for the agglutination of low multivalent liposomal reagent.
  • An agglutination protocol which can easily be adapted for this test is provided by Hashimoto (supra) .
  • the use of high multivalent liposomal reagents enhances the sensitivity of liposomal immunoassays .
  • the sensitivity of the liposomal immunoassay is also determined by the label .
  • the label is contained by the liposome .
  • Leserman , Hashimoto , and Huang disclose the encapsulation of various labels.
  • Leserman discloses the encapsulation of a water soluble fluorescent dye, viz. carboxyfluorescein (CF).
  • CF carboxyfluorescein
  • the fluorescence of CF is self quenching.
  • the CF becomes highly fluorescent.
  • Hashimoto discloses methods for radiolabeling the membrane portion of liposomes, e.g. by incorporation of cholesteryl [1-(14)C]oleate.
  • Huang discloses the lumenal encapsulation of lactate dehydrogenase.
  • the presence of 1actate dehydrogenase can be detected by lysing the liposomal reagent, adding substrate, and observing the formation of enzyme product.
  • Similar enzyme labels are used extensively in the field of enzyme immunoassays and may be adapted to liposomal immunoassays.
  • the invention is not limited to the above labels, but may generally include the use of any label employable in the field of liposomal immunoassays. However, since the sensitivity of the liposomal immunoassay is enhanced by the employment of highly sensitive labels, the use of such labels is preferred.
  • the sensitivity of the liposomal immunoassay can also be enhanced by increasing the quantity of lumenally included label.
  • increasing the size of the liposome and increasing the concentration of the lumenally included label can enhance the sensitivity of the liposomal immunoassay.
  • the operability of this effect is limited.
  • the increase in the size of the liposome and the lumenal concentration of the label is limited by the requirement that the liposome should be relatively stable against leakage and spontaneous lysis.
  • the immobilization protocol of the liposomal immunoassay employs an immobilized antibody, i.e. antibody which is attached to a solid phase.
  • the immobilized antibody serves as an anchor and participant in the formation of an immobilized complex.
  • the immobilized antibody is antigen specific if the immunoassay is directed to such antigen.
  • the immobilized antibody is an anti-idiotypic antibody having a specificity for antigen specific immunoglobulins if the immunoassay is directed to. such antigen specific immunoglobulins.
  • Preferred methods for making immobilized antibody which is antigen specific are described by David et al. (U.S. Patent No. 4,376,110 - Mar. 1983).
  • Vander-Mallie U.S. Patent No. 4,536,479 - Aug. 1985
  • David et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,376,110 - Mar. 1983
  • Vander-Mallie discloses a method for coating microtiter plates with anti-idiotypic antibody.
  • the Vander-Mallie reference is incorporated herein by reference.
  • prior art homogeneous immunoassays employ a number of other methods for making immobilized antibody, many of which may be adapted to the present invention.
  • the specificity of the antibody employed in the immobilized antibody should correspond to the specificity of the antibody employed in the above liposomal reagent, i .e . both antibodies should have specificities for the same antigen or antigen specific immunoglobulin.
  • the immobilized antibody may be monoclonal or polyclonal.
  • the antibody of the liposomal reagent and of the solid phase are monoclonal , then, it may be desirable to employ two or more monoclonal antibodies , each having non-interfering epitopic specificities such that antibody binding at one epitope does not interfer with antibody binding at an other epitope . This insures that more than one antibody can simultaneously bind with the antigen so as to form a three part complex during the immobilization protocol of the liposomal immunoassay .
  • the specificity of the immobilized anti-idiotypic antibody may be the same as the specificity of the anti-idiotypic antibody employed in the liposomal reagent, since the target immunoglobulin is usually divalent or multivalent. High affinity monoclonal antibody is preferred.
  • Protocol for the Immobilization Method of the Liposomal Immunoassay There are three different methods for practicing the immobilization protocol of the liposomal immunoassay . Each method employs the liposomal reagent and the immobilized anti-idiotypic antibody described above or their functional equivalent.
  • Each of the three different methods can in turn be adapted to the detection of antigens or of antigen specific immunoglobulins .
  • a sample fluid potentially containing the antigen, is first combined and incubated with liposomal reagent under conditions which enable either binding or cross linking between antigen and the antibody .
  • the liposomal reagent is constructed to have a specificity for the antigen, as des cribed in the above section .
  • Cross linking is promoted by the use of highly multivalent liposomal reagents .
  • the conditions for cross linking can be empirically observed by the occurance of agglutination as measured by the method of Hashimoto (supra) .
  • the conditions for binding include the conditions for cross linking.
  • the mixture is then combined with the corresponding immobilized antibody .
  • the immobilized antibody is constructed to have a specificity for antigen , as desribed in the above section .
  • the combined components are then allowed to incubate for a second period.
  • an immobilized complex will form which includes the antibody , the immobilized antibody , and the liposomal reagent. If cross linking has occured, the immobilized complex will include several liposomal reagents cross linked by antigen for each immobilized antibody . If the antigen in the fluid sample is particularly dilute , the above mixture can be sedimented during the second incubation period in order to accelarate the formation of the immobilized complex.
  • the immobilized antibody should take the form of a coated microtiter plate or tube . After this second incubation period, the immobilized antibody is then washed so as to remove and separate unreacted components of the sample fluid and liposomal reagent from the immobilized complex. The detection step follows and is described be low .
  • the above first method for the detection of antigens can be easily adapted to formulate a method for the detection of antigen specific immunoglobulins .
  • both the immobilized antibody and the liposomal reagents are constructed with anti-idiotypic antibody having a specificity for the antigen specific immunoglobulin, as described in the prior two sections .
  • a sample fluid is firs t combined and incubated with the immobilized antibody under conditions which enable binding between antigen and the immobilized antibody .
  • the mixture is then combined with the corresponding liposomal reagent and allowed to incubate for a second period.
  • the liposomal reagent will bind to the immobilized antibody to form the immobi lized complex.
  • An optional sedimentation s tep be added after the second incubation step to promote the formation of the immobi lized complex .
  • the immobilized antibody is washed and the presence of label is detected as described below .
  • the sample fluid is simultaneous ly combined and incubated with both the immobilized antibody and the liposomal reagent under conditions which enab le the formation of an immobilized complex.
  • the use of high ly multivalent liposomal reagents to promote cross linking is preferred.
  • An optional sedimentation step may also be added during this incubation step to promote the formation of the immobi lized complex. After the incubation step , the immobilized complex is washed and the presence of labe l is detected as described below.
  • Each of the above second and third methods for the detection of antigens can be easi ly converted to formulate a method for the detection of antigen speci fic immunoglobulins .
  • the immobilized antibody and the liposomal reagents are each modified so that they are consulted wi th anti-idiotypic antibody having a specificity for the antigen specific immunoglobulin instead of antibody having a specificity for antigen.
  • the immobilized complex is detected by means of the labe l contained by the liposomal reagent.
  • the liposomal reagent There are several different labels which may be employed.
  • Monroe describes the use and detection of liposomally entrapped dyes (Arsenazo III) and enzyme markers , e . g. horseradish peroxidase , alkaline phosphatase , and glucose oxidase .
  • Leserman describes the use and detection of liposomally entrapped fluorescent dyes , e .g. carboxyfluorescein.
  • Hashimoto describes the use and detection of liposomally contained radiolabels [ ( 14 ) C] DPPE and (125 ) I . Any of the detection methods employed in the prior art for liposomal immunoassays can be employed for detecting the immobilized complex.
  • the sensitivity of the liposomal immunoassy can be modulated by using liposomal reagents having a range of different quantities of label .
  • a first liposomal reagent having twice the quantity of label as compared to a second liposomal reagent has approximately twice the sensitivity .
  • the presence or absence of antigen or of antigen specific immunoglobulin in the sample fluid can be determined by measuring or detecting the presence of label either retained or lost by the immobilized complex after the separation step .
  • the detection step may focus on the immobilized complex, the wash eluant, or both.
  • it may be necessary to release the label from the liposomal reagent. Several methods for releasing trapped label are described in Monroe .
  • a quantitative measurement of label from a liposomal immunoassay for the sample fluid is compared with the similar quantitative measurements taken for fluids having known concentrations of antigen or antigen specific immunoglobulins.
  • the level of antigen in the sample fluid is then calculated by interpolation or extrapolation with the standard antigens or antigen specific immunoglobulins.
  • the agglutination method for practicing the liposomal immunoassay is only a slight modification of the immobilized method.
  • the extent of cross linking of liposomal reagents induced by antigen must be sufficient to induce agglutination.
  • the agglutination method requires the use of multivalent liposomal reagents.
  • highly multivalent liposomal reagents should be employed.
  • the agglutination method is appropriately employed when there are high levels of antigen in the sample fluid.
  • the sample fluid is combined with highly mutlivalent liposomal reagent and allowed to incubate under conditions which promote binding and cross linking between the antigen and the liposomal reagent.
  • Such cross linking forms an agglutinized complex.
  • the agglutinized complex may then be separted from unreacted components by a filtration procedure described by Hashimoto (supra pp 46-47). Alternatively, the agglutinized complex may be separated from unreacted components by sedimentation. The formation of the agglutinized complex is an indication of the presence of antigen. Measurement of the presence of label in the agglutinized complex may be made by the method of Hashimoto.
  • the agglutination method may be employed to detect either antigens or antigen specific immunoglobulins.
  • a multivalent liposomal reagent with antibody having a specificity for the antigen is employed.
  • a multivalent liposomal reagent with antibody having a specificity for the antigen specific immunoglobulins is employed.

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Abstract

Immunoanalyses liposomiques et réactifs liposomiques pour détecter des antigènes et des anticorps de sérum. Les réactifs liposomiques pour la détection d'anticorps de sérum sont composés de liposomes ayant une surface externe sur laquelle est lié l'anticorps anti-idiotypique. D'autre part, les réactifs liposomiques pour la détection des antigènes se composent de liposomes ayant une surface externe sur laquelle est lié l'anticorps spécifique de l'antigène.
EP19880903492 1987-02-17 1988-02-17 Immunoanalyse liposomique pour detecter des antigenes et des immunoglobulines specifiques des antigenes Withdrawn EP0302109A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US1504987A 1987-02-17 1987-02-17
US1499687A 1987-02-17 1987-02-17
US14996 1987-02-17
US15049 1987-02-17

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EP0302109A1 true EP0302109A1 (fr) 1989-02-08

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Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5389523A (en) * 1988-05-31 1995-02-14 The United States Of Americas, As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce Liposome immunoanalysis by flow injection assay
WO1990006515A1 (fr) * 1988-12-09 1990-06-14 Centocor, Inc. Analyse immunometrique anti-idiotopique

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0134222A1 (fr) * 1982-12-23 1985-03-20 Cooper-Lipotech, Inc. Procede et reactif d'essai de surface de vesicules lipidiques
US4536479A (en) * 1983-03-22 1985-08-20 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Use of anti-idiotype antibodies in immunoassays
US4605630A (en) * 1983-07-27 1986-08-12 Cooper Lipotech Inc. Large-liposome agglutination reagent and method
US4708933A (en) * 1984-06-12 1987-11-24 Leaf Huang Immunoliposome assay-methods and products
US4704355A (en) * 1985-03-27 1987-11-03 New Horizons Diagnostics Corporation Assay utilizing ATP encapsulated within liposome particles
WO1987002778A1 (fr) * 1985-10-22 1987-05-07 Cooper-Lipotech Systeme d'immunoanalyse a base de liposomes en phase solide

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO8806293A2 *

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WO1988006293A3 (fr) 1988-09-22

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