EP0292383A1 - Vorrichtung zum photopyrotechnischen Zünden und photopyrotechnische Kette mit einer solchen Vorrichtung - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zum photopyrotechnischen Zünden und photopyrotechnische Kette mit einer solchen Vorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0292383A1
EP0292383A1 EP88401203A EP88401203A EP0292383A1 EP 0292383 A1 EP0292383 A1 EP 0292383A1 EP 88401203 A EP88401203 A EP 88401203A EP 88401203 A EP88401203 A EP 88401203A EP 0292383 A1 EP0292383 A1 EP 0292383A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lens
transparent barrier
face
barrier
energy beam
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88401203A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0292383B1 (de
Inventor
Claude Carel
Alain Josse
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Airbus Group SAS
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Airbus Group SAS
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Airbus Group SAS filed Critical Airbus Group SAS
Priority to AT88401203T priority Critical patent/ATE80453T1/de
Publication of EP0292383A1 publication Critical patent/EP0292383A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0292383B1 publication Critical patent/EP0292383B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
    • F42B3/10—Initiators therefor
    • F42B3/113—Initiators therefor activated by optical means, e.g. laser, flashlight

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of initiation of pyrotechnic substances by light beams produced by laser and transported by fibers or optical cables.
  • pyrotechnic substances primary explosives (such as azides, fulminates, tetrazene, etc.) secondary explosives (such as: PETN, RDX, HNS, etc. ..) and pyrotechnic compositions such as ignition compositions, illuminating, tracing compositions, smoke bombs, etc.
  • the different elements used form what is called a photopyrotechnical functional chain. This chain generally consists of three elements: - a laser as an energy source, - a fiber or an optical cable to transport energy, and - a detonator primer or a pyrotechnic igniter.
  • the laser source it is preferably possible to use a triggered pulsed laser.
  • a triggered pulsed laser is described in the article by MM. C. CAREL and A.P. JOSSE of Aerospace and MM. M. MORISSON, P. BALDY and J. REFOUVELET from the Tarbes Construction Workshops entitled “Initiation of Explosives by Laser” (communication made at the "international symposium on fundamental and applied pyrotechnics: substances and systems” held on 5 on October 7, 1982 in Arcachon (France)).
  • a photopyrotechnic detonator primer is a device charged with primary or secondary explosives which can be initiated under the action of an energy beam such as a laser beam and make it possible to obtain a shock wave. sufficient to initiate another pyrotechnic component charged with explosive.
  • pyrotechnic igniters these are devices containing a pyrotechnic substance capable of igniting when it receives a calorific contribution, for example in the form of a laser beam, this flame possibly causing the ignition of another composition. pyrotechnic.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy these drawbacks by proposing a photopyrotechnic initiation device in which the pyrotechnic initiation substance is protected from external aggressions before, during operation, and for which the initiation energy source cannot be damaged by pressurized gas returns during and after the explosion ( ⁇ 400 Kbars).
  • the subject of the invention is a photopyrotechnic device comprising a body having, in known manner: - a cavity to house a pyrotechnic charge, - an input for an energy beam of given wavelength used to initiate this charge, and - a passage for the energy beam between said entrance and cavity.
  • this device also comprises: a transparent barrier placed in the passage on the path of the beam, this barrier resistant to the mechanical effects generated during the operation of the load and being made of a material transparent to the wavelength of this beam, and - sealing means between this barrier and the body of the device.
  • the transparent barrier is made of sapphire.
  • a transparent barrier made of a material transparent to the wavelength of the beam used and of sealing means between this barrier and the body of the device makes it possible to protect the pyrotechnic charge from external aggressions while allowing passage the beam used to initiate this charge.
  • this barrier allows it to resist the mechanical effects generated during the operation of the load, it remains intact after it has been ignited and any gas leaks are avoided through the passage for the laser beam.
  • the device may further comprise a thin cover placed between the transparent barrier and the pyrotechnic charge, this cover having a face in contact with the pyrotechnic charge.
  • this seal is especially useful in the case where the pyrotechnic charge is a substance which can explode under the action of a shock wave. It is used when the device includes means for focusing the laser beam. As will be seen below, the latter are arranged so as to focus the beam on this operculum or to obtain thereon the image of the exit face of the optical fiber: thus creating in the mass of the operculum a concentration of energy capable of creating a shock wave. This shock wave is transmitted to the pyrotechnic substance which then explodes.
  • sealing means are also provided between the body of the device and this support.
  • the latter can be a device containing the main explosive charge which must be initiated by the photopyrotechnic device.
  • the main load is itself protected from external aggressions.
  • the transparent barrier having a first face on the side of the entry and a second face on the side of the pyrotechnic charge, its location and the shape of its two faces are determined so as to focus in a point given a parallel energy beam having said given wavelength and penetrating into this transparent barrier by its first face.
  • connection system is used between the optical fiber transporting the laser beam and the photopyrotechnic initiation device, this connection system having a lens transforming the beam leaving the fiber in parallel beam.
  • This arrangement has the advantage of making it easier to adjust the position of the optical system for focusing the laser beam. Indeed, the latter being parallel during its journey between the two lenses, it can be focused by the assembly constituted by the second lens and the transparent barrier regardless of the distance between the two lenses. The mounting of the lenses is therefore facilitated since a positioning error causing a variation in the distance between the two lenses does not modify the position of the focal point of the beam.
  • the first lens can be mounted on an independent optical connector and the second on the body of the device.
  • the two lenses can be mounted on an independent optical connector or be permanently mounted on the body of the device. It is also possible to remove the second lens and cut one or both sides of the transparent barrier so as to focus the parallel beam leaving the first lens at a given point. In this case, it is the transparent barrier or the first face thereof which plays the role of second lens. In all cases, making the beam parallel over part of its path makes it easier to mount and adjust the position of the optical system since the distance between the two lenses can be arbitrary.
  • the invention also relates to a photopyrotechnical functional chain comprising, in a known manner: - a laser source emitting a beam of given wavelength, - a photopyrotechnic initiation device, and - an optical cable transporting the beam from the laser source to the ignition device.
  • the initiating device conforms to what is described above and the laser source is preferably constituted by a pulsed pulsed laser.
  • the expression "optical cable” it designates either an optical fiber alone, or a set of optical fibers.
  • FIG. 1 schematically represents a photopyrotechnical functional chain comprising a laser source 10 and an optical fiber 12 transmitting the beam produced by the laser to a photopyrotechnic initiation device 14.
  • a photopyrotechnic initiation device 14 This can be placed on a support 16 shown schematically in phantom in FIG. 1.
  • the latter can be, for example, the wall of a container or of an apparatus containing the main charge which must be initiated by the device 14.
  • Figure 2 It appears better on the sectional view of Figure 2 where we see that it consists first of a body 18 fixed on the support 16 by any suitable means, for example by screwing.
  • the body 18 has, at one of its ends, a cavity 20 for housing a pyrotechnic charge.
  • this charge consists of an initiating charge 22 in contact with a reinforcing charge 24.
  • the cavity 20 can in contact with a reinforcing load 24.
  • the cavity 20 can be formed inside a load carrier constituted by a spacer 26 held against a shoulder provided inside the body 18 by a cap 28.
  • the latter is fixed on the body 18 by any known means, for example by screwing as illustrated in Figure 2, the seal being provided by a seal 30.
  • other methods of attachment for example by laser welding.
  • the cap 28 has a thinned part or cover 32 which is destroyed during the explosion of the charge 24.
  • the charge 22 When the charge 22 is ignited under the effect of the laser beam emitted by the source 10, it is the seat of a shock wave. This wave propagates through the load 22, then through the load 24 where it is reinforced. The explosion of the charge 24 leads to the destruction of the cover 32 and the shock wave can thus ignite the main charge 34 contained inside the support 16 (the latter is shown diagrammatically in phantom on the figure 2).
  • the body 18 of the device which is the subject of the invention also has a passage 36 allowing the laser beam 38 to penetrate inside the device.
  • a transparent barrier 40 is mounted inside the passage 38, upstream of the cavity 20 relative to the direction of propagation of the beam. It should be noted that, in the example shown here, all the elements of the device have a symmetry of revolution about a common axis.
  • the transparent barrier 40 has the shape of a truncated cone widening in the direction of the cavity 20 and limited at its two ends by planar circular faces perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the device. It is housed in a part of the passage 40 having the same shape, the seal between the barrier 40 and the body 18 being provided by sealing means 42, for example an O-ring in rubber. As for the seal between the body 18 and the support 16, it can be ensured by an O-ring 46 or any other equivalent device. This particular embodiment ensures perfect sealing for the return of pressurized gas during the explosion ( ⁇ 400 Kbars).
  • Sapphire which is a particular aluminum oxide crystal (Al2O3), is well suited for this use because it has a very high Young's modulus (3.7.105 MPa). In addition, its softening point is at 1800 ° C, which gives it good temperature resistance (for comparison, it can be noted that B1664 glass has a processing temperature of 559 ° C).
  • this cover 44 is in the form of a thin coating deposited on the rear face of the barrier 40.
  • the thickness of this coating is between a few hundred and a few thousand Angstroms and its constituent material can be a metal such as, for example, aluminum, gold, silver, niobium or indium.
  • another material for example an organic material
  • the coating being for example deposited on the initiating charge 22.
  • This seal finds its usefulness when using a secondary explosive as the initiating charge. Indeed, to initiate such an explosive, you need a powerful shock wave. This can be obtained by the breakdown of a thin metallic layer and the breakdown of the cover 44 can be obtained by focusing the beam 38 on the cover 44.
  • the device illustrated in Figure 2 further comprises means for focusing the laser beam.
  • the latter essentially consist of an optical connector in the form of a hollow box which can be slipped over the end of the body 18 opposite the cavity 20.
  • the optical fiber 12 transmitting the beam of the laser 10 to the device 14 passes through a wall of the connector 48 and its end is inside the latter.
  • the laser beam leaving the fiber 12 passes through a first lens 50 mounted inside the connector 48. This can be held on a shoulder or a support using a spacer 52 screwed inside the connector 48.
  • the shape of the lens 50 is determined so that the beam 38, which is divergent when it leaves the fiber 12, is parallel after passing through the lens 50, its optical axis being coincident with the axis of revolution of the device 14.
  • a second lens 54 is mounted inside the body 18, in the passage 36, and it is located between the first lens and the transparent barrier 14. Just like the lens 50, the lens 54 can be held in a housing or a support using a spacer 56.
  • the beam 38 is parallel when it leaves the first lens 50 and it is always parallel when it arrives on the second lens 54.
  • the latter is a converging lens, this which causes the beam 38 to converge along its path between the lens 54 and the transparent barrier 40. When it approaches the latter, it is still refracted, but remains convergent, and comes to strike the cover 44.
  • the shape and the location of the lens 54 and of the barrier 40 are determined so that the parallel beam entering the lens 54 is focused so as to obtain the image of the exit of the fiber on the cover 44.
  • the concentration of the beam at this location causes the optical breakdown of the cover 44. This results in the creation of a shock wave inside the initiating charge 22, causing the device to operate.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a device similar to that of FIG. 2, but in which the lens 54 is removed while the front face 41 of the barrier 40 is of convex shape, when it is seen from the entrance of the device. So the face front of the barrier 40 behaves like a planconvex lens converging the parallel beam from the first lens 50.
  • the shape of the face 41 and the length of the barrier 40 are determined, as a function of the length of beam wave, so that it is focused at a given point, for example to obtain the image of the exit face of the fiber 12 on the cover 44. It is therefore the front face 41 of the barrier 40 which constitutes the second lens of the device.
  • the device which is the subject of the invention has particularly advantageous advantages, the main one of which is good confinement of the pyrotechnic charge before operation and of the products of the detonation after operation. This is obtained by the presence of the transparent barrier 40 which is tightly fixed inside the body 18, and is made of a material resistant to the effects of detonation.
  • the mounting, adjustment and positioning operations are facilitated by the use of an optical system which makes the laser beam 38 parallel over part of its path. The distance between the two lenses no longer needs to be determined with precision since, even if this distance varies, the beam remains parallel when it arrives on the second lens. However, care must be taken to center the various elements, which is relatively easy insofar as the components of the device have a symmetry of revolution.
  • the invention is not limited to the single embodiment which has just been described, but that one can imagine many variants without departing from the scope of the invention.
  • the cover 44 or replace the initiating charge 22 with a substance which ignites under the effect of the energy provided by the laser beam, this flame causing the explosion of another pyrotechnic substance.
  • the entry and exit faces of the transparent barrier 40 are planar and perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the device.
  • the barrier 40 has the shape of a truncated cone widening towards the load 23, as in the case of FIG. 2, while, in the case of FIG. 4b, it is narrows in the direction of the load 23.
  • the barrier 40 is in the form of a cylindrical bar of constant diameter.
  • FIGS. 5a to 5c illustrate the case where the front face 41 of the barrier 40 is of convex shape and cut so as to focus a parallel beam arriving on this face 41 at a given point of the device.
  • the barrier 40 has the shape of a truncated cone widening towards the load 23 while, in the case of FIG. 5b, it narrows in the direction of this load.
  • the barrier 40 has the shape of a cylinder, as in FIG. 4c.
  • FIGS 6 and 7 illustrate variants in which the device of the invention is associated with an optical system.
  • FIGS. 6a to 6c relate to embodiments in which the two inlet and outlet faces of the barrier 40 are planar and perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the device, the barrier 40 being in the form of a truncated cone widening towards the load 23.
  • the two lenses 50 and 54 are mounted in a connector 48 independent of the body 18 of the device.
  • FIG. 6b corresponds to what is illustrated in FIG. 2, the first lens 50 being mounted on the connector 48 and the second lens 54 on the body 18.
  • the two lenses are mounted on body 18 and there is no connector removable.
  • Figures 7a and 7b relate to the case where the front face 41 of the barrier 40 is convex so as to constitute the second lens.
  • the first lens 50 is mounted on an independent connector 48, while, in the case of FIG. 7b, the first lens 50 is permanently mounted on the body 18.
  • the transparent barrier 40 is always in the form of a truncated cone widening towards the pyrotechnic charge 23.
  • FIG. 8 represents a preferred embodiment of a laser which can be used in the invention.
  • the laser 10 comprises an amplifier bar 62, a straight flash tube 64, two mirrors 66 and 68, a trigger 70 (with dye or Pockels cell) and electronics 72.
  • the bar 62 is composed of a neodymium-doped glass working at a wavelength 1.06 ⁇ m corresponding to an optical window of the optical fiber 12.
  • the operation in triggered mode is ensured by the interposition between the two mirrors.
  • the optical cavity of the saturable absorbent 70 (triggering of the passive type) or of a Pockels cell (triggering of the active type).
  • the laser pulse approximately Gaussian in shape, has a pulse duration of the order of 10 ns half height.
  • the optical energy is of the order of 75 mJ with a saturable absorbent as a trigger system and of the order of 150 mJ with a Pockels cell.

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  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
  • Headphones And Earphones (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)
  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Clay, And Manufacture Of Mixtures Containing Clay Or Cement (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Electron Tubes, Discharge Lamp Vessels, Lead-In Wires, And The Like (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Semiconductor Lasers (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Dental Preparations (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Micromachines (AREA)
EP88401203A 1987-05-20 1988-05-18 Vorrichtung zum photopyrotechnischen Zünden und photopyrotechnische Kette mit einer solchen Vorrichtung Expired - Lifetime EP0292383B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88401203T ATE80453T1 (de) 1987-05-20 1988-05-18 Vorrichtung zum photopyrotechnischen zuenden und photopyrotechnische kette mit einer solchen vorrichtung.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8707069A FR2615609B1 (fr) 1987-05-20 1987-05-20 Dispositif d'amorcage photopyrotechnique et chaine photopyrotechnique utilisant ce dispositif
FR8707069 1987-05-20

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0292383A1 true EP0292383A1 (de) 1988-11-23
EP0292383B1 EP0292383B1 (de) 1992-09-09

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EP88401203A Expired - Lifetime EP0292383B1 (de) 1987-05-20 1988-05-18 Vorrichtung zum photopyrotechnischen Zünden und photopyrotechnische Kette mit einer solchen Vorrichtung

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Country Link
US (1) US4870903A (de)
EP (1) EP0292383B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS63311097A (de)
AT (1) ATE80453T1 (de)
CA (1) CA1324733C (de)
DE (1) DE3874413T2 (de)
DK (1) DK165710C (de)
ES (1) ES2035333T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2615609B1 (de)
IL (1) IL86441A (de)
NO (1) NO170041C (de)

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DE3838896A1 (de) * 1988-11-17 1990-05-23 Dynamit Nobel Ag Mit einer speicherschicht versehenes laserinitiierbares zuend-/anzuendelement
EP0397572A1 (de) * 1989-05-12 1990-11-14 AEROSPATIALE Société Nationale Industrielle Photopyrotechnische Zündungsvorrichtung mit einer durch ein Material mit Formerinnerungsvermögen eingefassten pyrotechnischen Mikrolinse und pyrotechnische Kette für diese Vorrichtung
EP0641689A3 (de) * 1993-09-03 1995-08-02 Morton Int Inc Direkte Laserzündung für gasentwicklndes Material.
DE19719273A1 (de) * 1996-08-02 1998-02-05 Dynamit Nobel Ag Laserinitiiertes simultanes Anzündsystem

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US5046423A (en) * 1990-04-02 1991-09-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy Laser-driven flyer plate
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US5099761A (en) * 1991-01-28 1992-03-31 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Laser actuated thru-bulkhead initiator
US5206455A (en) * 1991-03-28 1993-04-27 Quantic Industries, Inc. Laser initiated ordnance systems
US5546744A (en) * 1994-06-24 1996-08-20 Lockheed Martin Pulse detonation apparatus with spherical seals
US5473885A (en) * 1994-06-24 1995-12-12 Lockheed Corporation Pulse detonation engine
US5579633A (en) * 1994-06-24 1996-12-03 Lockheed Martin Corporation Annular pulse detonation apparatus and method
US5557926A (en) * 1994-06-24 1996-09-24 Lockheed-Martin Pulse detonation apparatus with inner and outer Spherical valves
US5542247A (en) * 1994-06-24 1996-08-06 Lockheed Corporation Apparatus powered using laser supplied energy
US5615548A (en) * 1995-07-26 1997-04-01 Lockheed Martin Corporation Dual rotor pulse detonation apparatus
US5660413A (en) * 1995-08-24 1997-08-26 Trw Vehicle Safety Systems Inc. Air bag inflator with laser diode initiator
DE19616627A1 (de) * 1996-04-26 1997-11-06 Dynamit Nobel Ag Anzündmischungen
US5914458A (en) * 1997-03-14 1999-06-22 Quantic Industries, Inc. Dual fiber laser initiator and optical telescope
US6047643A (en) * 1997-12-12 2000-04-11 Eg&G Star City, Inc. Hermetically sealed laser actuator/detonator and method of manufacturing the same
FR2773394B1 (fr) 1998-01-07 2000-02-11 Cardem Demolition Sa Installation optopyrotechnique de demolition
US6178888B1 (en) * 1998-01-20 2001-01-30 Eg&G Star City, Inc. Detonator
FR2796166B1 (fr) * 1999-07-06 2003-05-30 Saint Louis Inst Allumeur optique a barreau en verre a gradient d'indice
US6276276B1 (en) * 1999-08-19 2001-08-21 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Thin-film optical initiator
DE19939502A1 (de) * 1999-08-20 2001-03-15 Siemens Ag Vorrichtung zum Auslösen einer in einem Lenkrad aufgenommen Airbageinrichtung
SE518183C2 (sv) * 2001-03-14 2002-09-03 Bofors Bepab Ab Sätt och anordning för initiering av explosivämnesladdningar
FR2831659B1 (fr) * 2001-10-26 2004-04-09 Saint Louis Inst Detonateur optique basse energie
US7201103B1 (en) 2002-02-25 2007-04-10 Bofors Bepab Ab Method for initiation and ignition of explosive charges through self-destruction of a laser source
PE20060926A1 (es) * 2004-11-02 2006-09-04 Orica Explosives Tech Pty Ltd Montajes de detonadores inalambricos, aparatos de voladura correspondientes y metodos de voladura
DE202009014949U1 (de) 2009-01-26 2010-10-07 Oao Znjj "Burevestnik" Einrichtung zur Zündung der Wurfladung in der Geschosskammer eines Artilleriesystems mit hülsenloser Ladung
US9021782B1 (en) 2010-08-24 2015-05-05 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Aerospace laser ignition/ablation variable high precision thruster
JP5862129B2 (ja) * 2011-09-08 2016-02-16 日油株式会社 レーザ着火式点火具
JP2013057446A (ja) * 2011-09-08 2013-03-28 Nof Corp レーザ着火式点火具
FR3005500B1 (fr) * 2013-05-07 2017-12-22 Commissariat Energie Atomique Initiateur opto-pyrotechnique ameliore
ES2802326T3 (es) * 2015-11-09 2021-01-18 Detnet South Africa Pty Ltd Detonador inalámbrico
DE102022000418A1 (de) 2022-02-03 2023-08-03 TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mit beschränkter Haftung Anordnung zur Initiierung eines Sprengstoffs, Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Anordnung zur Initiierung eines Sprengstoffs, sowie Verfahren zur Initiierung von Sprengstoff

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3838896A1 (de) * 1988-11-17 1990-05-23 Dynamit Nobel Ag Mit einer speicherschicht versehenes laserinitiierbares zuend-/anzuendelement
DE3838896C2 (de) * 1988-11-17 1999-07-01 Dynamit Nobel Ag Mit einer Speicherschicht versehenes laserinitiierbares Zünd-/Anzündelement
EP0397572A1 (de) * 1989-05-12 1990-11-14 AEROSPATIALE Société Nationale Industrielle Photopyrotechnische Zündungsvorrichtung mit einer durch ein Material mit Formerinnerungsvermögen eingefassten pyrotechnischen Mikrolinse und pyrotechnische Kette für diese Vorrichtung
FR2646901A1 (fr) * 1989-05-12 1990-11-16 Aerospatiale Dispositif d'amorcage photopyrotechnique comportant une microlentille sertie par un materiau a memoire de forme et chaine pyrotechnique utilisant ce dispositif
EP0641689A3 (de) * 1993-09-03 1995-08-02 Morton Int Inc Direkte Laserzündung für gasentwicklndes Material.
DE19719273A1 (de) * 1996-08-02 1998-02-05 Dynamit Nobel Ag Laserinitiiertes simultanes Anzündsystem

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS63311097A (ja) 1988-12-19
ATE80453T1 (de) 1992-09-15
DE3874413D1 (de) 1992-10-15
NO882230D0 (no) 1988-05-20
DK165710C (da) 1993-05-24
IL86441A (en) 1993-01-31
DK274988A (da) 1988-11-21
NO882230L (no) 1988-11-21
FR2615609B1 (fr) 1991-12-20
DK165710B (da) 1993-01-04
CA1324733C (en) 1993-11-30
DE3874413T2 (de) 1993-03-11
US4870903A (en) 1989-10-03
ES2035333T3 (es) 1993-04-16
FR2615609A1 (fr) 1988-11-25
NO170041C (no) 1992-09-02
DK274988D0 (da) 1988-05-19
NO170041B (no) 1992-05-25
EP0292383B1 (de) 1992-09-09

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