EP0294875A1 - Transmitter system for fire simulation and gunnery training - Google Patents

Transmitter system for fire simulation and gunnery training Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0294875A1
EP0294875A1 EP88201098A EP88201098A EP0294875A1 EP 0294875 A1 EP0294875 A1 EP 0294875A1 EP 88201098 A EP88201098 A EP 88201098A EP 88201098 A EP88201098 A EP 88201098A EP 0294875 A1 EP0294875 A1 EP 0294875A1
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Prior art keywords
transmitter
transmitter system
carrier element
carrier
along
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EP88201098A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Henri Marganne
Jean-Louis Marganne
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SPRL LEENTJENS-BOES
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SPRL LEENTJENS-BOES
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G3/00Aiming or laying means
    • F41G3/26Teaching or practice apparatus for gun-aiming or gun-laying
    • F41G3/2616Teaching or practice apparatus for gun-aiming or gun-laying using a light emitting device
    • F41G3/2622Teaching or practice apparatus for gun-aiming or gun-laying using a light emitting device for simulating the firing of a gun or the trajectory of a projectile
    • F41G3/2655Teaching or practice apparatus for gun-aiming or gun-laying using a light emitting device for simulating the firing of a gun or the trajectory of a projectile in which the light beam is sent from the weapon to the target
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G3/00Aiming or laying means
    • F41G3/26Teaching or practice apparatus for gun-aiming or gun-laying
    • F41G3/2616Teaching or practice apparatus for gun-aiming or gun-laying using a light emitting device
    • F41G3/2622Teaching or practice apparatus for gun-aiming or gun-laying using a light emitting device for simulating the firing of a gun or the trajectory of a projectile
    • F41G3/265Teaching or practice apparatus for gun-aiming or gun-laying using a light emitting device for simulating the firing of a gun or the trajectory of a projectile with means for selecting or varying the shape or the direction of the emitted beam

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to simulation and shooting training and relates to a transmitter system, which allows students to progress quickly for all simulated weapons and to be able to maintain, by frequent exercises without wasting expensive ammunition, the qualities of shooter they hit.
  • the purpose of the transmitter system according to the invention consists in obliging the shooter to take account of the changes in azimuth and elevation conditioning the real shots. Any projectile presents a series of ballistic curves which depend on different factors (design of the ammunition, type of weapon used, atmospheric conditions, etc.). This system makes it possible to check whether the shooter has correctly applied the corrections intended to compensate for the ballistic elements, since the projectile will reach its goal if the aiming or the conduct of shooting has been correct.
  • the principle is applicable to the simulation of most current direct and guided fire weapons. It allows not only tactical exercises but also shooting training.
  • the system is intended either for short distance training or under normal conditions of use of weapons. Through progressive training, the shooter learns to locate the target, aim correctly and shoot with precision in an ever shorter period of time.
  • the transmitter system according to the invention intended for simulation and for shooting training is characterized in that it consists of a carrier element, the direction of which is linked to that of the real weapon, and a transmitting element, the beam of which is adjustable in elevation and in azimuth, so as to obtain a direction dependent on ideal ballistic corrections introduced just before firing and / or during firing.
  • the emitting element is mounted on the carrying element, so as to be able to pivot along two orthogonal axes, whatever the direction of the weapon.
  • the emitting element is fixedly mounted on the carrier element and its beam is directed towards or through one or more reflecting or deflecting elements.
  • This correction must still be modified, if the target does not move transversely; only the transverse component of the speed thereof is then taken into account.
  • the transmitter system according to the invention consists of a carrier element 1, the direction of which is linked to that of the real weapon, and of a transmitter element 2, the direction of which is dependent on ideal ballistic corrections introduced just before the shoot.
  • the emitting element 1 is directed exactly towards the objective 3.
  • This direction can be materialized by means of a device with perfectly straight trajectory, such as : - real shooting distance: light, radiation or other device; - at a reduced distance: small caliber weapon at high speed or other, or light device or other.
  • numerous means can be used, their function always consisting in orienting the beam of the emitting element 2 independently of the direction of the carrier element 1 along one or two orthogonal axes.
  • the movement can be manual, automatic, mechanical, electric or other.
  • the emitting element 2 itself is orientable.
  • a transmitter element 2 mounted on the carrier element 1 so as to be able to pivot about a vertical axis A-A and a horizontal axis B-B.
  • the transmitter element 2 is mounted on the carrier element 1 by means of a ball joint 4.
  • the transmitter element 2 is mounted on the carrier element 1 by an intermediate element 5 can pivot on the element 1 along a horizontal axis BB, while the emitting element 2 can pivot on the intermediate element 5 along a vertical axis AA.
  • the emitter element 2 is fixedly mounted on the carrier element 1 but the optical beam coming from the emitter element 1 is received by a reflecting or deflecting element 6 movable around an axis vertical AA and a horizontal axis BB (see Figures 9 and 10).
  • the transmitter system according to the invention is also applicable when the sensitive unit is not mounted on the objective itself but is integrated into the transmitter; this is the case when using retroreflectors on the target.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)

Abstract

The emitter system is composed of a carrier element (1), the direction of which is linked to that of the actual firearm, and of an emitter element (2), the beam of which is adjustable independently of the direction of the carrier element (1) in terms of elevation and azimuth, so as to obtain a subsidiary direction of ideal ballistic corrections introduced just before and/or during the firing. <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention concerne la simulation et l'entraî­nement au tir et est relative à un système émetteur, qui permet aux élèves de progresser rapidement pour toutes les armes simulées et de pouvoir maintenir, par des exercices fréquents sans gaspillage de munitions coûteuses, les qualités de tireur qu'ils ont atteintes.The present invention relates to simulation and shooting training and relates to a transmitter system, which allows students to progress quickly for all simulated weapons and to be able to maintain, by frequent exercises without wasting expensive ammunition, the qualities of shooter they hit.

L'entraînement intensif est une composante essentielle de l'efficacité d'une armée. Pour ce faire, les ins­tructeurs doivent avoir à leur disposition les moyens d'apprendre à leurs élèves le maniement des armes.Intensive training is an essential component of the effectiveness of an army. To do this, instructors must have the means to teach their students how to handle weapons.

Les gestes, une fois assimilés, doivent être pratiqués le plus souvent possible, de façon à devenir des réflexes instinctifs au combat. Dans le domaine des armes lourdes (canons de char, bazookas, missiles, etc...), il est financièrement impensable de procéder fréquemment à des tirs réels. D'autre part, le problème de la sécurité devient réellement précoccupant, car les munitions modernes sont extrêmement puissantes ; leur portée est généralement impressionnante et les zones de sécurité importantes. Pourtant, à l'époque actuelle, l'utilisa­ tion correcte de ces armes souvent complexes est d'une importance capitale.Gestures, once assimilated, must be practiced as often as possible, so as to become instinctive reflexes in combat. In the field of heavy weapons (tank guns, bazookas, missiles, etc.), it is financially unthinkable to frequently carry out live fire. On the other hand, the problem of security becomes really a concern, because modern ammunition is extremely powerful; their range is generally impressive and the safety zones important. Yet in the present day he used it The correct tion of these often complex weapons is of paramount importance.

Pour l'instruction militaire, il a donc été indispen­sable de fabriquer des appareillages qui permettaient de reproduire le tir à un coût inférieur. Les dispo­sitifs sous calibrés sont parfois utilisés, nécessi­tant toutefois l'usage d'un champ de tir ; le choix de procédés plus sophistiqués améliorant à la fois le réalisme et la sécurité des usagers sont aussi uti­lisés (tels faisceaux IR, lasers, etc...).For military training, it was therefore essential to manufacture equipment which made it possible to reproduce shooting at a lower cost. Under-calibrated devices are sometimes used, however requiring the use of a shooting range; the choice of more sophisticated processes improving both realism and user safety are also used (such as IR beams, lasers, etc.).

Le but du système émetteur suivant l'invention consiste à obliger le tireur à tenir compte des modifications d'azimuth et d'élévation conditionnant les tirs réels. Tout projectile présente une série de courbes balis­tiques qui dépendent de différents facteurs (conception de la munition, type d'arme utilisée, conditions atmos­phériques, etc...). Ce système permet de contrôler si le tireur a appliqué convenablement les corrections destinées à compenser les éléments balistiques, car le projectile atteindra son but si la visée ou la con­duite de tir a été correcte. Le principe est applicable à la simulation de la plupart des armes actuelles à tir direct ou guidé. Il permet de procéder non seulement à des exercices tactiques mais aussi à l'entraînement au tir.The purpose of the transmitter system according to the invention consists in obliging the shooter to take account of the changes in azimuth and elevation conditioning the real shots. Any projectile presents a series of ballistic curves which depend on different factors (design of the ammunition, type of weapon used, atmospheric conditions, etc.). This system makes it possible to check whether the shooter has correctly applied the corrections intended to compensate for the ballistic elements, since the projectile will reach its goal if the aiming or the conduct of shooting has been correct. The principle is applicable to the simulation of most current direct and guided fire weapons. It allows not only tactical exercises but also shooting training.

Le système est destiné soit à un écolage à distance réduite, soit dans les conditions normales d'utilisation des armes. Par un écolage progressif le tireur apprend à localiser l'objectif, viser correctement et tirer avec précision dans un laps de temps toujours plus court.The system is intended either for short distance training or under normal conditions of use of weapons. Through progressive training, the shooter learns to locate the target, aim correctly and shoot with precision in an ever shorter period of time.

Le système émetteur suivant l'invention destiné à la simulation et à l'entraînement au tir, est caractérisé en ce qu'il se compose d'un élément porteur, dont la direction est liée à celle de l'arme réelle, et d'un élément émetteur, dont le faisceau est réglable en élévation et en azimuth, de manière à obtenir une direc­tion tributaire de corrections balistiques idéales introduites juste avant le tir et/ou pendant le tir.The transmitter system according to the invention intended for simulation and for shooting training, is characterized in that it consists of a carrier element, the direction of which is linked to that of the real weapon, and a transmitting element, the beam of which is adjustable in elevation and in azimuth, so as to obtain a direction dependent on ideal ballistic corrections introduced just before firing and / or during firing.

Suivant une réalisation de l'invention l'élément émetteur est monté sur l'élément porteur, de manière à pouvoir pivoter suivant deux axes orthogonaux, quelle que soit la direction de l'arme.According to one embodiment of the invention, the emitting element is mounted on the carrying element, so as to be able to pivot along two orthogonal axes, whatever the direction of the weapon.

Suivant une autre réalisation de l'invention l'élément émetteur est monté de manière fixe sur l'élément porteur et son faisceau est dirigé vers ou à travers un ou plusieurs éléments réfléchissants ou déviateurs.According to another embodiment of the invention, the emitting element is fixedly mounted on the carrier element and its beam is directed towards or through one or more reflecting or deflecting elements.

L'invention est décrite maintenant avec plus de détails sur la base des dessins annexés, montrant en :

  • Figure 1 un schéma du principe du système émetteur suivant l'invention ;
  • Figures 2 à 5 des schémas explicitant le mécanisme du système émetteur suivant l'invention ;
  • Figures 6 à 8 trois des exemples de réalisation du système émetteur suivant l'invention avec l'élément émetteur mobile, et
  • Figures 9 et 10 deux des exemples de réalisation du système émetteur suivant l'invention avec l'élément émetteur fixe.
The invention is now described in more detail on the basis of the accompanying drawings, showing in:
  • Figure 1 a diagram of the principle of the transmitter system according to the invention;
  • Figures 2 to 5 diagrams explaining the mechanism of the transmitter system according to the invention;
  • Figures 6 to 8 three of embodiments of the transmitter system according to the invention with the mobile transmitter element, and
  • Figures 9 and 10 two of the exemplary embodiments of the transmitter system according to the invention with the fixed transmitter element.

Suivant la figure 1 on considère une cible initiale­ment en Xo à l'instant To et se déplaçant à une vitesse Vo dans la direction indiquée. Soient encore M la position du tireur, Y la distance la séparant de la cible et Vp la vitesse moyenne du projectile. En sup­posant en première approximation la distance Y cons­tante (déplacement transversal), le temps de parcours du projectile sera :
Tp =

Figure imgb0001
According to FIG. 1, we consider a target initially in Xo at time To and moving at a speed Vo in the direction indicated. Let M still be position of the shooter, Y the distance separating it from the target and Vp the average speed of the projectile. Assuming as a first approximation the constant distance Y (transverse displacement), the travel time of the projectile will be:
Tp =
Figure imgb0001

A l'instant To + Tp, la cible sera en X1 et aura avancé
de X1 - Xo = Vo x

Figure imgb0002
At the moment To + Tp, the target will be in X1 and will have advanced
of X1 - Xo = Vo x
Figure imgb0002

On conçoit alors que le tireur ne doit pas viser le point Xo, mais bien le point X1. L'estimation de ce point X1 est souvent facilitée par une conception parti­culière du viseur, en fonction d'une vitesse et d'une distance estimées de la cible. Cependant, dans ces conditions, un rayon lumineux par exemple émis à l'ins­tant To toucherait le point X1, si son axe coïncidait avec l'axe de visée utilisé. Il faut donc concevoir un système permettant de pointer ce rayon sur Xo, afin de contrôler l'efficacité du tir, le récepteur étant en effet en Xo à ce moment. Cela revient en somme à inverser le raisonnement précédent. L'angle α de déviation sera approximativement égal à

Figure imgb0003
It is therefore understood that the shooter must not aim at point Xo, but indeed point X1. The estimation of this point X1 is often facilitated by a specific design of the sight, according to an estimated speed and distance from the target. However, under these conditions, a light ray for example emitted at time To would touch point X1, if its axis coincided with the line of sight used. It is therefore necessary to design a system making it possible to point this ray on Xo, in order to control the effectiveness of the shooting, the receiver being indeed in Xo at this time. In short, this amounts to reversing the previous reasoning. The angle of deflection α will be approximately equal to
Figure imgb0003

Cette correction doit encore être modifiée, si la cible ne se déplace pas transversalement ; on ne prend alors en compte que la composante transversale de la vitesse de celle-ci.This correction must still be modified, if the target does not move transversely; only the transverse component of the speed thereof is then taken into account.

Ce qui précède ne concerne que la correction en azimuth. Une correction en élévation tenant compte de la balis­ tique du projectile doit également être calculée et le système de pointage doit en tenir compte. Il est à noter que toutes ces corrections sont spécifiques à chaque cas.The above concerns only the azimuth correction. A correction in elevation taking into account the markup Projectile tick must also be calculated and the pointing system must take this into account. Note that all of these corrections are specific to each case.

Le système émetteur suivant l'invention se compose d'un élément porteur 1, dont la direction est liée à celle de l'arme réelle, et d'un élément émetteur 2, dont la direction est tributaire de corrections balistiques idéales introduites juste avant le tir.The transmitter system according to the invention consists of a carrier element 1, the direction of which is linked to that of the real weapon, and of a transmitter element 2, the direction of which is dependent on ideal ballistic corrections introduced just before the shoot.

A l'instant du tir, si l'arme est correctement orientée par le tireur, l'élément émetteur 1 est dirigé exacte­ment vers l'objectif 3. Cette direction peut être matérialisée au moyen d'un dispositif à trajectoire parfaitement rectiligne, tel que :
- à distance de tir réelle : dispositif lumineux, rayon­nement ou autre ;
- à distance réduite : arme de petit calibre à haute vitesse ou autre, ou dispositif lumineux ou autre.
At the time of firing, if the weapon is correctly oriented by the shooter, the emitting element 1 is directed exactly towards the objective 3. This direction can be materialized by means of a device with perfectly straight trajectory, such as :
- real shooting distance: light, radiation or other device;
- at a reduced distance: small caliber weapon at high speed or other, or light device or other.

On voit en figure 2 la situation de départ, en figure 3 l'introduction des compensations balistiques (correc­tion angulaire) (T-1), en figure 4 la visée et l'orien­tation de l'arme avec l'élément porteur 1 par le tireur et en figure 5 le tir réussi (To). Ces schémas expli­citent le mécanisme du système émetteur suivant l'inven­tion, dans un cas où le tireur a à effectuer uniquement une correction d'azimuth.We see in Figure 2 the initial situation, in Figure 3 the introduction of ballistic compensation (angular correction) (T-1), in Figure 4 the aim and orientation of the weapon with the carrier element 1 by the shooter and in Figure 5 the successful shot (To). These diagrams explain the mechanism of the transmitter system according to the invention, in a case where the shooter has to perform only an azimuth correction.

Suivant l'invention de nombreux moyens peuvent être utilisés leur fonction consistant toujours à orienter le faisceau de l'élément émetteur 2 indépendamment de la direction de l'élément porteur 1 suivant un ou deux axes orthogonaux.According to the invention, numerous means can be used, their function always consisting in orienting the beam of the emitting element 2 independently of the direction of the carrier element 1 along one or two orthogonal axes.

Le mouvement peut être manuel, automatique, mécanique, électrique ou autre.The movement can be manual, automatic, mechanical, electric or other.

Suivant une réalisation de l'invention l'élément émetteur 2 lui-même est orientable. On voit en figure 6 un élément émetteur 2 monté sur l'élément porteur 1 de manière à pouvoir pivoter autour d'un axe vertical A-A et d'un axe horizontal B-B. En figure 7 l'élément émetteur 2 est monté sur l'élément porteur 1 au moyen d'une articulation à rotule 4. Dans le montage de la figure 8 l'élément émetteur 2 est monté sur l'élément porteur 1 par un élément intermédiaire 5 pouvant pivo­ter sur l'élément 1 suivant un axe horizontal B-B, tandis que l'élément émetteur 2 peut pivoter sur l'élé­ment intermédiaire 5 suivant un axe vertical A-A.According to an embodiment of the invention, the emitting element 2 itself is orientable. We see in Figure 6 a transmitter element 2 mounted on the carrier element 1 so as to be able to pivot about a vertical axis A-A and a horizontal axis B-B. In Figure 7 the transmitter element 2 is mounted on the carrier element 1 by means of a ball joint 4. In the assembly of Figure 8 the transmitter element 2 is mounted on the carrier element 1 by an intermediate element 5 can pivot on the element 1 along a horizontal axis BB, while the emitting element 2 can pivot on the intermediate element 5 along a vertical axis AA.

Suivant une autre réalisation de l'invention l'élément émetteur 2 est monté de manière fixe sur l'élément porteur 1 mais le faisceau optique provenant de l'élément émetteur 1 est reçu par un élément réfléchissant ou déviateur 6 mobile autour d'un axe vertical A-A et d'un axe horizontal B-B (voir figures 9 et 10).According to another embodiment of the invention the emitter element 2 is fixedly mounted on the carrier element 1 but the optical beam coming from the emitter element 1 is received by a reflecting or deflecting element 6 movable around an axis vertical AA and a horizontal axis BB (see Figures 9 and 10).

Le système émetteur suivant l'invention est également applicable lorsque l'unité sensible n'est pas montée sur l'objectif lui-même mais est intégrée à l'émetteur; c'est le cas lors de l'utilisation de rétroréflecteurs sur la cible.The transmitter system according to the invention is also applicable when the sensitive unit is not mounted on the objective itself but is integrated into the transmitter; this is the case when using retroreflectors on the target.

Claims (6)

1. Système émetteur, destiné à la simulation et à l'en­traînement au tir, caractérisé en ce qu'il se compose d'un élément porteur (1), dont la direction est liée à celle de l'arme réelle, et d'un élément émetteur (2), dont le faisceau est réglable indépendamment de la direction de l'élément porteur (1) en élévation et en azimuth, de manière à obtenir une direction tribu­taire de corrections balistiques idéales introduites juste avant le tir et/ou pendant le tir.1. Transmitter system, intended for simulation and shooting training, characterized in that it consists of a carrier element (1), the direction of which is linked to that of the real weapon, and a transmitting element (2), the beam of which is adjustable independently of the direction of the carrying element (1) in elevation and in azimuth, so as to obtain a direction dependent on ideal ballistic corrections introduced just before firing and / or during the shot. 2. Système émetteur suivant la revendication 1, caracté­risé en ce que l'élément émetteur (2), monté sur l'élé­ment porteur (1), est lui-même orientable suivant deux axes orthogonaux.2. Transmitter system according to claim 1, characterized in that the transmitter element (2), mounted on the carrier element (1), is itself orientable along two orthogonal axes. 3. Système émetteur suivant la revendication 2, caracté­risé en ce que l'élément émetteur (2) est monté sur l'élément porteur (1) de manière articulée suivant un axe vertical (A-A) et un axe horizontal (B-B).3. Transmitter system according to claim 2, characterized in that the transmitter element (2) is mounted on the carrier element (1) in an articulated fashion along a vertical axis (A-A) and a horizontal axis (B-B). 4. Système émetteur suivant la revendication 2, caracté­risé en ce que l'élément émetteur (2) est monté sur l'élément porteur (1) par l'intermédiaire d'une articu­lation à rotule (4).4. Transmitter system according to claim 2, characterized in that the transmitter element (2) is mounted on the carrier element (1) by means of a ball joint (4). 5. Système émetteur suivant la revendication 2, caracté­risé en ce que l'élément émetteur (2) est monté sur un élément intermédiaire (5) de manière articulée suivant un axe vertical (A-A), ledit élément intermédiaire (5) étant lui-même monté sur l'élément porteur (1) de manière articulée suivant un axe horizontal (B-B).5. Transmitter system according to claim 2, characterized in that the transmitter element (2) is mounted on an intermediate element (5) in an articulated manner along a vertical axis (AA), said intermediate element (5) being itself mounted on the carrier element (1) articulated along a horizontal axis (BB). 6. Système émetteur suivant la revendication 1, caracté­ risé en ce que l'élément émetteur (2) est monté de manière fixe sur l'élément porteur (1) et en ce que le faisceau de l'élément émetteur (2) est dirigé vers ou à travers un ou plusieurs éléments réfléchissants ou déviateurs (6) montés sur l'élément porteur (1) de manière articulée.6. Transmitter system according to claim 1, character risé in that the emitter element (2) is fixedly mounted on the carrier element (1) and in that the beam of the emitter element (2) is directed towards or through one or more reflecting elements or deflectors (6) mounted on the support element (1) in an articulated manner.
EP88201098A 1987-06-05 1988-06-01 Transmitter system for fire simulation and gunnery training Withdrawn EP0294875A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE8700620A BE1000641A7 (en) 1987-06-05 1987-06-05 TRANSMITTER SYSTEM FOR SIMULATION AND SHOOTING TRAINING.
BE8700620 1987-06-05

Publications (1)

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EP0294875A1 true EP0294875A1 (en) 1988-12-14

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1632743A1 (en) * 2004-09-01 2006-03-08 Saab Ab Device for a laser simulator

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1091460B (en) * 1958-06-14 1960-10-20 Steeg & Reuter G M B H Dr Facility for target practice with guns
US2995834A (en) * 1957-01-11 1961-08-15 Carl B Rowe Wing-shot training device
FR2028133A1 (en) * 1969-01-10 1970-10-09 Bofors Ab
US3916536A (en) * 1974-07-22 1975-11-04 Us Navy Direct fire weapon simulator system
FR2436357A1 (en) * 1978-09-13 1980-04-11 Solartron Electronic Group SHOOTING TRAINING SYSTEM AND METHOD

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2995834A (en) * 1957-01-11 1961-08-15 Carl B Rowe Wing-shot training device
DE1091460B (en) * 1958-06-14 1960-10-20 Steeg & Reuter G M B H Dr Facility for target practice with guns
FR2028133A1 (en) * 1969-01-10 1970-10-09 Bofors Ab
US3916536A (en) * 1974-07-22 1975-11-04 Us Navy Direct fire weapon simulator system
FR2436357A1 (en) * 1978-09-13 1980-04-11 Solartron Electronic Group SHOOTING TRAINING SYSTEM AND METHOD

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1632743A1 (en) * 2004-09-01 2006-03-08 Saab Ab Device for a laser simulator

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Publication number Publication date
BE1000641A7 (en) 1989-02-28

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