EP0283485B1 - Antivibration device for tennis or squash rackets - Google Patents

Antivibration device for tennis or squash rackets Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0283485B1
EP0283485B1 EP87905763A EP87905763A EP0283485B1 EP 0283485 B1 EP0283485 B1 EP 0283485B1 EP 87905763 A EP87905763 A EP 87905763A EP 87905763 A EP87905763 A EP 87905763A EP 0283485 B1 EP0283485 B1 EP 0283485B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
strings
under
fact
terms
racket
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP87905763A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0283485A1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Claude Bianchi
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority claimed from FR8613958A external-priority patent/FR2604365B1/en
Priority claimed from FR8705639A external-priority patent/FR2613946B1/en
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Publication of EP0283485A1 publication Critical patent/EP0283485A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B60/00—Details or accessories of golf clubs, bats, rackets or the like
    • A63B60/54—Details or accessories of golf clubs, bats, rackets or the like with means for damping vibrations

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device which dampens the vibrations of the strings to which tennis rackets are subjected following an impact from the ball, and causing joint disorders in the elbow of the player.
  • the devices existing to date have one or often several of the following imperfections: ineffectiveness due to their arrangement on the frame or the string of the racket; their difficult implementation; their uncertain locking separating them from the rope during violent and repeated impacts with the ball; their complexity of implementation; their prominence on the line suitable for deflecting the balls from the desired trajectory.
  • French Patent No. 2,585,256 dated 30.01.87 is defined as consisting of a flat, wide and rigid polypropylene having no means allowing its positive lateral immobilization during the vibratory movement of the sieve.
  • This principle has also already been claimed in a US patent. N ° 4.575.083 of 3/7/84 whose easy installation can only be done when stringing the racket and whose constituent material must be able to deform in a plastic way (therefore inelastic).
  • This device is arranged under the intersection of the perpendicular cords.
  • French Patent No. 2,385,417 of October 27, 78 is a damping device of a length specified in its figure 2 equal to the pitch of two consecutive strings of a mesh, at the ends of which is provided a passage allowing it to be accommodated on two strings during the stringing of the racket in an irremovable manner, and to be really effective several of these devices must be mounted on the string or be much more massive and prominent in the manner of French patent N ° 1.398.833 of 31/3 / 64 or another similar French patent N ° 2,587,257 whose membrane for holding the flyweight is relaxed under the pressure of the strings, preventing it from damping any vibration mode. These last two types of device have a tendency to get out of the racket when the vibrations are violent.
  • the present device makes it possible to remedy these drawbacks by acting coherently on all the modes of vibration of the sieve of the racket and shortening the neuro-muscular perception time of the player's hand.
  • the device consists of a flexible elastomer element interweaving in the meshes of the rope following a path thereto without modifying either the geometry or the tension. Its qualities of flexibility and elasticity also allow it to be put in place again, which is carried out by entwining a turn on the strings of the sieve.
  • the device can tie the strings by skipping several stitches or by wrapping around a single strand in order to be able to modulate its potential for absorption in vibrations.
  • the device is provided at its ends with prominences which may be spherical blocking the knot on the rope or intended to be stowed in recesses arranged on the periphery of the frame of the racket.
  • the device is provided in the middle with at least one bulge intended to stiffen and / or increase its local linear mass, optimizing its damping capacities while retracting under an impact accidental bullet.
  • the device consists of an elastomeric material based on silicone or polyurethane or natural rubber offering good tear resistance and with viscoelastic property providing it with good structural damping.
  • the device may be hollow and / or of substantially oval section.
  • a variant with a composite structure consists in juxtaposing at least two materials of different density. For example, the densest is placed in the middle of the element, the section of which can then be continuous and see its linear density increased, the most flexible and least dense material arranged on either side facilitating the execution of the node. The bulge or the central material may extend beyond one of the mesh of the sieve.
  • the section of the longifile element of small section can be composed of at least two strands arranged side by side covering all or part of the length between the protrusions of ends.
  • At least one prominence is maintained outside or inside the element (1) by at least one element of small section.
  • the multiplicity of contacts of the device with the strings stresses in alternating bending, during vibrations, the elongated element which, thanks to its elastic properties, is always kept in contact with the strings.
  • its viscous properties are responsible for stimulating the movement of the strings by converting it into heat which is dissipated by convection with the surrounding air.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
  • Vibration Dampers (AREA)
  • Prostheses (AREA)

Abstract

The device absorbs vibrations which occur in the strings of a tennis racket in order to reduce the risks of articular damage to the players' elbow. It is comprised of an elastomer element (1) having an elongate shape and a small cross-section terminated by spherical protuberances (2) used to tie the element to the strings. The device is provided at its middle with a bulge (3) for centering transversely the device in the strings of the racket and having the function of stiffening the element while increasing locally its linear mass. The device is fixed in the strings by interlacing it by one turn on the bearing strings (4). The device according to the invention is intended for damping the vibratory modes of the strings of a tennis racket.

Description

La présente invention concerne un dispositif qui amortit les vibrations des cordes auxquelles sont sujettes les raquettes de tennis suite à un impact de balle, et provoquant des troubles articulaires au niveau du coude du joueur.The present invention relates to a device which dampens the vibrations of the strings to which tennis rackets are subjected following an impact from the ball, and causing joint disorders in the elbow of the player.

Il est bien connu que le fait de placer un élastomère, possédant certaines propriétés viscoélastique, sur le cadre ou le cordage d'une raquette influe sur son comportement vibratoire.It is well known that placing an elastomer, having certain viscoelastic properties, on the frame or the string of a racket influences its vibratory behavior.

Les dispositif existant à ce jour ont une ou souvent plusieurs des imperfections suivantes: inéficacité due à leur agencement sur le cadre ou le cordage de la raquette; leur mise en place difficile; leur vérouillage incertain les dissociant du cordage lors d'impacts violents et répétés avec la balle; leur complexité de mise en oeuvre; leur proéminence sur le cordage propre à dévier les balles de la trajectoire souhaitée.The devices existing to date have one or often several of the following imperfections: ineffectiveness due to their arrangement on the frame or the string of the racket; their difficult implementation; their uncertain locking separating them from the rope during violent and repeated impacts with the ball; their complexity of implementation; their prominence on the line suitable for deflecting the balls from the desired trajectory.

Le brevet français N° 2.585.256 du 30.01.87 est définis comme constitué par un polypropylène plat, large et rigide ne comportant pas de moyen permettant son immobilisation latérale positive lors du mouvement vibratoire du tamis. Ce principe a en outre déjà été revendiqué dans un brevet US. N° 4.575.083 du 3/7/84 dont une mise en place aisée ne peut se faire que lors du cordage de la raquette et dont le matériau constitutif doit pouvoir se déformer de manière plastique (donc inélastique). Ce dispositif est agencé sous l'intersection des cordes perpendiculaires.French Patent No. 2,585,256 dated 30.01.87 is defined as consisting of a flat, wide and rigid polypropylene having no means allowing its positive lateral immobilization during the vibratory movement of the sieve. This principle has also already been claimed in a US patent. N ° 4.575.083 of 3/7/84 whose easy installation can only be done when stringing the racket and whose constituent material must be able to deform in a plastic way (therefore inelastic). This device is arranged under the intersection of the perpendicular cords.

Le brevet français N° 2.385.417 du 27.10.78 est un dispositif amortisseur d'une longueur spécifiée dans sa figure 2 égale au pas de deux cordes consécutive d'une maille, aux extrémités duquel est ménagé un passage permettant de le loger sur les deux cordes lors du cordage de la raquette de manière inamovible, et pour être réellement efficace plusieurs de ces dispositifs doivent être montés sur le cordage ou être beaucoup plus massif et proéminent à la manière du brevet français N° 1.398.833 du 31/3/64 ou d'un autre brevet français similaire N° 2.587.257 dont la membrane de maintien de la masselote est détendu sous la pression des cordes, l'empêchant d'amortir un quelcoque mode de vibration. Ces deux derniers types de dispositif ont la facheuse tendence à s'extraire de la raquette lorsque les vibrations sont violentes.French Patent No. 2,385,417 of October 27, 78 is a damping device of a length specified in its figure 2 equal to the pitch of two consecutive strings of a mesh, at the ends of which is provided a passage allowing it to be accommodated on two strings during the stringing of the racket in an irremovable manner, and to be really effective several of these devices must be mounted on the string or be much more massive and prominent in the manner of French patent N ° 1.398.833 of 31/3 / 64 or another similar French patent N ° 2,587,257 whose membrane for holding the flyweight is relaxed under the pressure of the strings, preventing it from damping any vibration mode. These last two types of device have a tendency to get out of the racket when the vibrations are violent.

Le dispositif présent permet de remédier à ces inconvénients en agissant de manière cohérente sur tous les modes de vibration du tamis de la raquette et écourtant le temps de perception neuro-musculaire de la main du joueur.The present device makes it possible to remedy these drawbacks by acting coherently on all the modes of vibration of the sieve of the racket and shortening the neuro-muscular perception time of the player's hand.

Dans sa forme préférentielle, le dispositif est constitué d'un élément en élastomère souple s'entrellassant dans les mailles du cordage en y suivant un chemein queconque sans en modifier ni la geôométrie ni la tension. Ses qualités de souplesse et d'élasticité lui permettent aussi une autre mise en place qui s'effectue par enlacement d'un tour sur les cordes du tamis. Le dispositif peut enlacer les cordes en sautant plusieurs mailles ou en s'enroulant autour d'un seul brin afin de pouvoir moduler son potentiel d'absorb- tion en vibrations.In its preferred form, the device consists of a flexible elastomer element interweaving in the meshes of the rope following a path thereto without modifying either the geometry or the tension. Its qualities of flexibility and elasticity also allow it to be put in place again, which is carried out by entwining a turn on the strings of the sieve. The device can tie the strings by skipping several stitches or by wrapping around a single strand in order to be able to modulate its potential for absorption in vibrations.

Le dispositif est muni à ses extrémités de proéminences qui peuvent être sphériques bloquant le noeud sur le cordage ou déstinées à être arimées dans des évidements aménagés sur le pourtour du cadre de la raquette. Pour plus d'éfficacité, le dispositif est doté en son milieu d'au moins un renflement ayant pour but de la raidir et/ou d'augmenter sa masse linéique locale, optimisant ses capacités d'amortissement tout en s'escamotant sous un impact accidentel de balle.The device is provided at its ends with prominences which may be spherical blocking the knot on the rope or intended to be stowed in recesses arranged on the periphery of the frame of the racket. For more efficiency, the device is provided in the middle with at least one bulge intended to stiffen and / or increase its local linear mass, optimizing its damping capacities while retracting under an impact accidental bullet.

Selon une matérialisation préférentielle, le dispositif est constitué d'un matériau élastomère à base de silicone ou de polyuréthane ou bien de caouthouc naturel offrant une bonne resistance au déchirement et doté de propriété viscoélastique lui procurant un bon amortissement structural. Le dispositif peut être creux et/ou de section sensiblement ovale. Une variante à structure composite consiste à juxtaposer au moins deux matériaux de densité différente. A titre d'exemple, le plus dense est placé au milieu de l'élément dont la section peut alors être continue et voir sa masse linéique augmentée, le matériau le plus souple et le moins dense disposé de part et d'autre facilitant l'éxécution du noeud. Le renflement ou le matériau central pouvant s'étendre au delà d'une des mailles du tamis. La section de l'élément longifile de faible section peut être composée d'au mois deux brins disposés côte àcôte parcourant tout ou partie de la longueur comprise entre les proéminences d'extrémités.According to a preferred material, the device consists of an elastomeric material based on silicone or polyurethane or natural rubber offering good tear resistance and with viscoelastic property providing it with good structural damping. The device may be hollow and / or of substantially oval section. A variant with a composite structure consists in juxtaposing at least two materials of different density. For example, the densest is placed in the middle of the element, the section of which can then be continuous and see its linear density increased, the most flexible and least dense material arranged on either side facilitating the execution of the node. The bulge or the central material may extend beyond one of the mesh of the sieve. The section of the longifile element of small section can be composed of at least two strands arranged side by side covering all or part of the length between the protrusions of ends.

Dans une variante au moins une proéminence est maintenue à l'extérieur ou à l'intérieur de l'élément (1) par au mons un élément de faible section. La multiplicité des contacts du dispositif avec les cordes sollicite en flexion alternée, lors des vibrations, l'élément longifile qui grâce à ses propriétés élastiques est toujours maintenu au contact des cordes. En outre, ses propriétés visqueuses se chargent de frainer le mouvement des cordes en le convertissant en chaleur qui est dissipée par convection avec l'air environnant.In a variant at least one prominence is maintained outside or inside the element (1) by at least one element of small section. The multiplicity of contacts of the device with the strings stresses in alternating bending, during vibrations, the elongated element which, thanks to its elastic properties, is always kept in contact with the strings. In addition, its viscous properties are responsible for stimulating the movement of the strings by converting it into heat which is dissipated by convection with the surrounding air.

Les figure 1, 2, et 3 présentent un dispositif dont la structure est conposite.

  • La figure 4 montre un des agencements du dispositif sur le cadre.
  • La figure 5 montre le dispositif et son renflement (3).
  • La figure 6 montre la manière de le nouer au cordage.
  • La figure 7 est la vue côté recto du dispositif dans la raquette.
  • La figure 8 est la vue côté verso du dispositif dans la raquette.
  • La figure 1 et 2 présente l'élémente longifile (1) muni à ses éxtrémités de renflements sphériques (2).
  • La figure 3 présente la coupe suivant A de l'élément longifile (1).
  • La figure 4 montre le dispositif entrelassé dans le tamis suivant un axe tranversal. Le cadre (5) de la raquette présente des évidements (4) permettant de loger les formes sphériques (2).
  • La figure 5 présente la section de l'élèment (1) composé ici de deux formes cyclindriques mises cote à cote afin d'offrir une souplesse qui permet l'enlassement des brins sans les distordres, et du renflement de section (3) mis au milieu du dispositif pour raidir localement l'élément (1) et augmenter sa masse linéique.
  • La figure 6 illustre la manière de nouer le dispositif au cordage.
Figures 1, 2, and 3 show a device whose structure is conposite.
  • Figure 4 shows one of the arrangements of the device on the frame.
  • Figure 5 shows the device and its bulge (3).
  • Figure 6 shows how to tie it to the rope.
  • Figure 7 is the front side view of the device in the racket.
  • Figure 8 is the back side view of the device in the racket.
  • Figure 1 and 2 shows the elongated element (1) provided at its ends with spherical bulges (2).
  • Figure 3 shows the section along A of the elongated element (1).
  • Figure 4 shows the device interwoven in the sieve along a transverse axis. The frame (5) of the racket has recesses (4) for accommodating the spherical shapes (2).
  • Figure 5 shows the section of the element (1) here composed of two cylindrical shapes placed side by side to provide flexibility that allows the strands to be bundled without distortions, and the bulge section (3) placed middle of the device for locally stiffening the element (1) and increasing its linear density.
  • Figure 6 illustrates how to tie the device to the rope.

Il s'effectue autour de l'intersection de deux cordes comme suit:

  • en engageant le dispositif contre et dans la direction du premier brin (7) transversal,
  • en l'enroulant sous le deuxième brin (8) longitudinal de l'intersection choisie tout en revenant par dessus,
  • en repassant dessous le croisement pour faie ressortir la sphère d'attache entre le premier brin (7) et la partie déja engagée du dispositif.
  • La figure 7 présente le dispositif placé dans le tamis de la raquette enlacant les brins, en faisant un tour, selon une direction transversale, à l'axe du manche de la raquette.
  • La figure 8 presente l'autre face de la raquette du dispositif enlacant les brins du cordage.
  • Le dispositif selon l'invention est simplement réalisé en élastomère souple par moulage; le procédé utilisé peut être le moulage par compression ou injection.
  • La variante en matériau composite est réalisé en juxtaposant à l'interrieur du moule ouvert des matériaux de densité differente.
  • Le dispositif peut également être découpé dans un empilage de matériaux cellulaires du type mousse de polyuréthanne souple.
  • Le dispositif selon l'invention est particulière- mentdsetiné à annuler les vibrations sur les raquettes de tennis. Il peut être entrelassé dans le tamis en prenant des directions transversales, longitudinales, diagonale, ou suivant un trajet courbe.
  • Il est entendu que la matérialisation de l'invention est décrite à titre d'exemple et que ses proportions sont relatives aux dimentions de la maille du tamis, que ni le nombre de tour autour des brins du cordage, ni la variation des formes des éléments contitutifs du dispositif ne sortiront du cadre de l'invention.
It is performed around the intersection of two cords as follows:
  • by engaging the device against and in the direction of the first transverse strand (7),
  • by winding it under the second longitudinal strand (8) of the chosen intersection while returning over it,
  • by going back under the crossing to bring out the sphere of attachment between the first strand (7) and the already engaged part of the device.
  • Figure 7 shows the device placed in the sieve of the racket entangling the strands, making a turn, in a transverse direction, to the axis of the handle of the racket.
  • Figure 8 shows the other side of the racket of the device embracing the strands of the rope.
  • The device according to the invention is simply made of flexible elastomer by molding; the process used can be compression or injection molding.
  • The variant in composite material is produced by juxtaposing, inside the open mold, materials of different density.
  • The device can also be cut from a stack of cellular materials of the flexible polyurethane foam type.
  • The device according to the invention is particularly designed to cancel vibrations on tennis rackets. It can be interleaved in the sieve taking transverse, longitudinal, diagonal directions, or following a curved path.
  • It is understood that the materialization of the invention is described by way of example and that its proportions relate to the dimensions of the mesh of the sieve, that neither the number of turns around the strands of the rope, nor the variation in the shapes of the elements of the device will not depart from the scope of the invention.

Claims (10)

1. Anti-vibration device for tennis racket in form of a length of elastomer comprising a low-diameter element (1) interlacing with the stringing mesh and fitted with protruberances at its ends, characterized by the fact that the whole consists of:
a low-diameter element (1) which remains against the strings upon impact, because it is interlaced with the strings,
protruberances (2) at either end of the element (1) which block the securing knot tied around the intersection of a longitudinal and a transverse string,
at lest one protruberance or swollen section (3) in the middle of the device to stiffen it and increase its mass per unit length in this area.
2. Device which under the terms of claim 1 is characterized by the lengthening element (1) being of continuous section and approximately oval in shape.
3. Device which under the terms of claim 1 is characterized by the fact that the diameter and elasticity of the element (1) make it capable of surrounding a string with no distortion of the latter's shape, so that it remains in contact with each of the strings with which it is interlaced while the stringing vibrates.
4. Device which under the terms of claim 1 is characterized by the fact that its central zone has a higher density in order to increase the absorption potential of the area of maximum impact.
5. Device which under the terms of claim 1 is characterized by the fact that, owing to the element's elastic properties, it may bend as easily in both longitudinal and transverse axes and that the inertia of its section is sufficiently low to be twisted around at least one string in at least one square of the stringing mesh.
6. Device which under the terms of claim 1 is characterized by the fact that the element (1) consists of several lengthening fibers running side by side.
7. On a racket, a device which underthe terms of claim 1 is characterized by the fact the protruberances (2) are lodged in recesses (4) running around the racket frame (5).
8. On a racket, a device which under the terms of claim 1 is characterized by the fact that the protruberances (2) at the ends of the element (1) serve to secure the device around the intersection of two strings with a knot as follows:
the device is fitted on and along the first transverse string (7),
it is rolled under the second string at the chosen intersection, coming back over and bisecting the angle between the two strings (8),
it is then passed under this crossover point, the protruberance (2) being pushed between the first string (7) and the part of the device which has already been engaged.
9. On a racket, a device which under the terms of claim 1 is characterized by the fact the protruberance is constituted by a sphere located in the middle of the longitudinal axis of the strings corresponding to a site of maximal amplitude for the odd modes of string vibration.
10. On a racket, a device which under the terms of claim 1 is characterized by the fact the protruberances or swollen sections (3) are of sufficient length to be in contact with at least one string in the mesh.
EP87905763A 1986-09-30 1987-09-09 Antivibration device for tennis or squash rackets Expired - Lifetime EP0283485B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8613958A FR2604365B1 (en) 1986-09-30 1986-09-30 ANTIVIBRATILE DEVICE FOR TENNIS OR SQUASH RACKETS
FR8613958 1986-09-30
FR8705639A FR2613946B1 (en) 1987-04-16 1987-04-16 ANTI-VIBRATION DEVICE FOR TENNIS RACKETS
FR8705639 1987-04-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0283485A1 EP0283485A1 (en) 1988-09-28
EP0283485B1 true EP0283485B1 (en) 1990-12-12

Family

ID=26225512

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87905763A Expired - Lifetime EP0283485B1 (en) 1986-09-30 1987-09-09 Antivibration device for tennis or squash rackets

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4962928A (en)
EP (1) EP0283485B1 (en)
AU (1) AU7910587A (en)
WO (1) WO1988002271A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4911445A (en) * 1989-01-27 1990-03-27 Ferrari Importing Company Vibration dampening device for a sports racket having a strung striking surface
US5158286A (en) * 1989-03-08 1992-10-27 Soong Tsai C Damping device for sports rackets
US5169146A (en) * 1989-03-08 1992-12-08 Soong Tsai C Damping device for sports rackets
US5211397A (en) * 1990-06-11 1993-05-18 Prince Manufacturing, Inc. String vibration dampener for a tennis racquet
US5096194A (en) * 1991-01-31 1992-03-17 Rubbermade Accessories Sdn. Bhd. Device for preventing tennis elbow
US5149090A (en) * 1991-12-30 1992-09-22 Chen Sam H Vibration damping device for sports racquet
US6364791B1 (en) * 1999-10-04 2002-04-02 Benetton Sportsystem Usa, Inc. Double loop string vibration damper for sports racquets
DE10236633B4 (en) * 2002-08-09 2013-02-28 Head Sport Ag Damping device for ball game rackets
DE102006004850B3 (en) 2006-02-02 2007-10-04 Head Technology Gmbh Damping device for ball game rackets
US8066592B2 (en) * 2007-04-20 2011-11-29 Nike, Inc. Dampening system for stringed-racquet
US20150182828A1 (en) * 2014-01-01 2015-07-02 John T. McElveen, JR. Shock-attenuated sports racquet with shock damping sleeve
US20170274257A1 (en) * 2016-03-24 2017-09-28 JOHN Han CHAE Vibration dampener
CN112973052A (en) * 2021-04-13 2021-06-18 盐城工学院 Tennis ball collection device for tennis training

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US763059A (en) * 1903-10-26 1904-06-21 John E Hindon Hyde Tennis-racket.
AT352590B (en) * 1977-03-31 1979-09-25 Fischer Gmbh DEVICE FOR THE ELIMINATION OF VIBRATIONS IN BALL CLUBS
US4299385A (en) * 1978-07-21 1981-11-10 Boden Robert O Racquet
DE3123690A1 (en) * 1981-06-15 1983-03-17 Michael 8035 Gauting Reeb Additional weight and device for vibration damping for tennis rackets and similar sports equipment
DE3324142A1 (en) * 1983-07-05 1985-01-24 Puma-Sportschuhfabriken Rudolf Dassler Kg, 8522 Herzogenaurach BALL RACKET
DE3447608A1 (en) * 1984-12-28 1986-07-03 F. Kleinekathöfer KG, 8207 Endorf Tennis string
FR2585256B1 (en) * 1985-07-29 1988-08-19 Leyssene Bruno ANTI-VIBRATION SYSTEM FOR TENNIS RACKETS
US4732383A (en) * 1986-04-21 1988-03-22 Ferrari Importing Company Shock and vibration absorber for racquets and method for its use

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Publication number Publication date
WO1988002271A1 (en) 1988-04-07
AU7910587A (en) 1988-04-21
US4962928A (en) 1990-10-16
EP0283485A1 (en) 1988-09-28

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