EP0286530A1 - Production method for lead sleeves or similar articles on aluminium cables - Google Patents

Production method for lead sleeves or similar articles on aluminium cables Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0286530A1
EP0286530A1 EP88400816A EP88400816A EP0286530A1 EP 0286530 A1 EP0286530 A1 EP 0286530A1 EP 88400816 A EP88400816 A EP 88400816A EP 88400816 A EP88400816 A EP 88400816A EP 0286530 A1 EP0286530 A1 EP 0286530A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lead
aluminum
coated
thin layer
core
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP88400816A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jacques Lefebvre
André Savigny
Bernard Harel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Safran Electrical and Power SAS
Rio Tinto France SAS
Original Assignee
Aluminium Pechiney SA
Labinal SA
Precision Mecanique Labinal SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Aluminium Pechiney SA, Labinal SA, Precision Mecanique Labinal SA filed Critical Aluminium Pechiney SA
Publication of EP0286530A1 publication Critical patent/EP0286530A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R9/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, e.g. terminal strips or terminal blocks; Terminals or binding posts mounted upon a base or in a case; Bases therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
    • H01R4/58—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation characterised by the form or material of the contacting members
    • H01R4/62—Connections between conductors of different materials; Connections between or with aluminium or steel-core aluminium conductors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49174—Assembling terminal to elongated conductor
    • Y10T29/49179—Assembling terminal to elongated conductor by metal fusion bonding
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49204—Contact or terminal manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49208—Contact or terminal manufacturing by assembling plural parts
    • Y10T29/4921—Contact or terminal manufacturing by assembling plural parts with bonding
    • Y10T29/49211—Contact or terminal manufacturing by assembling plural parts with bonding of fused material
    • Y10T29/49213—Metal

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for producing lead terminals or the like on cables made of aluminum or alloy with a high aluminum content.
  • the invention relates, more particularly, to the connection lugs for accumulator batteries such as those with which motor vehicles are fitted.
  • One of the aims of the present invention is to carry out a method which remedies the various aforementioned drawbacks.
  • the method according to the invention aims to produce lead or lead alloy terminals on cables comprising an insulating sheath and an aluminum core and in which one fixes on the core, after having stripped a corresponding length a metallic element and the lug is molded on said metallic element, said method being characterized in that a metallic element is used which is externally compatible with lead or lead alloy forming the terminal and internally compatible with the aluminum core without formation of a high resistivity compound.
  • An advantage of such a process is that it does not significantly modify the usual techniques of lead overmolding on cables.
  • an aluminum element with an aluminum alloy is used, the external surface of which is coated with a thin layer of nickel, itself coated with a thin layer of lead.
  • a copper, copper alloy or brass element is used, the surface of which ex dull is coated with a thin layer of lead or lead tin.
  • an aluminum or aluminum alloy element is used, the external surface of which is coated with a thin layer of lead tin.
  • an element made of aluminum or aluminum alloy is used, the external surface of which is coppery or tanned.
  • the terminal is molded so that it includes part of the end of the insulating sheath.
  • the invention also relates to a terminal for connecting accumulator batteries as defined above.
  • the reference 1 designates a cable 1 comprising an insulating sheath 2 and an aluminum strand 3.
  • the end of the cable 1 is stripped in order to expose a corresponding length of the core or of the strand 3.
  • an aluminum element 4 is engaged, the latter on its external surface being coated with a very light layer of nickel 5 of the order of 0.5 to 15 ⁇ m on which is electrolytically deposited, by dipping, or under vacuum and or by spray evaporation of lead 6 or a lead tin alloy.
  • the element 4 in the example shown takes the form of a socket with a bottom 4a and a side skirt 4b, but it could be constituted by a tubular element, a part with a U-section or the like.
  • the element 4 is fixed to the strand 3 by punching, crimping, magneto forming or compression stretching. In the example shown, a crimping operation was carried out in order to ensure the connection between the strand 3 and the sleeve 4.
  • the end of the cable 1 with its sleeve 4 is placed in a mold 8 with two assemblable parts and in which the lead terminal 9 is directly molded. As can be seen in FIG. 4, the molding is carried out so that the end of the sheath 2 adjacent to the stripped part is included in the terminal 9.
  • the cable 11 comprises an aluminum strand 12 and an insulating sheath 14.
  • the stripped part of the cable is housed in an element 13 made of copper, copper alloy or brass, the outer surface of which is coated with a thin layer of lead or lead tin 15.
  • the element 13 is fixed by the usual means on the strand and the terminal is molded as shown in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 6 shows an alternative embodiment in which the cable 17 comprises a sheath 18 and an aluminum strand 19.
  • the stripped part is housed in an element 21 made of aluminum or aluminum alloy coated with a thin layer of lead tin 20.
  • the element 21 can be fixed by any means to the strand 19 as specified in the first embodiment, said element 21 then receiving the lug molded, as shown and described in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 7 shows a last embodiment of the invention in which the element 25 is made of aluminum or aluminum alloy, its outer surface being coated with an under layer 26 such as copper plating or tanning 26.
  • the cable 22 comprises a sheath 23 with an aluminum strand 24.
  • the element 25 is, as in the various previous embodiments attached to the strand 24 and receives molded the terminal.

Abstract

Method of producing lead sleeves or similar articles on cables (1) comprising an insulating sheath and an aluminium core (3) and in which a metal element is fastened onto the core after having stripped a corresponding length, and the sleeve is moulded onto the said metal element, characterised in that, as metal element, use is made of an element (4) which is externally compatible with the lead forming the sleeve and compatible internally with the aluminium core, without forming a high-resistivity compound. …<IMAGE>…

Description

La présente invention vise un procédé de réa­lisation de cosses en plomb ou objets analogues sur des câbles en aluminium ou alliage à haute teneur en aluminium.The present invention relates to a method for producing lead terminals or the like on cables made of aluminum or alloy with a high aluminum content.

L'invention vise, plus particulièrement les cosses de raccordement pour batteries d'accumulateurs telles que celles dont sont équipés les véhicules automobiles.The invention relates, more particularly, to the connection lugs for accumulator batteries such as those with which motor vehicles are fitted.

Pour des raisons économiques il est souhaitable d'utiliser des câbles en aluminium au lieu du cuivre (prix de revient inférieur, allègement d'où économie d'énergie en exploitation), mais la liaison aluminium plomb engendre la formation d'un composé à haute résistivité électrique sur le câble qui s'oppose à un bon contact électrique.For economic reasons it is desirable to use aluminum cables instead of copper (lower cost price, lightening hence energy savings in operation), but the aluminum lead bond generates the formation of a compound with high electrical resistivity on the cable which prevents good electrical contact.

L'un des buts de la présente invention est de réaliser un procédé qui remédie aux différents inconvénients précités.One of the aims of the present invention is to carry out a method which remedies the various aforementioned drawbacks.

Le procédé, selon l'invention, vise la réalisa­tion de cosses en plomb ou en un alliage de plomb sur des câbles comprenant une gaine isolante et une âme en aluminium et dans lequel on fixe sur l'âme, après avoir dénudé une longueur correspondante un élément métallique et on moule la cosse sur ledit élément métallique, ledit procédé étant caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise comme élément métallique un élément compatible extérieurement avec le plomb ou l'al­liage de plomb formant la cosse et compatible intérieurement avec l'âme en aluminium sans formation d'un composé à haute résistivité.The method according to the invention aims to produce lead or lead alloy terminals on cables comprising an insulating sheath and an aluminum core and in which one fixes on the core, after having stripped a corresponding length a metallic element and the lug is molded on said metallic element, said method being characterized in that a metallic element is used which is externally compatible with lead or lead alloy forming the terminal and internally compatible with the aluminum core without formation of a high resistivity compound.

Un avantage d'un tel procédé est qu'il ne mo­difie pas de façon notable les techniques habituelles du surmoulage plomb sur les câbles.An advantage of such a process is that it does not significantly modify the usual techniques of lead overmolding on cables.

Suivant un premier mode de mise en oeuvre, on utilise un élément en aluminium au alliage d'aluminium dont la surface externe est revêtue d'une fine couche de nickel elle-même revétue d'une fine couche de plomb.According to a first embodiment, an aluminum element with an aluminum alloy is used, the external surface of which is coated with a thin layer of nickel, itself coated with a thin layer of lead.

Suivant une variante, on utilise un élément en cuivre, alliage de cuivre ou laiton dont la surface ex­ terne est revêtue d'une fine couche de plomb ou d'étain plomb.According to a variant, a copper, copper alloy or brass element is used, the surface of which ex dull is coated with a thin layer of lead or lead tin.

Suivant encore une variante, on utilise un élé­ment en aluminium ou alliage d'aluminium dont la surface externe est revêtue d'une fine couche d'étain plomb.According to yet another variant, an aluminum or aluminum alloy element is used, the external surface of which is coated with a thin layer of lead tin.

Suivant encore un autre mode de mise en oeuvre, on utilise un élément en aluminium ou alliage d'aluminium dont la surface externe est cuivrée ou bronzée.According to yet another embodiment, an element made of aluminum or aluminum alloy is used, the external surface of which is coppery or tanned.

De préférence, on moule la cosse de manière qu'elle inclut une partie de l'extrémité de la gaîne isolan­te.Preferably, the terminal is molded so that it includes part of the end of the insulating sheath.

L'invention vise également une cosse de raccor­dement de batteries d'accumulateurs telle que ci-dessus définie.The invention also relates to a terminal for connecting accumulator batteries as defined above.

L'invention va maintenant être décrite avec plus de détails en se référant à des modes de réalisation particuliers donnés à titre d'exemple seulement et représen­tés aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels :

  • Figure 1 et figure 2 imagent différentes phases du procédé.
  • Figure 3 est une vue en coupe suivant la ligne III-III de la figure 2.
  • Figure 4 illustre la dernière phase du procédé.
  • Les figures 5, 6 et 7 sont des vues similaires à la figure des variantes de la réalisation.
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to particular embodiments given by way of example only and shown in the accompanying drawings, in which:
  • Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustrate different phases of the process.
  • Figure 3 is a sectional view along line III-III of Figure 2.
  • Figure 4 illustrates the last phase of the process.
  • Figures 5, 6 and 7 are views similar to the figure of alternative embodiments.

La référence 1 désigne un câble 1 comprenant une gaîne isolante 2 et un toron en aluminium 3.The reference 1 designates a cable 1 comprising an insulating sheath 2 and an aluminum strand 3.

Pour réaliser la fixation, on dénude l'extré­mité du câble 1 afin de mettre à nu une longueur correspon­dante de l'âme ou du toron 3.To achieve the fixing, the end of the cable 1 is stripped in order to expose a corresponding length of the core or of the strand 3.

Sur la longueur ainsi dénudée on engage un élément en aluminium 4, ce dernier sur sa surface externe étant revêtu d'une très légère couche de nickel 5 de l'ordre de 0,5 à 15 µ sur laquelle est déposé électrolytiquement, au trempé, ou sous vide et ou par pulvérisation évaporisation du plomb 6 ou un alliage étain plomb.Over the length thus stripped, an aluminum element 4 is engaged, the latter on its external surface being coated with a very light layer of nickel 5 of the order of 0.5 to 15 μm on which is electrolytically deposited, by dipping, or under vacuum and or by spray evaporation of lead 6 or a lead tin alloy.

L'élément 4 dans l'exemple représenté affecte la forme d'une douille avec un fond 4a et une jupe latérale 4b, mais il pourrait être constitué par un élément tubu­laire, une pièce à section en U ou autre. L'élément 4 est fixé sur le toron 3 par poinçonnage, sertissage, magnéto formage ou étirage compression. Dans l'exemple représenté, on a réalisé un sertissage afin d'assurer la liaison entre le toron 3 et le manchon 4.The element 4 in the example shown takes the form of a socket with a bottom 4a and a side skirt 4b, but it could be constituted by a tubular element, a part with a U-section or the like. The element 4 is fixed to the strand 3 by punching, crimping, magneto forming or compression stretching. In the example shown, a crimping operation was carried out in order to ensure the connection between the strand 3 and the sleeve 4.

L'extrémité du câble 1 avec son manchon 4 est placée dans un moule 8 deux parties assemblables et dans lequel est directement moulée la cosse en plomb 9. Comme on le voit à la figure 4, le moulage est réalisé de manière que l'extrémité de la gaine 2 adjacente à la partie dénudée soit incluse dans la cosse 9.The end of the cable 1 with its sleeve 4 is placed in a mold 8 with two assemblable parts and in which the lead terminal 9 is directly molded. As can be seen in FIG. 4, the molding is carried out so that the end of the sheath 2 adjacent to the stripped part is included in the terminal 9.

On conçoit qu'une telle réalisation est simple et qu'elle diminue tous les inconvénients des liaisons di­rectes aluminium plomb. En effet le toron aluminium 3 est lié mécaniquement à la douille aluminium 4 et la mince couche de plomb 6 prévue sur la douille assure une parfaite liai­son avec la cosse 9 qui est ensuite moulée, sans formation d'un composé à haute résistivité.It is understood that such an embodiment is simple and that it reduces all the drawbacks of direct aluminum lead connections. Indeed the aluminum strand 3 is mechanically linked to the aluminum bushing 4 and the thin layer of lead 6 provided on the bushing ensures a perfect bond with the terminal 9 which is then molded, without forming a high resistivity compound.

A la figure 5, on a représenté une variante de réalisation dans laquelle le câble 11 comporte un toron en aluminium 12 et une gaîne isolante 14.In FIG. 5, an alternative embodiment is shown in which the cable 11 comprises an aluminum strand 12 and an insulating sheath 14.

La partie dénudée du câble est logée dans un élément 13 en cuivre, alliage de cuivre ou laiton dont la surface extérieure est revêtue d'une fine couche de plomb ou d'étain plomb 15.The stripped part of the cable is housed in an element 13 made of copper, copper alloy or brass, the outer surface of which is coated with a thin layer of lead or lead tin 15.

L'élément 13 est fixé par les moyens habituels sur le toron et la cosse est moulé comme représenté à la figure 4.The element 13 is fixed by the usual means on the strand and the terminal is molded as shown in FIG. 4.

La figure 6 montre une variante de réalisation dans laquelle le câble 17 comporte une gaine 18 et un toron en aluminium 19. La partie dénudée est logée dans un élément 21 en aluminium ou alliage d'aluminium revêtu d'une fine couche d'étain plomb 20.FIG. 6 shows an alternative embodiment in which the cable 17 comprises a sheath 18 and an aluminum strand 19. The stripped part is housed in an element 21 made of aluminum or aluminum alloy coated with a thin layer of lead tin 20.

L'élément 21 peut être fixé par tout moyen sur le toron 19 comme précisé dans le premier mode de réalisa­tion, ledit élément 21 recevant ensuite moulée la cosse, comme représenté et décrit à la figure 4.The element 21 can be fixed by any means to the strand 19 as specified in the first embodiment, said element 21 then receiving the lug molded, as shown and described in FIG. 4.

Enfin, la figure 7 montre un dernier mode de mise en oeuvre de l'invention dans laquelle l'élément 25 est en aluminium ou alliage d'aluminium, sa surface exté­rieure étant revêtue d'une sous couche 26 telle que du cui­vrage ou du bronzage 26. Le câble 22 comprend une gaîne 23 avec un toron 24 en aluminium. L'élément 25 est, comme dans les différents modes de réalisations précédents fixé au toron 24 et reçoit moulé la cosse.Finally, FIG. 7 shows a last embodiment of the invention in which the element 25 is made of aluminum or aluminum alloy, its outer surface being coated with an under layer 26 such as copper plating or tanning 26. The cable 22 comprises a sheath 23 with an aluminum strand 24. The element 25 is, as in the various previous embodiments attached to the strand 24 and receives molded the terminal.

Bien entendu, l'invention n'est pas limitée aux modes de réalisation qui viennent d'être décrits et représentés. On pourra y apporter de nombreuses modifications de détail sans sortir pour cela du cadre de l'invention.Of course, the invention is not limited to the embodiments which have just been described and shown. Many modifications of detail can be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

Claims (7)

1°- Procédé de réalisation de cosses en plomb (9) ou alliages de plomb sur des câbles (1) comprenant une gaine isolante (2) et une âme (3) en aluminium et dans lequel on fixe sur l'âme après avoir dénudé une longueur corres­pondante un élément métallique (4) et on moule la cosse (9) sur ledit élément métallique (4) caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise comme élément métallique un élément (4,13,21,25) compatible extérieurement avec le plomb ou l'alliage de plomb formant la cosse et compatible intérieurement avec l'âme en aluminium sans formation d'un composé à haute ré­sistivité.1 ° - Method for producing lead lugs (9) or lead alloys on cables (1) comprising an insulating sheath (2) and a core (3) made of aluminum and in which the core is fixed after stripping a corresponding length a metallic element (4) and the lug (9) is molded on said metallic element (4) characterized in that an element (4,13,21,25) compatible externally with lead is used as metallic element or the lead alloy forming the terminal and internally compatible with the aluminum core without the formation of a high resistivity compound. 2°- Procédé de réalisation de cosses en plomb, selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise un élément (4) en aluminium ou alliage d'aluminium dont la surface externe est revêtue d'une fine couche de nickel (5) elle-même revêtue d'une fine couche de plomb (6).2 ° - Process for producing lead terminals, according to claim 1, characterized in that an element (4) made of aluminum or aluminum alloy is used, the external surface of which is coated with a thin layer of nickel (5 ) itself coated with a thin layer of lead (6). 3°- Procédé de réalisation de cosses en plomb, selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise un élément (13) en cuivre, alliage de cuivre ou laiton dont la surface externe est revêtue d'une fine couche de plomb ou d'étain plomb (15).3 ° - A method of producing lead terminals, according to claim 1, characterized in that an element (13) is used in copper, copper alloy or brass, the external surface of which is coated with a thin layer of lead or lead tin (15). 4°- Procédé de réalisation de cosses en plomb, selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise un élément en aluminium ou alliage d'aluminium (21) dont la surface externe est revêtue d'une fine couche d'étain plomb (20).4 ° - Process for producing lead terminals, according to claim 1, characterized in that an aluminum or aluminum alloy element (21) is used, the external surface of which is coated with a thin layer of lead tin (20). 5°- Procédé de réalisation de cosses en plomb, selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise un élément en aluminium ou alliage d'aluminium (25) dont la surface externe est cuivrée ou bronzée (26).5 ° - A method for producing lead terminals, according to claim 1, characterized in that an aluminum or aluminum alloy element (25) is used, the external surface of which is coppery or tanned (26). 6°- Procédé de réalisation de cosses en plomb, selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'on moule la cosse de manière qu'elle inclut une partie de l'extrémité de la gaine isolante.6 ° - A method of producing lead lugs, according to claim 1, characterized in that the pod is molded so that it includes a part of the end of the insulating sheath. 7°- Cosse de raccordement de batteries d'accu­mulateurs réalisée selon la revendication 1 et ou l'une quelconque des revendications 2 à 6.7 ° - Connection terminal for accumulator batteries produced according to claim 1 and or any one of claims 2 to 6.
EP88400816A 1987-04-06 1988-04-05 Production method for lead sleeves or similar articles on aluminium cables Withdrawn EP0286530A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8704818A FR2613541B1 (en) 1987-04-06 1987-04-06 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING LEAD TERMINALS OR THE LIKE ON ALUMINUM CABLES
FR8704818 1987-04-06

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0286530A1 true EP0286530A1 (en) 1988-10-12

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EP88400816A Withdrawn EP0286530A1 (en) 1987-04-06 1988-04-05 Production method for lead sleeves or similar articles on aluminium cables

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US (1) US4908943A (en)
EP (1) EP0286530A1 (en)
JP (1) JPS63298962A (en)
KR (1) KR880013266A (en)
BR (1) BR8801664A (en)
FR (1) FR2613541B1 (en)
IN (1) IN168925B (en)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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EP0635901A1 (en) * 1993-07-19 1995-01-25 AEROSPATIALE Société Nationale Industrielle Process for connecting an electric cable to a terminal element and correspondant terminal element
FR2708150A1 (en) * 1993-07-19 1995-01-27 Aerospatiale Method for connecting an electric cable to an end element and corresponding end element.
US5499448A (en) * 1993-07-19 1996-03-19 Aerospace Societe Nationale Industrielle Process for connecting an electric cable to an end member

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2613541B1 (en) 1990-04-06
US4908943A (en) 1990-03-20
BR8801664A (en) 1988-11-16
IN168925B (en) 1991-07-13
JPS63298962A (en) 1988-12-06
KR880013266A (en) 1988-11-30
FR2613541A1 (en) 1988-10-07

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