EP0296013A1 - Tubular construction - Google Patents

Tubular construction Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0296013A1
EP0296013A1 EP88401360A EP88401360A EP0296013A1 EP 0296013 A1 EP0296013 A1 EP 0296013A1 EP 88401360 A EP88401360 A EP 88401360A EP 88401360 A EP88401360 A EP 88401360A EP 0296013 A1 EP0296013 A1 EP 0296013A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
elements
tubular construction
raft
side elements
construction according
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Granted
Application number
EP88401360A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0296013B2 (en
EP0296013B1 (en
Inventor
Marcel Matière
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority claimed from US07/058,567 external-priority patent/US4836714A/en
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Priority to AT88401360T priority Critical patent/ATE61075T1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/045—Underground structures, e.g. tunnels or galleries, built in the open air or by methods involving disturbance of the ground surface all along the location line; Methods of making them
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F5/00—Draining the sub-base, i.e. subgrade or ground-work, e.g. embankment of roads or of the ballastway of railways or draining-off road surface or ballastway drainage by trenches, culverts, or conduits or other specially adapted means
    • E01F5/005—Culverts ; Head-structures for culverts, or for drainage-conduit outlets in slopes

Definitions

  • the subject of the invention is a tubular construction with a flat bottom resting on a leveled and compacted laying surface, and consisting of sections placed end to end and each formed of juxtaposed wall elements.
  • Such a conduit consists of tubular sections placed end to end each comprising at least one substantially planar raft element placed on the ground or else cast in place, two side elements placed on either side of the raft and, in the case a buried duct, a vault element resting on the upper ends of the side elements so as to close the duct.
  • Each side element comprises a curved wall of generally vertical orientation and which tangentially connects upwards with the 'vault element and down, horizontally, with the element to radiate so as to form a smooth wall whose curvature varies continuously.
  • the two side elements are each provided with stabilizing members.
  • tion which, in the embodiment described in the patent, consist of studs of substantially triangular section, distributed at the base of the side element, each stud providing a flat bearing face which allows the element to side of standing alone without scaffolding.
  • the side elements are connected at their base with the elements to be erased by concrete joints constituting real keyings, ensuring the assembly of the assembly.
  • the lower edges of the side elements and the longitudinal edges of the raft are provided with reinforcements protruding on standby and, when the side elements are installed, a space is left between the longitudinal edges opposite. which crisscross these reinforcements which are then embedded in a mortar for sealing cast in place.
  • the two side elements are not connected to each other by a raft, this being cast in place, thereafter, and may even be constituted simply by the ground, by example the bed of a river.
  • the present invention therefore applies to conduits of the type described in European patent application 00 81 102 and relates to a particular arrangement of the side elements allowing them to support the weight of the vault without being secured to the raft.
  • the invention has other advantages and makes it possible to implement other characteristics which will be described in detail below.
  • each side element is constituted by an enlarged sole comprising two wings extending horizontally in a console on either side of the side wall of the side element, the latter comprising a part substantially vertical lower, perpendicular to said sole and extended upward by an upper part curved inward.
  • each section comprises at least one arch element resting on the upper edges of the two side elements so as to form a closed duct
  • the outer wing of the support flange of each side element must extend over a width sufficient to ensure the stability of the element against the lateral thrust exerted by the arch element.
  • the two side elements and the raft element are provided, respectively, along their longitudinal edges facing thinned ends in the form of short consoles having, respectively, profiles reversed providing longitudinal support faces inclined at the same non-zero angle with respect to the vertical and, when the elements are installed, the distance between the internal edges of the two side elements is less than the width of the raft element so that the short consoles facing each other overlap each other and that their inclined bearing faces are applied two by two to each other, said consoles having a profile and mechanical characteristics determined so as to allow them to transmit to the element to write off at least part of the forces supported by the side elements or vice versa.
  • the short brackets formed along the internal edges of the side elements pass over the short brackets of the longitudinal edges of the raft element, but it is also possible, in certain cases, to use the reverse arrangement.
  • the embodiment according to the invention of the side elements is particularly suitable for the production of a liquid circulation channel open upwards and consisting of sections placed end to end each comprising two side elements to enlarged soles placed on either side of a raft element.
  • each longitudinal joint between a lower edge of the arch element and the upper edge of the corresponding side element comprises at least two articulated supports axially spaced from one another and between which the faces end of the side and arch elements are set back with respect to the median plane of the joint so as to provide a free space in which transverse waiting reinforcements extend associated with longitudinal anchoring irons, the assembly being secured by a sealing mortar poured into said free space.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown, in cross section, a tubular construction which may be, for example, an underground passage for the circulation of vehicles or a liquid circulation conduit.
  • This duct is of the general type described in European application 00 81402 and is therefore produced by association of tubular sections placed end to end and each consisting, in cross section, of four prefabricated elements, respectively a raft element 1, two side elements. 2 and 2 ′, placed on either side of the raft and an arch element 3 resting, by its lower edges 31, on the upper parts 21 of the side elements 2, 2 ′.
  • the arch element 3 and the upper parts 21 of the side walls 20 of the side elements 2 constitute cylindrical sectors of completed tion centered on the same longitudinal axis 0.
  • other shapes are possible, insofar as the centers of curvature are placed in the median planes PP′ of the longitudinal joints 8,8 ′ between the arch element 3 and the side elements 2 so as to maintain the continuity of the curvature.
  • the upper part of the duct therefore forms a semicircular arch as in European application 00 81 402.
  • the present invention differs from the previous embodiment by the fact that the curved upper part 21 of the side wall 20 of each side element 2 is connected to a lower part 26 consisting of a vertical wall element centered on a support flange 7 which constitutes the base of the element 2 with a flat lower face 70 and comprises two wings 71, 72, s extending symmetrically inwards and outwards, on either side of the vertical lower part 26 of the wall 20, respectively over distances a1 and a2 from the median plane of the wall 26.
  • the distance a1 is determined according to the height h of the element 2 and its inwardly curved shape so as to prevent the inward tilting of the side element 2 when the latter is placed on the surface. installation 61.
  • the width a2 of the outer wing 72 is determined so as to prevent the overturning of the side element 2 when it supports the weight of the arch element 3.
  • the slab element 1 consisting of a prefabricated panel and then, on either side of the latter, the two side elements 2 and 2 ′.
  • the inner edges 11 of the slab member 15 and 73 of the sole 7 are spaced from each other so as to leave a space 13 in which intersect reinforcements 14, 74, left waiting along the edges 11, 73 of the raft and the side element.
  • the space 13 is then filled with a sealing concrete which produces a keyed joint ensuring perfect joining of the elements sideways with the raft.
  • such an arrangement brings in particular the advantage of allowing the transmission to the element to write off 1 of the load supported by the side elements 2 and 2 ′ and therefore to distribute support constraints on a large area of the ground
  • the two side elements 2 and 2 ′ can resist by themselves the load applied by the arch element 3 and possibly the embankment which overcomes it without risk of tipping outwards. In this way, it is not necessary to wait for the production and setting of the keyed joints 13 to place the arch element 3 and, optionally, the backfill.
  • the use of widened soles 7 also has other advantages.
  • the support surface of width a1 + a2 can be determined so that the flanges 7, 7 ′ of the side elements 2, 2 ′ are sufficient to transmit the weight of the load applied to the ground without the risk of settling. In this way, it is possible, in certain cases, to remove the raft 1 or at least to replace it with a part not provided to absorb the support forces.
  • each end 4 of a side element 2 is tapered at an angle to form a short console of substantially triangular section providing a longitudinal face 41 inclined at an angle A not zero with respect to the vertical, as is shown in detail in Figure 2.
  • Each end 5 of the raft 2 is thinned in the same way but in the opposite direction and therefore has a face longitudinal 51 inclined at the same angle A relative to the vertical.
  • the consoles 4 and 5 therefore have inverted profiles and can overlap each other when the elements are installed.
  • a seal 45 in the form of a continuous thin strip, is interposed, if necessary, between the inclined faces 41 and 51, so as to seal the duct both outward and inward. .
  • the inclined faces 41 of the brackets 4 are turned downwards and the inclined faces 51 of the brackets 5 are turned upwards.
  • the two consoles 4 of the side elements cover the two consoles 5 of the raft 1, the faces d 'support 41 and 51 applying to each other. It follows that the two side elements bear along their inner edge on the raft element 1. The load applied to the upper part of the structure and taken up by the side elements is thus transmitted to the element strike off 1 and is distributed over the entire surface of the latter, a more or less significant part being however transmitted directly to the ground by the support soles 7, 7 ′.
  • brackets 4 and 5 as well as the characteristics of the reinforcements 42, 52 with which they are provided must be determined so as to give the brackets 4, 5 the resistance necessary to withstand without risk of cracking the significant stresses resulting from the transmission of the load to the raft 1.
  • reinforcements 42, 52 incorporated in the concrete are well protected and can be tighter than reinforcements simply protruding on standby.
  • the elements to write off consist of pan prefabricated neaux but it is possible to use a similar arrangement on a slab slab in place by simply providing along the longitudinal edges of the latter inclination bearing faces corresponding to that of the side elements.
  • the raft When the raft is cast in place, it is possible to give it a monolithic structure by providing overlapping reinforcements between the parts cast successively. This produces continuous support on the ground to maintain the alignment of the different sections of the upper part and to resist variations in the applied forces or differential settlement.
  • the raft elements 1 consist of prefabricated panels placed flat on the ground, it is possible to offset the elements axially so that each transverse joint plane between the upper parts of two successive sections passes substantially to the center of a write-off element. In this way, the successive side elements are supported on the ground by means of the same raft element which is thus opposed to the possible effects of misalignment.
  • the slab 1 if it does not support a sufficient load by itself, is subjected to an upward thrust which is taken up by the internal wings 71 of the side elements 2 and 2 ′, both in the embodiment of FIG. 1 with keyed joint and in that of FIG. 2 with console joint.
  • the use, according to the invention, of widened support bases with a flat bottom improves the resistance of the side elements to the overturning moments resulting from this vertical thrust by pushing outwards the horizontal axis around which each element would tend to turn.
  • side elements 2 can also be used to maintain the raft 1 against an upward push under the effect of the water table in the case where the conduit is more or less immersed in it.
  • the side elements 2 will thus simply be placed on the raft elements 1
  • it may be necessary to maintain a certain connection between the elements for example to resist misalignments caused by differential settlements or when the direction of application of effort may vary.
  • Each tie rod 43 is provided at its two ends with heads 47 bearing on the faces 46, 56 of the brackets 4, 5 opposite the inclined faces 41, 51 and is subjected to a prestressing tension determining the application under pressure one on the other of said inclined faces with crushing of the seal 45.
  • the longitudinal joints 8 between the arch element 3 and the side elements 2 can also be the subject of a variant shown in detail in FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • the joint 8 between the upper part of the side element 2 and the arch element 3 is then produced in a mixed manner and comprises two articulated supports 81 spaced from one another and preferably placed at the two ends elements 2 and 3.
  • These supports 81 define an articulation around a longitudinal axis and therefore comprise rounded protruding parts 82 formed, preferably, at the lower ends of the arch element 3 and resting on recessed parts 83 formed at the upper ends of the side element 2.
  • a seal 85 is interposed between said support parts 82 and 83.
  • the articulated joints 81 extend over lengths (e) provided simply so that, overall, the load applied by the arch element (3) on each side element (2) is temporarily collected by said supports 81 without risk of 'crushing or cracking.
  • the vault elements 3 are first placed on the side elements 2 and 2 ′, providing the necessary seals between the faces of support 82, 83.
  • the articulated supports 81 thus produced allow the gers relative displacements of the arch element 3 compared to the side elements 2 which remain perfectly held in place thanks to the use of the widened soles 7,7 ′.
  • the different elements of the construction can thus be positioned relative to each other to the others before being joined by keying the seals 8.
  • FIG. 6 shows a particular application of the invention to the production of liquid circulation channels and in particular of irrigation channels which may have a very large cross section.
  • such a channel can be made up of sections placed end to end and each comprising a raft element 1 with a flat bottom interposed between two side elements 2 which can advantageously be produced according to the embodiment described above, each element side 2 being provided at its base with an enlarged sole 7 comprising two wings 71, 72 extending on either side of the vertical side wall 26.
  • the channel thus formed which can be used for the circulation of water or other liquid 14 can either be open upwards, or be covered with a curved element 36 which, not having to support embankment, can be produced in a light way, for example in a corrugated plastic material so as to have a certain stiffness.
  • a cover 36 protects the water transported against pollution and reduces the risk of evaporation, especially if the plastic material used is opaque.
  • the side elements 2 exert on the ground a push corresponding simply to their own weight and which is distributed over the entire lower surface 70 of the sole 7.
  • the conduit is normally not placed in a trench but in a simple recess allowing to reach the good soil. The risk of vertical thrust on the raft 1 under the effect of the water table is therefore reduced and the raft is subjected essentially to the load of the water 14 transported.
  • support soles 7 widened towards the outside allows the side elements 2 to resist the thrust of the water exerted on the side walls 20 which, in this case, are no longer interconnected by the arch element.
  • the thrust of the water on the internal wings 71 also improves the stability and, in the case where longitudinal joints with short brackets applied one on the other are used, determines a compression of the seal 45 which favors the sealing.
  • brackets 4 and 5 it may, moreover, be advantageous, as shown in FIG. 6, to reverse the arrangement of the brackets 4 and 5 so that the brackets 5 formed along the longitudinal edges of the raft 1 cover the brackets 4 constituting the internal edges of the sole 7 of the side elements 2.
  • the latter therefore resist the effects of overturning outwards under the pressure of the water 14, on the one hand thanks to the parts 72 of the sole 7 projecting outwards and covered by the embankment R, and on the other hand thanks to the blocking effect of write off 1 itself subjected to the weight of the water transported.
  • the inwardly curved shape of the side elements 2 also promotes stability by reducing the value of the horizontal force of thrust of the liquids.
  • the vault 3 is preferably made in one piece but it would not be prohibited, to limit the dimension of the elements in the case of a very large section, to achieve the vault in two parts leaning on each other with the key, the widened soles 7 allowing the side elements 2,2 ′ to resist the lateral thrusts which result as long as the two parts of the vault are not secured between them.

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Abstract

The invention relates to a tubular structure consisting of sections placed end to end and resting on a flattened and compacted laying surface (61). Each section is formed from juxtaposed wall elements comprising two side elements (2, 2') with an inwardly curved lateral wall, each bearing on the laying surface (61) by means of a stabilising member with a flat bottom, allowing the side element to stand up without scaffolding, characterised in that each side element (2, 2') is equipped at its base with a widened sole (7) comprising two wings (71, 72) extending horizontally in a projecting manner on either side of the lateral wall (20) of the element (2, 2'), the latter comprising a substantial vertical lower part (26) perpendicular to said sole (7) and extended upwards by an inwardly curved upper part (21). The present invention is used for conduits of very large cross-section which can be employed for the construction of underground passages for various uses. <IMAGE>

Description

L'invention a pour objet une construction tubu­laire à fond plat reposant sur une surface de pose aplanie et tassée, et constituée de tronçons mis bout à bout et formés chacun d'éléments de parois juxtaposés .The subject of the invention is a tubular construction with a flat bottom resting on a leveled and compacted laying surface, and consisting of sections placed end to end and each formed of juxtaposed wall elements.

On connait déjà, notamment pour la construction de conduits de circulation de liquide , par exemple de ré­seaux d'assainissement , des procédés dans lesquels le conduit est constitué de tronçons mis bout à bout formés chacun d'éléments préfabriqués en béton qui s'appuient les uns sur les autres par leurs bords longitudinaux. Généralement , de tels dispositifs sont prévus pour des sections transversales ne dépassant pas 1 à 2 m².Methods are already known, in particular for the construction of liquid circulation conduits, for example sewerage networks, in which the conduit consists of sections placed end to end each formed of prefabricated concrete elements which are supported one on the other by their longitudinal edges. Generally, such devices are provided for cross sections not exceeding 1 to 2 m².

Cependant, le déposant a déjà proposé un nouveau système de construction permettant de réaliser des conduits ayant une section transversale beaucoup plus grande , pou­vant même dépasser 100 m² et utilisables par conséquent pour la construction de passages souterrains pour la cir­culation de véhicules , la dérivation d'une rivière sous un remblai etc .However, the applicant has already proposed a new construction system making it possible to produce conduits having a much larger cross section, which may even exceed 100 m² and therefore usable for the construction of underground passages for the circulation of vehicles, the derivation of a river under an embankment etc.

Un tel conduit est constitué de tronçons tubu­laires mis bout à bout comprenant chacun au moins un élé­ment de radier sensiblement plan posé sur le sol ou bien coulé en place , deux éléments de côté placés de part et d'autre du radier et , dans le cas d'un conduit enterré , un élément de voûte reposant sur les extrémités supérieures des éléments de côté de façon à fermer le conduit.Chaque élément de côté comprend une paroi incurvée d'orientation générale verticale et qui se raccorde tangentiellement , vers le haut avec l'élément de voûte et vers le bas , à l'horizontale, avec l'élément de radier de façon à consti­tuer une paroi lisse dont la courbure varie de façon conti­nue .Such a conduit consists of tubular sections placed end to end each comprising at least one substantially planar raft element placed on the ground or else cast in place, two side elements placed on either side of the raft and, in the case a buried duct, a vault element resting on the upper ends of the side elements so as to close the duct.Each side element comprises a curved wall of generally vertical orientation and which tangentially connects upwards with the 'vault element and down, horizontally, with the element to radiate so as to form a smooth wall whose curvature varies continuously.

Par ailleurs, selon l'une des caractéristiques essentielles de la demande Européene 00 81 402, les deux éléments de côté sont munis chacun d'organes de stabilisa­ tion qui , dans le mode de réalisation décrit dans le brevet , sont constitués par des plots à section sensible­ment triangulaire, répartis à la base de l'élément de côté , chaque plot ménageant une face d'appui plane qui per­met à l'élément de côté de se tenir debout seul sans écha­faudage. De la sorte, lors de la construction d'un tronçon de la structure , on pose tout d'abord un élément de radier dans le prolongement de la partie déjà construite puis les deux éléments de côté , de part et d'autre du radier , et enfin l'élément de voûte qui repose sur les deux éléments de côté .Furthermore, according to one of the essential characteristics of European application 00 81 402, the two side elements are each provided with stabilizing members. tion which, in the embodiment described in the patent, consist of studs of substantially triangular section, distributed at the base of the side element, each stud providing a flat bearing face which allows the element to side of standing alone without scaffolding. In this way, during the construction of a section of the structure, first of all an element of raft is laid in the extension of the part already built, then the two elements aside, on either side of the raft, and finally the arch element which rests on the two side elements.

Dans le mode de réalisation connu précédemment, les éléments de côté sont reliés à leur base avec les élé­ments de radier par des joints bétonnés constituant de véri­tables clavages , assurant la solidarisation de l'ensemble. A cet effet, les bords inférieurs des éléments de côté et les bords longitudinaux du radier sont munis d'armatures dé­passant en attente et, à la pose des éléments de côté , on laisse entre les bords longitudinaux en vis-à-vis un espace dans lequel s'entrecroisent ces armatures qui sont ensuite noyées dans un mortier de scellement coulé en place .In the previously known embodiment, the side elements are connected at their base with the elements to be erased by concrete joints constituting real keyings, ensuring the assembly of the assembly. For this purpose, the lower edges of the side elements and the longitudinal edges of the raft are provided with reinforcements protruding on standby and, when the side elements are installed, a space is left between the longitudinal edges opposite. which crisscross these reinforcements which are then embedded in a mortar for sealing cast in place.

De la sorte, la charge appliquée sur l'élément de voûte et transmise aux éléments de côté peut être reprise par le radier et se répartit donc sur une surface importan­te. On obtient ainsi une amélioration considérable de la ré­partition des contraintes engendrées dans le sol.In this way, the load applied to the arch element and transmitted to the side elements can be taken up by the raft and is therefore distributed over a large area. A considerable improvement is thus obtained in the distribution of the stresses generated in the soil.

Cette solidarisation du radier avec la base des éléments de côté permet , en outre, à ces derniers, de ne pas s'écarter vers l'extérieur en s'ouvrant sous le poids de l'élément de voûte lorsque l'on pose ce dernier . C'est pourquoi , il est préférable de réaliser les joints bétonnés avant la pose des éléments de voûte . Cependant, la réalisa­tion des joints peut retarder la construction du conduit puisqu'il faut attendre la prise du béton avant de poser l'élément de voûte .This joining of the raft with the base of the side elements also allows the latter not to deviate towards the outside by opening under the weight of the arch element when the latter is installed. . This is why it is preferable to make the concrete joints before installing the vault elements. However, the realization of the joints can delay the construction of the duct since it is necessary to wait for the setting of the concrete before laying the arch element.

En outre, dans certain cas, les deux éléments de côté ne sont pas reliés l'un à l'autre par un radier, celui-­ci étant coulé en place, par la suite , et pouvant même être consituté simplement par le sol, par exemple le lit d'une rivière .In addition, in some cases, the two side elements are not connected to each other by a raft, this being cast in place, thereafter, and may even be constituted simply by the ground, by example the bed of a river.

La présente invention s'applique donc à des conduits du type décrit dans la demande de brevet européen 00 81 102 et a pour objet une disposition particulière des éléments de côté leur permettant de supporter le poids de la voute sans être solidarisés avec le radier. En outre, l'invention présente d'autres avantages et permet de mettre en oeuvre d'autres caractéristiques qui seront décrites en détails par la suite .The present invention therefore applies to conduits of the type described in European patent application 00 81 102 and relates to a particular arrangement of the side elements allowing them to support the weight of the vault without being secured to the raft. In addition, the invention has other advantages and makes it possible to implement other characteristics which will be described in detail below.

Conformément à l'invention, la base de chaque élément de côté est constituée par une semelle élargie com­prenant deux ailes s'étendant horizontalement en console de part et d'autre de la paroi latérale de l'élément de côté, cette dernière copmprenant une partie inférieure sensiblement verticale , perpendiculaire à ladite semelle et prolongée vers le haut par une partie supérieure incurvée vers l'intérieur .According to the invention, the base of each side element is constituted by an enlarged sole comprising two wings extending horizontally in a console on either side of the side wall of the side element, the latter comprising a part substantially vertical lower, perpendicular to said sole and extended upward by an upper part curved inward.

Dans le cas où chaque tronçon comprend au moins un élément de voûte reposant sur les bords supérieurs des deux éléments de côté de façon à former un conduit fermé, l'aile extérieure de la semelle d'appui de chaque élément de côté doit s'étendre sur une largeur suffisante pour assurer la stabilité de l'élément contre la poussé latérale exercée par l'élément de voûte .In the case where each section comprises at least one arch element resting on the upper edges of the two side elements so as to form a closed duct, the outer wing of the support flange of each side element must extend over a width sufficient to ensure the stability of the element against the lateral thrust exerted by the arch element.

Dans un mode de réalisation particulier, les deux éléments de côté et l'élément de radier sont munis, respec­tivement, le long de leurs bords longitudinaux en vis-à-vis d'extrémités amincies en forme de consoles courtes ayant, respectivement, des profils inversés ménageant des faces d'appui longitudinales inclinées d'un même angle non nul par rapport à la verticale et , à la pose des éléments , la dis­tance entre les bords internes des deux éléments de côté est inférieure à la largeur de l'élément de radier de telle sor­te que les consoles courtes en vis-à-vis se recouvrent mu­tuellement et que leurs faces d'appui inclinées s'appliquent deux à deux l'une sur l'autre, lesdites consoles ayant un profil et des caractéristiques mécaniques déterminés de façon à leur permettre de transmettre à l'élément de radier au moins une partie des efforts supportés par les éléments de côté ou inversement .In a particular embodiment, the two side elements and the raft element are provided, respectively, along their longitudinal edges facing thinned ends in the form of short consoles having, respectively, profiles reversed providing longitudinal support faces inclined at the same non-zero angle with respect to the vertical and, when the elements are installed, the distance between the internal edges of the two side elements is less than the width of the raft element so that the short consoles facing each other overlap each other and that their inclined bearing faces are applied two by two to each other, said consoles having a profile and mechanical characteristics determined so as to allow them to transmit to the element to write off at least part of the forces supported by the side elements or vice versa.

Normalement, les consoles courtes ménagées le long des bords internes des éléments de côté passent au-­dessus des consoles courtes des bords longitudinaux de l'élément de radier mais on peut aussi, dans certains cas, utiliser la disposition inverse.Normally, the short brackets formed along the internal edges of the side elements pass over the short brackets of the longitudinal edges of the raft element, but it is also possible, in certain cases, to use the reverse arrangement.

D'autre part, le mode de réalisation selon l'invention des éléments de côté est particulièrement indi­qué pour la réalisation d'un canal de circulation de liquide ouvert vers le haut et constitué de tronçons mis bout à bout comprenant chacun deux éléments de côté à semelles élargies placés de part et d'autre d'un élément de radier.On the other hand, the embodiment according to the invention of the side elements is particularly suitable for the production of a liquid circulation channel open upwards and consisting of sections placed end to end each comprising two side elements to enlarged soles placed on either side of a raft element.

Selon une autre caractéristique particulière, chaque joint longitudinal entre un bord inférieur de l'élément de voûte et le bord supérieur de l'élément de cô­té correspondant comprend au moins deux appuis articulés écartés axialement l'un de l'autre et entre lesquels les fa­ces d'extrémité des éléments de côté et de voûte sont pla­cées en retrait par rapport au plan médian du joint de façon à ménager un espace libre dans lequel s'étendent transversa­lement des armatures en atttente associées à des fers d'ancrage longitudinaux , l'ensemble étant solidarisé par un mortier de scellement coulé dans ledit espace libre .According to another particular characteristic, each longitudinal joint between a lower edge of the arch element and the upper edge of the corresponding side element comprises at least two articulated supports axially spaced from one another and between which the faces end of the side and arch elements are set back with respect to the median plane of the joint so as to provide a free space in which transverse waiting reinforcements extend associated with longitudinal anchoring irons, the assembly being secured by a sealing mortar poured into said free space.

Mais l'invention sera mieux comprise par la des­cription suivante de ces différents modes de réalisation donnés à titre d'exemple et représentés sur les dessins an­nexés .

  • Fig.1 représente , en coupe transversale, un tronçon de construction tubulaire muni des perfectionnements selon l'invention;
  • Fig.2 est une vue de détail , en coupe transver­sale , d'un mode de réalisation particulier d'un élément de côté ;
  • Fig.3 est une vue de détail, en coupe transversa­le et à échelle agrandie, du joint entre le radier et la ba­se d'un élément de côté , dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 2 ;
  • Fig.4 est une vue de côté d'un tronçon de la construction tubulaire dans lequel le joint supérieur est réalisé de façon particulière ;
  • Fig.5 est une vue de détail, en coupe transversa­le selon la ligne A-A de la figure 4 , du joint supérieur entre un élément de côté et l'élément de voûte ;
  • Fig.6 représente schématiquement, en perspective, une application particulière de l'invention à la réalisation d'un canal.
However, the invention will be better understood from the following description of these different embodiments given by way of example and shown in the accompanying drawings.
  • Fig.1 shows, in cross section, a tubular construction section provided with improvements according to the invention;
  • Fig.2 is a detail view, in cross section, of a particular embodiment of a side element;
  • Fig.3 is a detail view, in cross section and on an enlarged scale, of the joint between the raft and the base of a side element, in the embodiment of Figure 2;
  • Fig.4 is a side view of a section of the tubular construction in which the upper seal is made in a particular way;
  • Fig.5 is a detail view, in cross section along line AA of Figure 4, of the upper seal between a side element and the arch element;
  • Fig.6 shows schematically, in perspective, a particular application of the invention to the production of a channel.

Sur la figure 1 on a représenté, en coupe trans­versale , une construction tubulaire qui peut être,par exem­ple , un passage soutterrain pour la circulation de véhicules ou un conduit de circulation de liquide . Ce conduit est du type général décrit dans la demande européenne 00 81402 et est donc réalisé par association de tronçons tubulaires mis bout à bout et constitués chacun , en section transversale, de quatre éléments préfabriqués , respectivement un élément de radier 1 , deux éléments de côté 2 et 2′ , placés de part et d'autre du radier et un élément de voûte 3 reposant, par ses bords inférieurs 31, sur les parties supérieures 21 des éléments de côté 2, 2′ . Dans le mode de réalisation préfé­rentiel représenté sur la figure 1 et qui définit une sec­tion de passage optimale, l'élément de voûte 3 et les parties supérieures 21 des parois latérales 20 des éléments de côté 2 constituent des secteurs cylindriques de révolu­ tion centrés sur un même axe longitudinal 0. Cependant, d'autres formes sont possibles , dans la mesure où les cen­tres de courbure sont placés dans les plans médians PP′des joints longitudinaux 8,8′ entre l'élément de voûte 3 et les éléments de côté 2 de façon à maintenir la continuité de la courbure .In Figure 1 there is shown, in cross section, a tubular construction which may be, for example, an underground passage for the circulation of vehicles or a liquid circulation conduit. This duct is of the general type described in European application 00 81402 and is therefore produced by association of tubular sections placed end to end and each consisting, in cross section, of four prefabricated elements, respectively a raft element 1, two side elements. 2 and 2 ′, placed on either side of the raft and an arch element 3 resting, by its lower edges 31, on the upper parts 21 of the side elements 2, 2 ′. In the preferred embodiment represented in FIG. 1 and which defines an optimal passage section, the arch element 3 and the upper parts 21 of the side walls 20 of the side elements 2 constitute cylindrical sectors of completed tion centered on the same longitudinal axis 0. However, other shapes are possible, insofar as the centers of curvature are placed in the median planes PP′ of the longitudinal joints 8,8 ′ between the arch element 3 and the side elements 2 so as to maintain the continuity of the curvature.

La partie supérieure du conduit forme donce une voute en plein-cintre comme dans la demande européenne 00 81 402.Cependant, la présente invention se différencie du mode de réalisation précédent par le fait que la partie su­périeure incurvée 21 de la paroi latérale 20 de chaque élé­ment de côté 2 se raccorde sur une partie inférieure 26 constituée d'un élément de paroi verticale centrée sur une semelle d'appui 7 qui constitue la base de l'élément 2 à fa­ce inférieure plane 70 et comprend deux ailes 71, 72 , s'étendant symétriquement vers l'intérieur et vers l'extérieur, de part et d'autre de la partie inférieure ver­ticale 26 de la paroi 20 , respectivement sur des distances a1 et a2 à partir du plan médian de la paroi 26.The upper part of the duct therefore forms a semicircular arch as in European application 00 81 402. However, the present invention differs from the previous embodiment by the fact that the curved upper part 21 of the side wall 20 of each side element 2 is connected to a lower part 26 consisting of a vertical wall element centered on a support flange 7 which constitutes the base of the element 2 with a flat lower face 70 and comprises two wings 71, 72, s extending symmetrically inwards and outwards, on either side of the vertical lower part 26 of the wall 20, respectively over distances a1 and a2 from the median plane of the wall 26.

La distance a1 est déterminée en fonction de la hauteur h de l'élément 2 et de sa forme incurvée vers l'intérieur de façon à empêcher le renversement vers l'intérieur de l'élément de côté 2 lorsque ce dernier est placé sur la surface de pose 61.The distance a1 is determined according to the height h of the element 2 and its inwardly curved shape so as to prevent the inward tilting of the side element 2 when the latter is placed on the surface. installation 61.

La largeur a2 de l'aile externe 72 est déterminée de façon à empêcher le renversement vers l'extérieur de l'élément de côté 2 lorsque celui-ci supporte le poids de l'élément de voute 3.The width a2 of the outer wing 72 is determined so as to prevent the overturning of the side element 2 when it supports the weight of the arch element 3.

Pour la construction d'un tronçon, on peut poser tout d'abord l'élément de radier 1 constitué d'un panneau préfabriqué puis, de part et d'autre de ce dernier, les deux éléments de côté 2 et 2′. Dans le mode de réalisation repré­senté sur la figure 1, les bords internes 11 de l'élément de radier 15 et 73 de la semelle 7 sont écartés l'un de l'autre de façon à laisser un espace 13 dans lequel s'entrecroisent des armatures 14, 74, laissées en attente le long des bords 11, 73 du radier et de l'élément de côté.L'espace 13 est en­suite rempli d'un béton de scellement qui réalise un joint clavé assurant une solidarisation parfaite des éléments de côté avec le radier . Comme on l'explique dans la demande européenne 00 81 402, une telle disposition apporte notam­ment l'avantage de permettre la transmission à l'élément de radier 1 de la charge supportée par les éléments de côté 2 et 2′ et par conséquent de répartir les contraintes d'appui sur une grande surface du solFor the construction of a section, one can first put the slab element 1 consisting of a prefabricated panel and then, on either side of the latter, the two side elements 2 and 2 ′. In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the inner edges 11 of the slab member 15 and 73 of the sole 7 are spaced from each other so as to leave a space 13 in which intersect reinforcements 14, 74, left waiting along the edges 11, 73 of the raft and the side element. The space 13 is then filled with a sealing concrete which produces a keyed joint ensuring perfect joining of the elements sideways with the raft. As explained in European application 00 81 402, such an arrangement brings in particular the advantage of allowing the transmission to the element to write off 1 of the load supported by the side elements 2 and 2 ′ and therefore to distribute support constraints on a large area of the ground

Grâce à l'utilisation de la semelle d'appui 7 mu­nie d'ailes 72 s'étendant vers l'extérieur , les deux élé­ments de côté 2 et 2′ peuvent résister par eux-mêmes à la charge appliquée par l'élément de voûte 3 et éventuellement le remblai qui le surmonte sans risque de basculement vers l'extérieur . De la sorte, il n'est pas nécessaire d'attendre la réalisation et la prise des joints clavés 13 pour placer l'élément de voûte 3 et , éventuellement, le remblai .Thanks to the use of the support sole 7 provided with outwardly extending wings 72, the two side elements 2 and 2 ′ can resist by themselves the load applied by the arch element 3 and possibly the embankment which overcomes it without risk of tipping outwards. In this way, it is not necessary to wait for the production and setting of the keyed joints 13 to place the arch element 3 and, optionally, the backfill.

Mais l'utilisation de semelles élargies 7 présen­te également d'autres avantages . En particulier , la surfa­ce d'appui de largeur a1 + a2 peut être déterminée de façon que les semelles 7, 7′ des éléments de côté 2, 2′ soient suffisantes pour transmettre au sol le poids de la charge appliquée sans risque de tassements.De la sorte, il est possible , dans certains cas, de supprimer le radier 1 ou du moins de le remplacer par une partie non prévue pour encais­ser les efforts d'appui .However, the use of widened soles 7 also has other advantages. In particular, the support surface of width a1 + a2 can be determined so that the flanges 7, 7 ′ of the side elements 2, 2 ′ are sufficient to transmit the weight of the load applied to the ground without the risk of settling. In this way, it is possible, in certain cases, to remove the raft 1 or at least to replace it with a part not provided to absorb the support forces.

D'autre part, lors de la réalisation de la cons­truction, on peut , après la pose des éléments de côté 2 et 2′ , procéder à un début de remblayage de façon que les ai­les externes 72 soient rapidement surmontées par un remblai R qui favorise le maintien en position des éléments 2 et 2′ pendant la pose de l'élément de voûte 3 et la réalisation des joints 8 et 8′.On the other hand, when carrying out the construction, it is possible, after the laying of the side elements 2 and 2 ′, to start a backfilling so that the outer wings 72 are quickly overcome by an embankment R which favors maintaining elements 2 and 2 ′ in position during installation of the arch element 3 and making the joints 8 and 8 ′.

D'autre part , si le dessin de la structure est prévu pour que les efforts appliqués par l'élément de voûte 3 sur les éléments de côté 2, 2′ s'exercent perpendiculaire­ment aux plans de joints P et P′ , c'est-à-dire le long des parois , il peut se produire des variations de la direction d'application de ces efforts , par exemple à la suite de tassements différentiels et l'utilisation des semelles élar­gies 7, 7′ qui s'étendent aussi bien vers l'intérieur que vers l'extérieur de la paroi 26 augmente la stabilité du conduit et sa résistance aux effets éventuels de désaligne­ment .On the other hand, if the design of the structure is provided so that the forces applied by the arch element 3 on the side elements 2, 2 ′ are exerted perpendicular to the joint planes P and P ′, it is that is to say along the walls, variations in the direction of application of these forces can occur, for example as a result of differential settlements and the use of widened soles 7, 7 ′ which extend as well towards the inside and towards the outside of the wall 26 increases the stability of the duct and its resistance to the possible effects of misalignment.

Cet effet est encore accru, après le remblaiement de la tranchée 6, par le fait que les ailes externes 72, surmontées par une hauteur de terre importante, s'opposent, par effet de bêche , au renversement de l'élément de côté 2 d'un côté ou de l'autre du plan vertical de la paroi inférieure 26.This effect is further increased, after backfilling the trench 6, by the fact that the outer wings 72, surmounted by a significant height of soil, oppose, by spade effect, the overturning of the side element 2 d either side of the vertical plane of the bottom wall 26.

Sur les figures 2 et 3 , on a représenté un mode de réalisation particulier dans lequel les joints longitudi­naux inférieurs entre le radier 1 et les bases 7 des élé­ments de côté sont réalisés sans scellement tout en permettant la transmission des efforts d'appui.In Figures 2 and 3, there is shown a particular embodiment in which the lower longitudinal joints between the raft 1 and the bases 7 of the side elements are made without sealing while allowing the transmission of the support forces.

Dans ce cas, en effet, il n'existe plus d'armatures en attente 15, 74, le long des bords longitudi­naux des éléments qui sont aménagés de façon que les extré­mités 4 des éléments de côté 2 recouvrent partiellement les extrémités 5 du radier 1.In this case, in fact, there are no longer any reinforcements waiting 15, 74, along the longitudinal edges of the elements which are arranged so that the ends 4 of the side elements 2 partially cover the ends 5 of the raft 1 .

A cet effet, chaque extrémité 4 d'un élément de côté 2 est amincie en biais pour former une console courte de section sensiblement triangulaire ménageant une face longitudinale 41 inclinée d'un angle A non nul par rapport à la verticale , comme on l'a représenté en détail sur la figure 2.To this end, each end 4 of a side element 2 is tapered at an angle to form a short console of substantially triangular section providing a longitudinal face 41 inclined at an angle A not zero with respect to the vertical, as is shown in detail in Figure 2.

Chaque extrémité 5 du radier 2 est amincie de la même façon mais en sens inverse et comporte donc une face longitudinale 51 inclinée du même angle A par rapport à la verticale . Les consoles 4 et 5 ont par conséquent des pro­fils inversés et peuvent se recouvrir mutuellement à la po­se des éléments.Each end 5 of the raft 2 is thinned in the same way but in the opposite direction and therefore has a face longitudinal 51 inclined at the same angle A relative to the vertical. The consoles 4 and 5 therefore have inverted profiles and can overlap each other when the elements are installed.

Un joint d'étanchéité 45, en forme de bande mince continue, est interposé, en cas de besoin, entre les faces inclinées 41 et 51, de façon à assurer l'étanchéité du conduit aussi bien vers l'extérieur que vers l'intérieur.A seal 45, in the form of a continuous thin strip, is interposed, if necessary, between the inclined faces 41 and 51, so as to seal the duct both outward and inward. .

De préférence ,les faces inclinées 41 des consoles 4 sont tournées vers le bas et les faces inclinées 51 des consoles 5 sont tournées vers le haut . Ainsi, lorsque l'on pose les deux éléments de côté 2, 2′ de part et d'autre de l'élément de radier 1 , les deux consoles 4 des éléments de côté recouvrent les deux consoles 5 du radier 1 , les faces d'appui 41 et 51 s'appliquant l'une sur l'autre . Il en ré­sulte que les deux éléments de côté prennent appui le long de leur bord interne sur l'élément de radier 1 .La charge appliquée sur la partie supérieure de la structure et re­prise par les éléments de côté est ainsi transmise à l'élément de radier 1 et se répartit sur toute la surface de ce dernier,une part plus ou moins importante étant cepen­dant transmise directement au sol par les semelles d'appui 7, 7′ .Preferably, the inclined faces 41 of the brackets 4 are turned downwards and the inclined faces 51 of the brackets 5 are turned upwards. Thus, when the two side elements 2, 2 ′ are placed on either side of the raft element 1, the two consoles 4 of the side elements cover the two consoles 5 of the raft 1, the faces d 'support 41 and 51 applying to each other. It follows that the two side elements bear along their inner edge on the raft element 1. The load applied to the upper part of the structure and taken up by the side elements is thus transmitted to the element strike off 1 and is distributed over the entire surface of the latter, a more or less significant part being however transmitted directly to the ground by the support soles 7, 7 ′.

Bien entendu , le profil des consoles 4 et 5 ainsi que les caractéristiques des ferraillages 42, 52 dont elles sont munies doivent être déterminés de façon à donner aux consoles 4, 5 la résistance nécessaire pour encaisser sans risque de fissuration les contraintes importantes résultant de la transmission de la charge au radier 1 .Of course, the profile of the brackets 4 and 5 as well as the characteristics of the reinforcements 42, 52 with which they are provided must be determined so as to give the brackets 4, 5 the resistance necessary to withstand without risk of cracking the significant stresses resulting from the transmission of the load to the raft 1.

On notera que les ferraillages 42, 52 incorporés dans le béton sont bien protégés et peuvent être plus ser­rés que des armatures dépassant simplement en attente.It will be noted that the reinforcements 42, 52 incorporated in the concrete are well protected and can be tighter than reinforcements simply protruding on standby.

Dans le mode de réalisation qui vient d'être dé­crit , les éléments de radier étaient constitués de pan­ neaux préfabriqués mais il est possible d'utiliser une disposition analogue sur un radier coulé en place en ména­geant simplement le long des bords longitudinaux de ce der­nier des faces d'appui d'inclinaison correspondant à celle des éléments de côté .In the embodiment which has just been described, the elements to write off consist of pan prefabricated neaux but it is possible to use a similar arrangement on a slab slab in place by simply providing along the longitudinal edges of the latter inclination bearing faces corresponding to that of the side elements.

Lorsque le radier est coulé en place, il est pos­sible de lui donner une structure monolithique en prévoyant des armatures de recouvrement entre les parties coulées successivement . On réalise ainsi un appui continu sur le sol permettant de maintenir l'alignement des différents tronçons de la partie supérieure et de résister à des va­riations des efforts appliqués ou à des tassements diffé­rentiels .When the raft is cast in place, it is possible to give it a monolithic structure by providing overlapping reinforcements between the parts cast successively. This produces continuous support on the ground to maintain the alignment of the different sections of the upper part and to resist variations in the applied forces or differential settlement.

Dans le cas où les éléments de radier 1 sont constitués de panneaux préfabriqués posés à plat sur le sol, il est possible de décaler axialement les éléments de côté de façon que chaque plan de joint transversal entre les parties supérieures de deux tronçons successifs passe sensi­blement au centre d'un élément de radier . De la sorte, les éléments de côté successifs prennent appui sur le sol par l'intermédiaire d'un même élément de radier qui s'oppose ainsi aux effets éventuels de désalignement .In the case where the raft elements 1 consist of prefabricated panels placed flat on the ground, it is possible to offset the elements axially so that each transverse joint plane between the upper parts of two successive sections passes substantially to the center of a write-off element. In this way, the successive side elements are supported on the ground by means of the same raft element which is thus opposed to the possible effects of misalignment.

On notera que , dans le cas où le conduit est plus moins immergé dans la nappe phréatique , le radier 1 , s'il ne supporte pas par lui-même une charge suffisante, est soumis à une poussée vers le haut qui est reprise par les ailes internes 71 des éléments de côté 2 et 2′ , aussi bien dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 1 avec joint clavé que dans celui de la figure 2 avec joint à console . L'utilisation, selon l'invention, de semelles d'appui élar­gies à fond plan améliore la résistance des éléments de côté aux moments de renversement résultant de cette poussée ver­ticale en repoussant vers l'extérieur l'axe horizontal au­tour duquel chaque élément aurait tendance à tourner .It will be noted that, in the case where the duct is more less immersed in the water table, the slab 1, if it does not support a sufficient load by itself, is subjected to an upward thrust which is taken up by the internal wings 71 of the side elements 2 and 2 ′, both in the embodiment of FIG. 1 with keyed joint and in that of FIG. 2 with console joint. The use, according to the invention, of widened support bases with a flat bottom improves the resistance of the side elements to the overturning moments resulting from this vertical thrust by pushing outwards the horizontal axis around which each element would tend to turn.

Par ailleurs , les éléments de côté 2 peuvent éga­lement servir au maintien du radier 1 contre une poussée vers le haut sous l'effet de la nappe phréatique dans le cas ou le conduit est plus ou moins immergé dans celle-ci .Furthermore, the side elements 2 can also be used to maintain the raft 1 against an upward push under the effect of the water table in the case where the conduit is more or less immersed in it.

Dans certaines applications , les éléments de côté 2 seront ainsi simplement posés sur les éléments de radier 1 Cependant , il peut être nécessaire de conserver une certai­ne solidarisation entre les éléments, par exemple pour résister à des désalignements occasionnés par des tassements différentiels ou bien lorsque le sens de l'application des ef­forts peut varier . C'est pourquoi, il peut être avantageux pour éviter des désalignements et garantir l'étanchéité en maintenant la pression d'application des consoles l'une sur l'autre, de relier les éléments de côté 2,2′ aux éléments de radier 1 par des tirants espacés 43 répartis le long des bords longitudinaux des éléments et passant dans des orifices alignés 44, 54, ménagés verticalement à travers les consoles 4 et 5 comme on l'a représenté sur la figure 3.In certain applications, the side elements 2 will thus simply be placed on the raft elements 1 However, it may be necessary to maintain a certain connection between the elements, for example to resist misalignments caused by differential settlements or when the direction of application of effort may vary. This is why, it can be advantageous to avoid misalignments and guarantee sealing by maintaining the pressure of application of the consoles one on the other, to connect the elements of side 2,2 ′ to the elements of raft 1 by spaced tie rods 43 distributed along the longitudinal edges of the elements and passing through aligned orifices 44, 54, arranged vertically through the brackets 4 and 5 as shown in FIG. 3.

Chaque tirant 43 est muni à ses deux extrémités de têtes 47 prenant appui sur les faces 46, 56 des consoles 4, 5 opposées aux faces inclinées 41, 51 et est soumis à une tension de précontrainte déterminant l'application sous pression l'une sur l'autre desdites faces inclinées avec écrasement du joint d'étanchéité 45 .Each tie rod 43 is provided at its two ends with heads 47 bearing on the faces 46, 56 of the brackets 4, 5 opposite the inclined faces 41, 51 and is subjected to a prestressing tension determining the application under pressure one on the other of said inclined faces with crushing of the seal 45.

On évite ainsi des décalages des éléments de côté par rapport au radier pendant la construction ou sous l'effet des efforts appliqués.This avoids shifts of the side elements with respect to the raft during construction or under the effect of the applied forces.

Selon une autre caractéristique permettant de fa­ciliter la construction et la pose des éléments, les joints longitudinaux 8 entre l'élément de voûte 3 et les éléments de côté 2 peuvent également faire l'objet d'une variante représentée en détail sur les figures 4 et 5.According to another characteristic making it easier to construct and install the elements, the longitudinal joints 8 between the arch element 3 and the side elements 2 can also be the subject of a variant shown in detail in FIGS. 4 and 5.

En effet, dans la demande de brevet 00 81 402, on avait décrit deux modes de réalisation de ces joints, l'un par appui articulé , l'autre par clavage .In fact, in patent application 00 81 402, two embodiments of these seals were described, one by articulated support, the other by keying.

Or, il est avantageux d'utiliser simultanément ces deux types de joints de la façon indiquée,par exemple sur la figure 4 . Le joint 8 entre la partie supérieure de l'élément de côté 2 et l'élément de voûte 3 est alors réa­lisé de façon mixte et comprend deux appuis articulés 81 écartés l'un de l'autre et placés , de préférence, aux deux extrémités des éléments 2 et 3 . Ces appuis 81 définissent une articulation autour d'un axe longitudinal et comprennent donc des parties arrondies en saillie 82 ménagées , de pré­férence, aux extrémités inférieures de l'élément de voûte 3 et s'appuyant sur des parties en creux 83 ménagées aux extré­mités supérieures de l'élément de côté 2.Un joint d'étanchéité 85 est interposé entre lesdites parties d'appui 82 et 83 .However, it is advantageous to use these two types of seals simultaneously as indicated, for example in FIG. 4. The joint 8 between the upper part of the side element 2 and the arch element 3 is then produced in a mixed manner and comprises two articulated supports 81 spaced from one another and preferably placed at the two ends elements 2 and 3. These supports 81 define an articulation around a longitudinal axis and therefore comprise rounded protruding parts 82 formed, preferably, at the lower ends of the arch element 3 and resting on recessed parts 83 formed at the upper ends of the side element 2. A seal 85 is interposed between said support parts 82 and 83.

Les joints articulés 81 s'étendent sur des lon­gueurs (e) prévues simplement pour que, globalement, la charge appliquée par l'élément de voûte (3) sur chaque élé­ment de côté (2) soit encaissé provisoirement par lesdits appuis 81 sans risque d'écrasement ou de fissuration .The articulated joints 81 extend over lengths (e) provided simply so that, overall, the load applied by the arch element (3) on each side element (2) is temporarily collected by said supports 81 without risk of 'crushing or cracking.

Entre les appuis articulés 81 , c'est-à-dire sur la longueur restante (e) du tronçon, les parois bétonnées de l'élément de côté 2 et de l'élement de voûte 3 se terminent par des faces d'extrémité 28 , 33 écartées l'une de l'autre, placées en retrait par rapport au plan de joint P(figure 5) de façon à ménager un espace libre 84 dans lequel s'étendent transversalement des armatures en attente 27, 34 ,dépassant des extrémités des deux éléments 2 et 3.Between the articulated supports 81, that is to say over the remaining length (e) of the section, the concrete walls of the side element 2 and of the arch element 3 terminate in end faces 28 , 33 spaced from each other, set back with respect to the joint plane P (FIG. 5) so as to provide a free space 84 in which transverse waiting reinforcements 27, 34 extend beyond the ends of the two elements 2 and 3.

De la sorte, lors de la construction d'un tronçon de la structure , on pose tout d'abord les éléments de voû­te 3 sur les éléments de côté 2 et 2′ , en ménageant les joints d'étanchéité nécessaires entre les faces d'appui 82, 83 .Les appuis articulés 81 ainsi réalisés permettent de lé­ gers déplacements relatifs de l'élément de voûte 3 par rap­port aux éléments de côté 2 qui restent parfaitement maintenus en place grâce à l'utilisation des semelles élar­gies 7,7′ .Les différents éléments de la construction peuvent ainsi se positionner les uns par rapport aux autres avant d'être solidarisés par clavage des joints 8.In this way, during the construction of a section of the structure, the vault elements 3 are first placed on the side elements 2 and 2 ′, providing the necessary seals between the faces of support 82, 83. The articulated supports 81 thus produced allow the gers relative displacements of the arch element 3 compared to the side elements 2 which remain perfectly held in place thanks to the use of the widened soles 7,7 ′. The different elements of the construction can thus be positioned relative to each other to the others before being joined by keying the seals 8.

Pour réaliser ce clavage, on fait passer entre les armatures en attente 27, 34, des fers d'ancrage longitu­dinaux 35 et l'en coule un béton de scellement dans l'espace 84 fermé, du côté opposé , par un coffrage provisoire . Les faces d'extrémité 28 et 33 sont avantageusement inclinées symétriquement par rapport au plan P de façon à s'ouvrir en V vers l'extérieur pour faciliter le bétonnage .To achieve this keying, is passed between the waiting frames 27, 34, longitudinal anchoring irons 35 and poured a sealing concrete into the space 84 closed, on the opposite side, by a temporary formwork. The end faces 28 and 33 are advantageously inclined symmetrically with respect to the plane P so as to open in V towards the outside to facilitate concreting.

On combine ainsi l'avantage de l'appui articulé qui facilite la pose des éléments et du joint scellé qui as­sure la solidarisation définitive de la structure .We thus combine the advantage of the articulated support which facilitates the installation of the elements and the sealed joint which ensures the final joining of the structure.

Sur la figure 6 , on a représenté une application particulière de l'invention à la réalisation de canaux de circulation de liquide et en particulier de canaux d'irrigation pouvant avoir une très grande section transver­sale .FIG. 6 shows a particular application of the invention to the production of liquid circulation channels and in particular of irrigation channels which may have a very large cross section.

Comme précédemment , un tel canal peut être cons­titué de tronçons mis bout à bout et comprenant chacun un élément de radier 1 à fond plan interposé entre deux élé­ments de côté 2 qui peuvent avantageusement être réalisés selon le mode de réalisation décrit plus haut, chaque élé­ment de côté 2 étant muni à sa base d'une semelle élargie 7 comprenant deux ailes 71 , 72 s'étendant de part et d'autre de la paroi latérale verticale 26 . Le canal ainsi formé, qui peut servir à la circulation d'eau ou autre liquide 14 peut, soit être ouvert vers le haut, soit être recouvert d'un élément incurvé 36 qui, n'ayant pas à supporter de rem­blai , peut être réalisé d'une façon légère , par exemple en une matière plastique ondulée de façon à avoir une certaine raideur . Une telle couverture 36 protège l'eau transportée contre la pollution et diminue les risques d'évaporation en particulier si la matière plastiique utilisée est opaque .As before, such a channel can be made up of sections placed end to end and each comprising a raft element 1 with a flat bottom interposed between two side elements 2 which can advantageously be produced according to the embodiment described above, each element side 2 being provided at its base with an enlarged sole 7 comprising two wings 71, 72 extending on either side of the vertical side wall 26. The channel thus formed, which can be used for the circulation of water or other liquid 14 can either be open upwards, or be covered with a curved element 36 which, not having to support embankment, can be produced in a light way, for example in a corrugated plastic material so as to have a certain stiffness. Such a cover 36 protects the water transported against pollution and reduces the risk of evaporation, especially if the plastic material used is opaque.

D'ailleurs, ces risques sont également diminués par la forme incurvée vers l'intérieur des éléments de côté 2 qui, à volume transporté égal, réduit la surface libre du liquide 14.Moreover, these risks are also reduced by the inwardly curved shape of the side elements 2 which, for an equal transported volume, reduces the free surface of the liquid 14.

On notera que, dans ce cas, les éléments de côté 2 exercent sur le sol une poussée correspondant simplement à leur propre poids et qui se répartit sur toute la surfa­ce inférieure 70 de la semelle 7 . D'autre part, le conduit n'est normalement pas placé dans une tranchée mais dans un simple encastrement permettant d'atteindre le bon sol. Le risque de poussée verticale sur le radier 1 sous l'effet de la nappe phréatique est donc réduit et le radier est soumis essentiellement à la charge de l'eau 14 transportée.It will be noted that, in this case, the side elements 2 exert on the ground a push corresponding simply to their own weight and which is distributed over the entire lower surface 70 of the sole 7. On the other hand, the conduit is normally not placed in a trench but in a simple recess allowing to reach the good soil. The risk of vertical thrust on the raft 1 under the effect of the water table is therefore reduced and the raft is subjected essentially to the load of the water 14 transported.

L'utilisation de semelles d'appui 7 élargies vers l'extérieur permet aux éléments de côté 2 de résister à la poussée de l'eau s'exerçant sur les parois latérales 20 qui, dans ce cas, ne sont plus reliées entre elles par l'élément de voûte .The use of support soles 7 widened towards the outside allows the side elements 2 to resist the thrust of the water exerted on the side walls 20 which, in this case, are no longer interconnected by the arch element.

La poussée de l'eau sur les ailes internes 71 améliore également la stabilité et, , dans le cas oû l'on utilise des joints longitudinaux à consoles courtes appli­quées l'une sur l'autre, détermine une compression du joint 45 qui favorise l'étanchéité .The thrust of the water on the internal wings 71 also improves the stability and, in the case where longitudinal joints with short brackets applied one on the other are used, determines a compression of the seal 45 which favors the sealing.

Dans ce cas, il peut, d'ailleurs, être avantageux, comme on l'a représenté sur la figure 6, d'inverser la dis­position des consoles 4 et 5 de façon que les consoles 5 mé­nagées le long des bords longitudinaux du radier 1 recouvrent les consoles 4 constituant les bords internes de la semelle 7 des éléments de côté 2 . Ces derniers résistent donc aux effets de renversement vers l'extérieur sous la poussée de l'eau 14, d'une part grâce aux parties 72 de la semelle 7 débordant vers l'extérieur et recouverte par le remblai R , et d'autre part grâce à l'effet de blocage du radier 1 soumis lui-même au poids de l'eau transportée. On notera , d'ailleurs, que la forme incurvée vers l'intérieur des éléments de côté 2 favorise également la stabilité en réduisant la valeur de l'effort horizontal de poussée des liquides.In this case, it may, moreover, be advantageous, as shown in FIG. 6, to reverse the arrangement of the brackets 4 and 5 so that the brackets 5 formed along the longitudinal edges of the raft 1 cover the brackets 4 constituting the internal edges of the sole 7 of the side elements 2. The latter therefore resist the effects of overturning outwards under the pressure of the water 14, on the one hand thanks to the parts 72 of the sole 7 projecting outwards and covered by the embankment R, and on the other hand thanks to the blocking effect of write off 1 itself subjected to the weight of the water transported. Note, moreover, that the inwardly curved shape of the side elements 2 also promotes stability by reducing the value of the horizontal force of thrust of the liquids.

On voit que l'invention peut faire l'objet de nombreuses variantes et qu'elle n'est donc pas limitée aux seules réalisations qui viennent d'être décrites à titre d'exemple , d'autres variantes et d'autres perfectionnements pouvant être imaginés sans s'écarter du cadre de protection défini par les revendications.It can be seen that the invention can be the subject of numerous variants and that it is therefore not limited to only the embodiments which have just been described by way of example, other variants and other improvements which may be imagined without departing from the protective framework defined by the claims.

C'est ainsi que, dans les exemples décrits, la voute 3 est réalisé, de préférence, en un seul morceau mais il ne serait pas interdit, pour limiter la dimension des éléments dans le cas d'une très grande section,de réali­ser la voute en deux parties s'appuyant l'une sur l'autre à la clé, les semelles élargies 7 permettant aux éléments de côté 2,2′ de résister aux poussées latérales qui en résul­tenttant que les deux parties de la voute ne sont pas soli­darisées entre elles.Thus, in the examples described, the vault 3 is preferably made in one piece but it would not be prohibited, to limit the dimension of the elements in the case of a very large section, to achieve the vault in two parts leaning on each other with the key, the widened soles 7 allowing the side elements 2,2 ′ to resist the lateral thrusts which result as long as the two parts of the vault are not secured between them.

Les signes de référence insérés après les caracté­ristiques techniques mentionnées dans les revendications, ont pour seul but de faciliter la compréhension de ces der­nières, et n'en limitent aucunement la portée.The reference signs inserted after the technical characteristics mentioned in the claims, have the sole purpose of facilitating the understanding of the latter, and in no way limit their scope.

Claims (12)

1. Construction tubulaire constituée de tronçons mis bout à bout et reposant sur une surface de pose (61) aplanie et tassée, chaque tronçon étant form d'éléments de parois juxtaposés et comportant , deux éléments de côté (2,2′) à paroi latérale incurvée vers l'intérieur et pre­nant appui chacun sur la surface de pose (61) par l'intermédiaire d'un organe de stabilisation à fond plan permettant à l'élément de côté de se tenir droit sans écha­faudage, caractérisée par le fait que chaque élément de côté (2,2′) est muni à sa base d'une semelle élargie (7) comprenant deux ailes (71, 72) s'étandant horizontalement en console de part et d'autre de la paroi latérale (20) de l'élément (2,2′) , cette dernière comprenant une partie in­férieure (26) sensiblement verticale, perpendiculaire à ladite semelle (7) et prolongée vers le haut par une partie supérieure (21) incurvée vers l'intérieur.1. Tubular construction made up of sections placed end to end and resting on a flattened and compacted laying surface (61), each section being formed of juxtaposed wall elements and comprising, two side elements (2,2 ′) with walls lateral curved inwards and each bearing on the laying surface (61) by means of a stabilizing member with a flat bottom allowing the side element to stand straight without scaffolding, characterized in that each side element (2,2 ′) is provided at its base with an enlarged sole (7) comprising two wings (71, 72) extending horizontally in a console on either side of the side wall (20) of the element (2,2 ′), the latter comprising a substantially vertical lower part (26) perpendicular to said sole (7) and extended upwards by an upper part (21) curved inwards. 2.Construction tubulaire selon la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait que chaque tronçon comprend au moins un élément de voute (3) reposant sur les bords supé­rieurs (21)des deux éléments de côté (2,2′) de façon à for­mer un conduit fermé vers le haut et que l'aile extérieure (72) de la semelle d'appui (7) de chaque élément de côté (2,2′) s'étend sur une largeur suffisante pour assurer la stabi lité dudit élément (2,2′) contre la poussée latérale exercée par l'élément de voûte (3) compte-tenu des efforts appliqués sur la semelle (7).2. Tubular construction according to claim 1, characterized in that each section comprises at least one arch element (3) resting on the upper edges (21) of the two side elements (2,2 ′) so as to form a duct closed upwards and the outer wing (72) of the support base (7) of each side element (2,2 ′) extends over a width sufficient to ensure the stability of said element (2 , 2 ′) against the lateral thrust exerted by the arch element (3) taking into account the forces applied to the sole (7). 3.Construction tubulaire selon la revendication 1,dans laquelle chaque tronçon est fermé vers le bas par un élément de radier (1) s'étendant entre les parties infé­rieures des deux éléments de côté (2,2′), caractérisée par le fait que les deux éléments de côté (2, 2′) et l'élément de radier (1) sont munis, respectivement , le long de leurs bords longitudinaux (22) (12) en vis-à-vis , d'extrémités amincies en forme de consoles courtes (4) (5) ayant, res­pectivement, des profils inversés ménageant des faces d'appui longitudinales(41) (51) inclinées d'un même an­gle (A), non nul, par rapport à la verticale , et que, à la pose des éléments (1,2) la distance (L) entre les bords internes (40) des deux éléments de côtés (2, 2′) est infé­rieure à la largeur (L′) de l'élément de radier (1) de tel­le sorte que les consoles courtes (4) (5) en vis-à-vis se recouvrent mutuellement et que leurs faces d'appui incli­nées (41, 51) s'appliquent deux à deux l'une sur l'autre, lesdites consoles (4) (5) ayant un profil et des caracté­ristiques mécaniques déterminées de façon à leur permettre de transmettre à l'élément de radier (1) au moins une par­tie des efforts supportés par les éléments de côté (2, 2′) ou inversement.3. Tubular construction according to claim 1, in which each section is closed downwards by a raft element (1) extending between the lower parts of the two side elements (2,2 ′), characterized in that the two side elements (2, 2 ′) and the raft element (1) are provided, respectively, along their longitudinal edges (22) (12) opposite, of thinned ends in shape of short brackets (4) (5) having, respectively, inverted profiles providing faces longitudinal supports (41) (51) inclined at the same angle (A), not zero, with respect to the vertical, and that, when the elements (1,2) are placed, the distance (L) between the edges internal (40) of the two side elements (2, 2 ′) is less than the width (L ′) of the raft element (1) so that the short brackets (4) (5) face each other -screw overlap each other and their inclined bearing faces (41, 51) are applied two by two to each other, said brackets (4) (5) having a profile and mechanical characteristics determined so to allow them to transmit to the element to write off (1) at least part of the forces supported by the side elements (2, 2 ′) or vice versa. 4.Construction tubulaire selon la revendication 3, caractérisée par le fait que les consoles courtes (4) ménagées le long des bords internes (22) des éléments de côté (2) passent au-dessus des consoles courtes (5) ména­gées le long des bords longitudinaux (12) de l'élément de radier (1).4. Tubular construction according to claim 3, characterized in that the short brackets (4) formed along the internal edges (22) of the side elements (2) pass over the short brackets (5) formed along the longitudinal edges (12) of the raft element (1). 5.Construction tubulaire selon la revendication 3, caractérisée par le fait que les consoles courtes (5) ménagées le long des bords longitudinaux (12) de chaque élément de radier (1) passent au-dessus des consoles cour­tes (4) ménagées le long des bords internes (22) des élé­ments de côté (2,2′) qui l'encadrent .5. Tubular construction according to claim 3, characterized in that the short brackets (5) formed along the longitudinal edges (12) of each raft element (1) pass over the short brackets (4) formed along internal edges (22) of the side elements (2,2 ′) which surround it. 6.Construction tubulaire selon l'une des reven­dications 3, 4, 5 , caractérisée par le fait qu'un joint d'étanchéité (45) est interposé entre les faces d'appui (41) (51) appliquées l'une sur l'autre desdites consoles courtes (4) (5).6. Tubular construction according to one of claims 3, 4, 5, characterized in that a seal (45) is interposed between the bearing faces (41) (51) applied one on the 'other of said short consoles (4) (5). 7.Construction tubulaire selon l'une des reven­dications 3 à 6, caractérisée par le fait que chaque élé­ment de côté (2, 2′) est relié à l'élément de radier (1) par une pluralité de tirants espacés (43), répartis le long des bords longitudinaux des éléments (1) (2) et traversant les consoles courtes (4) (5) en vis-à-vis , lesdits tirants (43) étant soumis à une tension en prenant appui sur les faces (46) (56) desdites consoles (4) (5) opposées aux fa­ces inclinées (41) (51) de façon que ces dernières soient appliquées sous pression l'une sur l'autre.7. Tubular construction according to one of claims 3 to 6, characterized in that each side element (2, 2 ′) is connected to the raft element (1) by a plurality of spaced tie rods (43), distributed along the longitudinal edges of the elements (1) (2) and crossing the short consoles (4) (5) facing each other, said tie rods (43) being subjected to a tension by bearing on the faces (46) (56) of said consoles (4) (5) opposite to the inclined faces (41) (51) so that the latter are applied under pressure to one another. 8.Construction tubulaire selon la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait que chaque tronçon comprend un élément de radier (1) et deux éléments de côté ′(2,2′) en béton de façon à constituer un canal de circulation de li­quide ouvert vers le haut.8. Tubular construction according to claim 1, characterized in that each section comprises a raft element (1) and two side elements ′ (2,2 ′) made of concrete so as to constitute a liquid circulation channel open towards the top. 9.Construction tubulaire selon la revendication 8, caractérisée par le fait que le canal est recouvert par un élément incurvé (36) en matière légère reposant sur les extrémités supérieures (21) des éléments de côté (2) (2′).9. Tubular construction according to claim 8, characterized in that the channel is covered by a curved element (36) of light material resting on the upper ends (21) of the side elements (2) (2 ′). 10.Construction tubulaire selon la revendication 2, caractérisée par le fait que chaque joint longitudinal (8) entre un bord inférieur (31) de l'élément de voûte (3) et le bord supérieur (21) de l'élément de côté (2)(2′) cor­respondant comprend au moins deux appuis articulés (81) écartés axialement l'un de l'autre et entre lesquels les faces d'extrémités (28)(33) des éléments de côté (2) et de voûte (3) sont ménagées en retrait par rapport au plan mé­dian (P) du joint (8) de façon à ménager un espace libre (84) dans lequel s'étendent transversalement des armatures en attente (27) (34) associées à des fers d'ancrage (35) disposés longitudinalement, l'ensemble étant solidarisé par un mortier de scellement coulé dans ledit espace libre (84)10. Tubular construction according to claim 2, characterized in that each longitudinal joint (8) between a lower edge (31) of the arch element (3) and the upper edge (21) of the side element ( 2) (2 ′) corresponding comprises at least two articulated supports (81) axially spaced from one another and between which the end faces (28) (33) of the side (2) and arch elements ( 3) are set back relative to the median plane (P) of the joint (8) so as to provide a free space (84) in which transverse waiting reinforcements (27) (34) associated with irons d anchor (35) arranged longitudinally, the assembly being secured by a sealing mortar poured into said free space (84) 11. Construction tubulaire selon la revendication 10, caractérisée par le fait que les appuis articulés (81) s'étendent respectivement sur des distances (e) globalement suffisantes pour transmettre la charge appliquée par l'élément de voûte (3) .11. Tubular construction according to claim 10, characterized in that the articulated supports (81) extend respectively over distances (e) generally sufficient to transmit the load applied by the arch element (3). 12. Construction tubulaire selon la revendication 10, caractérisée par le fait que chaque appui articulé (81) est constitué de parties arrondies en saillie (82) ménagées sur les extrémités inférieures (31) de l'élément de voûte (3) et qui s'appuient sur des parties en creux (83) ména­gées sur les extrémités supérieures (21) des éléments de côté (2) , un joint d'étanchéité (85) étant interposé entre lesdites parties d'appui (82,83).12. Tubular construction according to claim 10, characterized in that each articulated support (81) consists of rounded projecting parts (82) formed on the lower ends (31) of the arch element (3) and which rest on recessed parts (83) formed on the upper ends (21) of the side elements (2), a seal (85) being interposed between said support parts (82 , 83).
EP88401360A 1987-06-05 1988-06-03 Tubular construction Expired - Lifetime EP0296013B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88401360T ATE61075T1 (en) 1987-06-05 1988-06-03 TUBULAR STRUCTURE.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US58567 1987-06-05
US07/058,567 US4836714A (en) 1981-11-17 1987-06-05 Enclosed structures of very large cross-section, such as conduits, silos or shelters

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EP0296013A1 true EP0296013A1 (en) 1988-12-21
EP0296013B1 EP0296013B1 (en) 1991-02-27
EP0296013B2 EP0296013B2 (en) 1998-04-01

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EP88401361A Expired - Lifetime EP0295175B2 (en) 1987-06-05 1988-06-03 Hollow structure with flat base plate

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AT (2) ATE61075T1 (en)
DE (2) DE3861828D1 (en)
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DE2715127A1 (en) * 1977-04-05 1978-10-19 Lorenz Kesting Prefabricated reinforced concrete tunnel - is for district heating has sections with side and base plates covered with ridge plates
US4314775A (en) * 1979-09-10 1982-02-09 Johnson Delp W Method of site casting tunnels, culverts, pressure pipes with minimum forming
US4497590A (en) * 1982-03-08 1985-02-05 Crs Group, Inc. Tunnel lining
WO1986002967A1 (en) * 1984-11-05 1986-05-22 Marcel Matiere System of modular construction for a covered structure

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FR2066465A5 (en) * 1969-10-25 1971-08-06 Moesch Ag
FR2223513A1 (en) * 1973-03-30 1974-10-25 Socea Tunnel made from prefabricated sections - has roof slab supported on shoulders extending from upper face of walls
DE2715127A1 (en) * 1977-04-05 1978-10-19 Lorenz Kesting Prefabricated reinforced concrete tunnel - is for district heating has sections with side and base plates covered with ridge plates
US4314775A (en) * 1979-09-10 1982-02-09 Johnson Delp W Method of site casting tunnels, culverts, pressure pipes with minimum forming
US4497590A (en) * 1982-03-08 1985-02-05 Crs Group, Inc. Tunnel lining
WO1986002967A1 (en) * 1984-11-05 1986-05-22 Marcel Matiere System of modular construction for a covered structure

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Cited By (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2642109A1 (en) * 1989-01-20 1990-07-27 Matiere Marcel Elongate hollow structure and method for manufacturing it
EP0585959A1 (en) * 1989-01-20 1994-03-09 Marcel Matière Method for realising an entrenched conduit
FR2684401A1 (en) * 1991-11-29 1993-06-04 Sogea Method for producing a tubular construction and construction relating thereto
FR2706498A1 (en) * 1993-06-17 1994-12-23 Prefac Method for producing a vaulted civil engineering construction under an embankment, creating a passage
WO1997019230A1 (en) * 1995-11-17 1997-05-29 Carlo Chiaves Underground structural work, particularly for building tunnels, underpasses, carparks and the like, a process for its production and a prefabricated element for such structure
US6234716B1 (en) 1995-11-17 2001-05-22 Carlo Chiaves Underground structural work including prefabricated elements associated with piles and a process for its production
FR2775704A1 (en) * 1998-03-09 1999-09-10 Matiere Soc Civ De Brevets Prefabricated concrete tunnel structure
WO1999046450A1 (en) * 1998-03-09 1999-09-16 Societe Civile Des Brevets Matiere Structure for passage under an embankment

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GR3001817T3 (en) 1992-11-23
EP0295175B2 (en) 1996-10-16
EP0295175B1 (en) 1991-02-27
EP0295175A1 (en) 1988-12-14
ATE61074T1 (en) 1991-03-15
GR3001813T3 (en) 1992-11-23
ATE61075T1 (en) 1991-03-15
DE3861826D1 (en) 1991-04-04
EP0296013B2 (en) 1998-04-01
ES2021150T5 (en) 1998-07-16
ES2021150B3 (en) 1991-10-16
DE3861828D1 (en) 1991-04-04
EP0296013B1 (en) 1991-02-27

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