Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L25/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
  • C08L25/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
  • C08L25/06—Polystyrene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L27/04—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing chlorine atoms
  • C08L27/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl chloride
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L71/02—Polyalkylene oxides

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of a polymer of ethylene oxide and epihalohydrin as an antistatic additive for polymeric materials consisting of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and/or other chlorine containing polymers, or polystyrene and/or other styrene containing polymers, including but not limited to polymers of styrene and acrylonitrile, such as ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), or blends of the polymeric materials.
• the present invention relates to a semicrystalline antistatic additive containing at least 60% by weight ethylene oxide with the remainder being epihalohydrin or epihalohydrin and one or more optional monomers.
• the present invention also relates to a process for manufacturing an antistatic polymeric material consisting of PVC and/or other chlorine containing polymers, or polystyrene and/or other styrene containing polymers.
• antistatic agents To prevent static electrical charges from accumulating during the manufacturing of plastic, during formation of articles of manufacture, and during the useful life of the various articles of manufacture, it is well known to employ various types of antistatic agents by incorporating the agents into the plastic during processing.
• the incorporation of the antistatic agents into various plastics creates many problems.
• the majority of antistatic agents cannot withstand high temperatures and are destroyed or rendered useless with respect to their antistatic abilities during the hot temperature processing required in conventional molding and fabricating steps for forming articles of manufacture.
• a majority of the antistatic agents are also either cationic or anionic. They tend to cause the degradation of the resins, particularly PVC and ABS, at hot processing temperatures resulting in discoloration or loss of physical properties.
• antistatic agents are subject to blooming and frequently leave a coating on the surface of the molds, destroy the surface finish on the articles of manufacture, and reduce the dimensional stability when exposed to heat. In severe cases, the surface of the article of manufacture becomes quite oily and marbleized. The most serious problem of antistatic agents is the loss of original physical properties of the resins they incoporate.
• German Offenlegungsschrift 1,907,024 having a publication date of April 15, 1971 discloses molding compounds based on vinyl chloride polymers in which a "non-crystalline" elastomeric copolymer of epichlorohydrin and ethylene oxide is employed in PVC, for example, to provide uniform gelling, to provide thermal softening, to provide adequate flow-ability at low temperature, to provide high heat resistance and transparency, to provide mechanical strength and most importantly to improve impact strength.
• This reference does not recognize the use of copolymers of epihalohydrin and ethylene oxide as antistatic agents. Additionally, the reference states that when less than 30% by weight of epihalohydrin is used, the copolymer is characterized by "poor compatability," and the resulting compound has "insufficient impact resistance".
• U.S. Patent 4,588,773 to Federl et al. discloses an antistatic thermoplastic composition wherein the thermoplastic is ABS and the antistatic agent is an epihalohydrin copolymer which includes from about 25% to about 75% by weight epihalohydrin and from about 75% to about 25% alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide. More preferably, the copolymer includes about 40% to about 60% by weight epichlorohydrin and about 60% to about 40% by weight of alkylene oxide. However, the only copolymer tested in the examples was "a 50/50 copolymer of epihalohydrin and ethylene oxide.” A 50/50 copolymer of epihalohydrin and ethylene oxide is amorphous and rubbery.
• the patent teaches one to include more than 20% by weight of the epihalohydrin copolymer antistat based upon the combined copolymer and thermoplastic material.
• the epichlorohydrin and the alkylene oxide are copolymerized to form an "epichlorohydrin rubber " prior to combination with the ABS resins. It is very difficult to handle the rubbery (amorphous) antistatic copolymer as an additive for plastics, particularly in a continuous and automatic process, specifically when weighing and feeding the additive automatically. Furthermore, rubbery crumbs are generally more difficult to disperse into plastics than powders.
• a coordination catalyst based on an organoaluminum compound as described in U.S. Patents 3,219,591 and 3,642,667 was found to be suitable for the preparation of high molecular weight semicrystalline antistatic copolymers of epichlorohydrin and ethylene oxide in high yield.
• U.S. Patent 3,219,591 discloses a coordination catalyst system by reacting a trialkylaluminum in the presence of an ether with water and optionally a chelating agent such as acetylacetone (AcAc).
• U.S. Patent 3,642,667 discloses an improved catalyst by further reacting the above mentioned catalyst with an ether alcohol such as tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. It has been found that a chelating agent is essential for the copolymerization of ethylene oxide and epichlorohydrin, although a chelating agent is optional for the homopolymerization of epichlorohydrin.
• U.S. Patent 4,304,902 to Landoll discloses a copolymer consisting of 96 to 99.9% by weight of ethylene oxide and 4 to 0.1% by weight of a long chain alkylene oxide.
• the patent states that the copolymers are important items of commerce useful as detergents and surfactants.
• This reference does not recognize the use of the copolymer as an antistat for plastics.
• the reference does not recognize the copolymer as an antistatic agent for either ABS or PVC.
• the present invention provides improved antistatic properties for polymeric materials, namely PVC and/or other chlorine containing polymers, or for polystyrene and/or other styrene containing polymers, including but not limited to polymers of styrene and acrylonitrile, such as ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), or blends of the polymeric materials, without impairing the mechanical properties and thermal stability.
• the antistatic protection for the polymeric material is provided by employing a semicrystalline polymer of ethylene oxide and epihalohydrin wherein the ethylene oxide is at least 60% by weight of the polymer.
• Semicrystalline polymers of ethylene oxide and epihalohydrin with at least 60% by weight ethylene oxide show a significant improvement in antistatic properties of PVC and ABS resins and their related resins.
• the antistatic properties are an improvement over those amorphous or elastomeric (rubbery) polymers employed as antistatic agents containing greater than 40% by weight of epihalohydrin.
• the significant improvement made by increasing the amount of ethylene oxide in the polymer is unexpected in view of the fact that homopolymers of ethylene oxide show little or no improvement in antistatic properties compared with amorphous polymers containing a lower amount of ethylene oxide when compounded with PVC or ABS or their related resins.
• the present invention is directed to a semicrystalline polymer of ethylene oxide and epihalohydrin, useful as an antistat.
• the present invention relates to polymeric materials consisting of PVC and/or chlorine containing polymers, or polystyrene and/or other sytrene containing polymers, or blends of the polymeric materials and an antistatic agent consisting of a semicrystalline polymer of ethylene oxide and epihalohydrin, wherein the ethylene oxide is at least 60% by weight of the polymer.
• the present invention is also directed to a method for imparting improved antistatic protection to polymeric material consisting of PVC and/or other chlorine containing polymers, or for polystyrene and/or other styrene containing polymers, or blends of the polymeric materials, by adding an effective amount of an antistatic agent consisting of a polymer of ethylene oxide and epihalohydrin, wherein the ethylene oxide is at least 60% by weight of the polymer.
• semicrystalline polymers polymers with at least 60% by weight ethylene oxide having an inherent viscosity of from about 0.2 to about 15.0 according to ASTM D 2857, and heats of fusion of from about 3 calories per gram to about 25 calories per gram.
• elastomeric or amorphous polymers polymers with greater than 40% by weight of epihalohydrin.
• Antistatic polymers of this invention contain 5% to 40% by weight of epihalohydrin and 95% to 60% by weight of ethylene oxide, and optionally up to 25% by weight of a third 1,2-epoxide monomer to replace epichlorohydrin, most preferably propylene oxide.
• the preferred polymers are copolymers containing about 10% to 35% by weight of epihalohydrin and from 90% to 65% by weight of ethylene oxide.
• the preferred copolymers have a molecular weight of about 50,000 to 800,000 although molecular weight can range from about 20,000 to about 2,000,000.
• the preferred copolymers have an inherent viscosity of about 0.5 to 6.0 although the inherent viscosity can range from about 0.2 to about 15 as determined on a solution made with 0.25 grams of the copolymer in 100 grams of toluene at 25°C according to ASTM D2857.
• the temperature dependent viscoelastic properties of the antistatic copolymers were examined with a Rheometrics mechanical spectrometer.
• the antistatic copolymers of this invention display a sharp transition in physcial properties at temperatures from 35 to 65°C with melting temperatures from about 45 to about 70°C, and with a crystallinity index from about 5 to 40% as determined by X-ray defraction analysis.
• Both the complex viscosity and the storage modulus undergo very rapid reductions in magnitude with increasing temperature.
• the loss modulus displays a sharp maximum. This behavior is characteristic of the melting of the well-defined crystalline domains of thermoplastics.
• the copolymer behavior is characteristically elastomeric, and the decrease of complex viscosity and storage modulus becomes less sensitive to temperature increase and the loss tangent is less than one.
• an amorphous epichlorohydrin/ethylene oxide copolymer having about 68% by weight epichlorohydrin shows no thermoplastic behavior. It shows no melting point, nor heats of fusion as determined by differential scanning colorimeter (DSC) analysis, no crystallinity as determined by x-ray analysis, no sharp reduction of the complex viscosity or the storage modulus, nor is a sharp maximum of the loss modulus for the entire temperature range tested for the viscoelastic properties evident.
• DSC differential scanning colorimeter
• the copolymers can be manufactured into powders or pellets which have great advantages, namely, easier control in handling as additives for plastics as opposed to amorphous materials or liquids, particularly in a continuous and automatic process.
• Suitable epihalohydrins to be used in the antistatic polymer of the present invention consists of epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, and epiiodohydrin, with epichlorohydrin being especially preferred.
• Exemplary of 1,2-epoxides as the optional third monomer are: 1,2-epoxypropane (propylene oxide), 1,2-epoxybutane; 1,2-epoxypentane; 1,2-epoxyhexane; 1,2-epoxyheptane; 1,2-epoxydecane; 1,2-epoxydodecane; 1,2-epoxyoctadecane; 7-ethyl-2-methyl-1, 2-epoxyundecane; 2,6,8-trimethyl-1, 2-epoxynonane; styrene oxide; 3-chloro-1,2-epoxybutane; 3,3-dichloro-1, 2-epoxypropane; 3,3,3-trichloro-1,2-epoxy
• Copolymerization of epihalohydrin and particular epichlorohydrin is carried out using a coordination catalyst system based on an organo-aluminum compound in anhydrous conditions under nitrogen preferably with an inert diluent.
• the polymerization process may be conducted as a batch or continuous process with the catalyst, monomers, and the inert diluent added simulraneously or incrementally during the polymerization, or continuously throughout the polymerization.
• the epihalohydrin and one more comonomers are preferably added to the reaction vessel simultaneously or as a mixture, or premixed with the inert diluent before addition to the reactor, resulting in random copolymerization.
• any diluent that is inert under the polymerization conditions may be used.
• diluents for example, toluene, benzene, heptane, hexane, butane, cyclohexane, diethyl ether, chlorobenzene, methylene chloride, and ethylene dichloride are generally acceptable diluents.
• any mixture of such diluents may also be employed and in many cases may be preferable depending upon the conditions and the particular monomers employed.
• copolymerization could be solution polymerization or slurry polymerization.
• the copolymerization process can be carried out over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Generally, copolymerization should be carried out from a temperature from about -58°C to about 200°C and more preferably within the range from about -30°C to about 150°C, and most preferably from about 60°C to about 120°C.
• the copolymerization temperature can be controlled by employing a cooling jacket, heating, reflux heating, or a combination of the above.
• the copolymerization process will be carried out at superatmospheric pressure up to several hundred pounds per square inch. However, the copolymerization process may also be conducted under subatmospheric or autogenous pressures.
• the antistatic polymeric materials of the present invention consist of: PVC and/or chlorine containing polymers, or polystyrene and/or other styrene containing polymers, including but not limited to polymers of styrene and acrylonitrile, such as ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), or mixtures thereof, comprising 65-97% by weight with the antistatic polymers of the present invention containing about 35-3% by weight.
• the present invention relates to polymeric materials consisting of polystyrene and/or other styrene containing polymers, including but not limited to polymers of styrene and acrylonitrile, such as ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) or mixtures thereof, or PVC and/or other chlorine containing polymers, or blends of the polymeric materials, with an antistatic agent consisting of a semicrystalline polymer of ethylene oxide and epihalohydrin wherein the ethylene oxide is at least 60% by weight of the polymer.
• polystyrene and/or other styrene containing polymers including but not limited to polymers of styrene and acrylonitrile, such as ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) or mixtures thereof, or PVC and/or other chlorine containing polymers, or blends of the polymeric materials, with an antistatic agent consisting of a semicrystalline polymer of ethylene oxide and epihalo
• the present invention also relates to a method of imparting and improving antistatic properties for polymeric material consisting of PVC and/or other chlorine containing polymers, or polystyrene and/or other styrene containing polymers, including but not limited to polymers of styrene and acrylonitrile, such as ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), or blends of the polymeric materials, by adding thereto an effective amount of antistatic agent consisting of a semicrystalline polymer of ethylene oxide and epihalohydrin wherein the ethylene oxide is at least 60% by weight of the polymer.
• PVC polyvinyl chloride or its derivatives, such as chlorinated polyvinyl chloride and the like, or vinyl chloride copolymers or terpolymers having vinyl chloride as the major component monomer greater than 50% by weight.
• These compositions include but are not limited to comonomers of vinyl alkanoates such as vinyl acetate and the like, vinylidene halides such as vinylidene chloride, alkyl esters of carboxylic acids such acrylic acid, ethylacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and the like, unsaturated hydrocarbons such ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, and the like, allyl compounds, such as allyl acetate, and the like.
• PVC polymer blends, which are the physical combination of two or more polymeric resins systems, having polyvinyl chloride, or its derivates, or its copolymers, or terpolymers in concentrations greater than 20 weight percent.
• polymeric materials suitable to form useful polymer blends with PVC include ABS, terpolymer of acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), copolymer of ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyurethane, chloroninated polyethylene, polyacrylate, and nitrile rubbers.
• ASA acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate
• copolymer of ethylene-vinyl acetate polyurethane
• chloroninated polyethylene polyacrylate
• nitrile rubbers nitrile rubbers.
• chlorine containing polymers it is meant polyvinylidene chloride, chlorinated polyethylene, and the like.
• PVC and other chlorine containing polymers can include plasticizers to provide flexibility, such as dioctyl phthalate, dibenzyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, hydrocarbon oils, and the like. Certain processing aids, impact modifiers, heat distortion improvers, fire retardants, and the like are often incorporated into the blends.
• the stabilizers which serves to prevent the breakdown of PVC are of several different types, including both varieties which stabilize against thermal and ultraviolet light oxidative degration discoloration, and the like.
• blends prepared in accordance with the present invention include lubricants, such as stearic acid, strearyl alcohol; colorants including organic dyes such as anthraquinone red, organic pigments such as phthalocyanine blue, and inorganic pigments such titanium dioxide, cadmium sulfide; fillers and particulate extenders such as carbon black, amorphous silica, asbestos, glass fibers, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
• lubricants such as stearic acid, strearyl alcohol
• colorants including organic dyes such as anthraquinone red, organic pigments such as phthalocyanine blue, and inorganic pigments such titanium dioxide, cadmium sulfide
• fillers and particulate extenders such as carbon black, amorphous silica, asbestos, glass fibers, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
• the PVC compositions prepared in accordance with the present invention are thermoplastic, chemical resistant materials having excellent stability characteristics and are easily processed in conventional apparatus. They are particularly useful to form final articles of antistatic PVC materials by injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, extrusion, or calendering, useful as electronic housing, etc.
• ABS acrylonitrile
• ethacrylonitrile ethacrylonitrile
• halogenated acrylonitriles ethacrylonitriles
• exemplary of analogous compounds of styrene are alpha-methyl styrene, chlorostyrene, vinyl toluene and the like
• exemplary of analogous compounds of butadiene is isoprene, and the like.
• styrene containing polymers it is polystyrene modified by rubber, meant compounds of styrene and acrylonitrile copolymers (SAN); copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile modified with acrylic elastomers (ASA); copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile modified with ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (ASE); copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride; and the like.
• ABS and other polymers containing styrene it is also meant polymer blends, which are the physical combination of two or more polymeric resins systems, having ABS and other polymers of styrene in the concentrations greater than 20 weight percent. Examples of polymeric materials suitable to form useful polymer blends include PVC, polycarbonate, nylon, polyphenylene oxide, and the like. Similar to PVC, ABS may contain various additives and fillers.
• composition of antistatic polymeric materials of the present invention can be prepared by mechanical mixing under the influence of heat and/or pressure by a variety methods. The actual method chosen will depend to some extent on the nature of the polymeric materials and on the desired final physical form of antistatic polymeric materials.
• Antistatic additives of this invention can be incorporated into polymeric materials together with other compounding ingredients, such as lubricants, plasticizer, stabilizer, fillers, impact modifier, and processing aid, or incorporated separately before or after polymeric materials are compounded.
• a well-dispersed composition is especially preferred because moldability and antistatic properties are especially enhanced and physical properties are less impaired.
• An ordinary mixer such as an extruder, Banbury mixer, roll mill, or calender, can be used to incorporate antistatic additives of this invention into polymeric materials to form entirely satisfactory blends at convenient and customary operating conditions.
• antistatic additives of this invention can conveniently be incorporated into a polymeric material by a biaxial extruder and molded or extruded directly into a final product, or it can be extruded in the form of rods which are chopped up into pellets and used in subsequent operations.
• Another example is to use a Banbury mixer to give a moldable composition, then the composition is rolled by a mill to form a thick sheet, and cubic pellets of the composition are subsequently obtained using a screen granulator.
• Final articles of antistatic materials can be formed by compression molding, injection molding, blow molding, extrusion, calendering, or the like.
• the weight percent of epichlorohydrin monomer employed in the examples in the antistatic copolymer was determined by the total chlorine analysis.
• Dilution Solution Viscosity (DSV) was measured at 0.25g/100g toluene at 25°C according to ASTM D2857 and is referred to as inherent viscosity.
• DSV is related to the molecular weight of the polymer.
• Molecular weight of some copolymers are also determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using a Water GPC Model 200 instrument at 40°C in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Molecular weights were calibrated with respect to polystyrene.
• the glass transition temperature (T g ) and melting point (T m ) and heat of fusion ( ⁇ H) were measured by differential scanning calorimeter analysis with a Perkin-Elmer DSC-2, at 10°C/min. of heating or cooling rate from -28°C to 100°C, under a 20 cc/min helium purge.
• Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted on a DuPont 951 Thermogravimetric Analyzer at 10°C/min of heating rate from 30°C to 500°C under a 180 cc/min nitrogen purge.
• Antistatic properties of the polymers were determined by surface resistivity and static decay time. Both measurements were carried out under controlled conditions at 25°C with 50% relative humidity. Samples were also conditioned at least 48 hours prior to measurement.
• Electrostatic behavior has been categorized by the Department of Defense in DOD-HDBK-263, in terms of surface resistivity. Materials with a surface resistivity in the range of 109 to 1014 ohms/sq are antistatic. Materials with a surface resistivity greater than 1014 are insulative. An effective internal antistat for Department of Defense purposes will provide surface resistivities in the area labeled antistatic in the above governmental classification.
• Static decay testing is carried out according to Federal Test Method Standard 101-B, Method 4046, with a static decay meter model 406C obtained from Electro Tech Systems, Inc.
• Static decay is a measure of the ability of a specimen, when grounded, to dissipate a known charge that has been induced on the surface of the specimen.
• a sheet sample (3 ⁇ ⁇ 6 ⁇ and 1/8 ⁇ to 1/16 ⁇ thick) is placed between clamp electrodes contained in a Farady cage.
• a 5,000v charge is applied to the surface of the specimen and the time in seconds required to dissipate the charge to 500v (10% of its initial charge value) after a ground is provided, is then measured.
• antistats of ethylene oxide copolymers and comparative commercial antistats are mixed with thermoplastics or thermoplastic elastomers in a Brabender mixer heated with hot oil. After mixing is completed, a 6 ⁇ ⁇ 6 ⁇ ⁇ 1/8 ⁇ or a 6 ⁇ ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ 1/16 ⁇ sheet sample was press-molded. Samples were visually examined for detrimental effects of antistats such as marblizing or oiliness on the surface, discoloration or decomposition of polymers and brittleness.
• Antistatic epichlorohydrin/ethylene oxide copolymers were synthesized under nitrogen in one quart conditioned beverage bottles capped with self sealing rubber gaskets and a 2-hole metal cap. Sieve dried toluene, epichlorohydrin and ethylene oxide were added sequentially to the beverage bottles under nitrogen and polymerization was initiated by adding the catalyst and tumbling the bottles in an oil bath at 110°C. At the end of polymerization, a sample was withdrawn to measure total solids to determine the percent conversion and polymerizations were terminated with 8 ml of isopropanol and a hindered phenolic antioxidant in 6 ml of THF (tetrahydrofuran) in an amount of 0.3% by weight of the expected polymer.
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• a copolymer of EO/ECH was synthesized in a pilot plant batch scale by a slurry polymerization.
• a mixed solvent (200 lbs) of toluene (55% by weight) and heptane (45% by weight) along with background monomers of epichlorohydrin (5.8 lbs) and ethylene oxide (11.2 lbs) were added to a 75 gallon reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer.
• the reactor was equipped with a water cooling reflux condenser and a cooling jacket.
• the reactor was heated to 90°C and the pressure of the reactor was maintained at 35 psig through the reflux condenser.
• the catalyst with a ratio of AcAc/TEAL at 0.25 (60 lbs) in toluene was added incrementally to the reactor at about 10 min intervals.
• the reactor temperature was allowed to exotherm to 110°C.
• mixed monomers 68 lbs
• epichlorohydrin 20% by weight
• ethylene oxide 80% by weight
• the reaction temperature was maintained at 110°C.
• the polymerization was continued at 110°C for one hour after all monomers were added.
• the resultant slurry in the reactor was then transferred to a 75 gallon blowdown tank.
• the reactor was flushed with mixed solvent to remove all the slurry.
• Example 4 A second batch polymerization (Example 4) was conducted with a mixed solvent of toluene (50 weight percent) and heptane (50 weight percent). The metering rate of mixed monomers was increased to 42 pounds per hour (1.4 hours metering time). The copolymer obtained a yield of 71% (61 lbs) with an average particle size of 0.8 mm.
• the characteristics of the resultant polymers in Examples 3 and 4 are set forth in Table III.
• a copolymer of epichlorohydrin and ethylene oxide was synthesized by a continuous process in a pilot plant scale.
• a mixed solvent 200 lbs) of toluene (48 weight percent) and heptane (52 weight percent) was charged into a 75-gallon reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer.
• the reactor also included a cooling water reflux condenser and a cooling jacket.
• the reactor was heated to 110°C, and pressure was controlled at 20 psig.
• the catalyst with AcAc/TEAL ratio of 0.25 (65 lbs) in toluene was added along with the mixed monomers (85 pounds) of epichlorohydrin (15% by weight) and ethylene oxide (85% by weight) at a rate of 42 pounds per hour (2 hour meter time).
• Copolymers were obtained after filtering the slurry and washing, drying, and grinding the polymers as described in Examples 3 and 4. An average of 85% monomer conversion was achieved. Properties of the copolymer obtained are set forth below: Wt. % of ECH in Polymer 15 Tg, °C by DSC -55 Mooney Viscosity (ML-4 @ 100°C)80 80 Mw by GPC 1.7 ⁇ 105 DSV 2.4 Particle Size 0.65 mm
• the copolymer was uniform, and the composition was close to the monomer feed composition, i.e., for the four samples taken at each hour, the weight percent epichlorohydrin ranged from 12 to 17 weight percent comparing to 15 weight percent in the monomer feed. The results are set forth below.
• Example 6 A second run (Example 6) was carried out in the same manner with a mixed monomer of ECH (20 weight percent) and EO (80 weight percent). An average of 88% monomer conversion was achieved.
• the polymer contained 18 weight percent ECH and the monomer feed was 20 weight percent ECH.
• the crystallinity of copolymers of EO/ECH was determined by DSC analysis to measure their melting point (Tm) and heat of fusion ( ⁇ H) was measured in cal/g with a Perkin-Elmer DSC-2 Differential Scanning Calorimeter at 10°C/min. heating or cooling rate under a 20 c.c./min. helium purge.
• the crystallinity index of copolymers was also examined by X-ray diffraction analysis.
• the temperature dependent viscoelastic properties of the copolymers were examined with a Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer from room temperature (25°C) to 230°C with a rate of specimen deformation (oscillation frequency) at 1 rad/sec.
• the storage modulus G ⁇ is a measure of elastic nature of material, i.e. related to the energy stored by the material during a deformation and returned in the form of mechanical energy after a deformation.
• the loss modulus G ⁇ is a measure of the amount of energy dissipated during sample deformation.
• the loss tangent, tan ⁇ reflects the dominant type of response, i.e. for a loss tangent less than one, the material behaves as a rubber; for a tangent greater than one, the material behaves as a viscous fluid.
• Copolymers of this invention display a sharp property transition at temperature from 35 to 65°C. Both complex viscosity and the storage modulus, undergo very rapid reductions in magnitude with increasing temperature. Also the loss modulus displays a sharp maximum. This behavior is characteristic of the melting of well-defined crystalline domains of thermoplastics.
• copolymers of this invention At temperatures above 70°C, the behavior of copolymers of this invention is characteristically elastomeric.
• the decrease of complex viscosity and the storage modulus become less sensitive to temperature increase and the loss tangent is less than one.
• EO/ECH copolymer (Hydrin 200) with ECH of about 68% by weight shows no thermoplastic behavior. It shows no melting point nor heats of fusion by DSC analysis, and no crystallinity by X-ray analysis, and no sharp reduction of the complex viscosity or the storage modulus or a sharp maximum of the loss modulus for the entire temperature studied for viscoelastic properties.
• antistatic EO/ECH copolymers were examined for rigid PVC injection molding compounds.
• the PVC compound is composed of PVC homopolymer 100 parts Impact modifier 12 parts Processing aid 2 parts Stabilizer 2 parts Stearic acid 0.5 parts
• Example 8H a homopolymer of antistat D from Example 1I was examined; in Example 8I, a commercial homopolymer of ethylene oxide obtained from Polysciences, Inc. with a molecular weight of 5 ⁇ 106 was examined. Both homopolymers show no significant improvement over Hydrin 200.
• Non-ionic antistats were obtained from Argus Chemical Division of Witco Chemical Co. under a trade name of Markstat®. They are commercial antistats for rigid or plasticized PVC: Markstat AL-15 - an alky ethoxylate blend Markstat AL-14 - a polyether Both Markstat AL-15 and AL-14 show less effective antistatic properties than EO/ECH copolymers of this invention.
• Ethoxylated amines with varied amounts of EO units were obtained from Akzo Chemie America under a trade name of Ethomeen® and bis(ethanol)alkyl amines were obtained from Humko Chemical Division of Witco Chemical Corp. under a trade name of Kemamine®.
• Ethoxylated alkyl amines are well-known effective antistats for polyolefins.
• Ethoxylate amides were obtained from Akzo Chemie America under a trade of Ethmid® and from Onyx Chemical Co. under a trade name of Onyxol®. All samples containing ethoxylated long chain amines and amides were discolored and indicate the decomposition of PVC compounds.
• Example 8Z a commercial antistat phosphate was examined (Example 8Z).
• Antistatic phosphate was obtained from Emery Chemicals Co. under a trade name of Tryfac®.
• Antistat Tryfac 5559 causes a stability problem with the PVC compound as indicated by discoloration.
• antistatic EO/ECH copolymers of this invention were examined with PVC compound described in Example 8 by injection molding.
• a large Banbury mixer 2912.5 parts of PVC compound was mixed with 250 parts of antistat of this invention. Mixing was terminated when the Brabender temperature reached 300°F. The mixture was then rolled by a miller twice at 310°F to form a 0.14 ⁇ thick sheet. Subsequently, 1/8 ⁇ cubic pellets were obtained with a screen granulator and test samples were obtained by injection molding.
• antistatic EO/ECH copolymer was examined with chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC). 80 parts by weight of Temprite® CPVC 3504 or 88981 was mixed with 20 parts by weight Antistat B in a Brabender mixer at 190°C for 3 min. Then a sheet was pressed in a mold at 180°C for 1 min.
• CPVC chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
• Temprite CPVC 3504 show a surface resistivity of 1.1 ⁇ 1013 ohm/sq.
• Temprite CPVC 88981 show a surface resistivity of 4.4 ⁇ 1013 ohm/sq.
• Both Temprite CPVC thermoplastics without antistat show surface resistivity greater than 1015 ohm/sq.
• antistatic EO/ECH copolymers were examined with PVC compound for blow molding.
• Geon 87444 PVC compound is a high impact blow molding compound designed for use in general purpose applications. It is a suitable bottle compound for cosmetic, toiletry, industrial, and household chemical packaging.
• Table IX shows the results of antistatic and physical properties of PVC compound for general purpose blow molding containing semicrystalline antistatic EO/ECH copolymer of this invention. For comparison purposes, Table IX also shows the results of PVC compounds containing commercial amorphous EO/ECH copolymer (Hydrin 200) with a lower amount of EO monomer.
• EO/ECH copolymers are effective antistats for PVC compound for general purpose blow molding. Furthermore, antistatic properties of PVC compounds containing semicrystalline EO/ECH copolymer with a higher amount of EO monomer are significantly improved compared with those of PVC compounds containing amorphous EO/ECH copolymer (Hydrin 200) with a lower amount of EO monomer.
• antistatic EO/ECH copolymers of this invention were examined with ABS thermoplastic.
• Blendex® 131 obtained from Borg-­Warner Chemicals, Inc., is an ABS resin used for calendered sheet applications and as modifier for PVC compounds.
• Table X shows the results of antistatic properties of Blendex 131 containing semicrystalline antistatic EO/ECH copolymers of this invention.
• the incorporation of EO/ECH copolymers of this invention show significant improvement on antistatic properties of Blendex® 131.
• Table X also shows the results of antistatic properties of Blendex® 131 containing commercial amorphous EO/ECH copolymer (Hydrin 200) with a lower amount of EO monomer as previously disclosed, and a commercial homopolymer of ethylene oxide, Kemamine AS - 274/1, and Amostat 410 as described in Example 7. None of the comparative antistats are as effective as the EO/ECH copolymers of this invention.
• antistatic EO/ECH copolymers of this invention were examined with ABS thermoplastic.
• Cycolac T® obtained from Borg-Warner Chemicals, Inc., is an ABS thermoplastic for general purpose injection molding. The mixing of Cycolac T with antistats was carried out at 190°C for 3 minutes with a Brabender mixer.
• Table XI shows the results of antistatic and physical properties of Cycolac T containing semicrystalline antistatic EO/ECH copolymers of this invention. For comparison purposes, Table XI also shows the results of Cycolac T containing commercial amorphous EO/ECH copolymer (Hydrin 200).
• EO/ECH copolymers are effective antistats for Cycolac T.
• Semicrystalline EO/ECH copolymers of this invention at 10 phr give antistic properties equivalent to amorphous Hydrin 200 with a lower EO content at 20 phr.
• an antistatic EO/ECH copolymer of this invention was examined with ABS thermoplastic.
• Cycolac® L obtained from Borg-Warner Chemicals, Inc., is high impact ABS resin for injection molding. The mixing of Cycolac L with various antistats was carried out at 190°C for 3 minutes with a Brabender mixer.
• Table XII shows the results of antistatic and physical properties of Cycolac L containing antistats.
• the EO/ECH copolymers of the present invention (Antistat B) are effective antistats for Cycolac L.
• the EO/ECH copolymers of this invention give significantly better antistatic properties compared with an amorphous EO/ECH copolymer (Hydrin 200) containing lower amounts of EO monomer.
• antistatic EO/ECH copolymer of this invention was examined with polystyrene and related polymers.
• Styron® 420 obtained from Dow Chemical Co., is a polystyrene.
• Cosden® 945 obtained from Cosden Oil and Chemical Co., is a high impact injection molding polystyrene.
• Cadon® 127 obtained from Monsanto, is a styrene-maleic anhydrid terpolymer.
• Noryl® PC180 obtained from General Electric Co., is a polystyrene modified polyphenylene oxide 15 parts of antistat C with 73 wt. % of EO was blended into 85 parts of the above polymers at 190°C for 3 minutes with a Brabender mixer.
• Table XIII shows the results of antistatic properties of polystyrene and related polymers. All polymers containing 15 wt. % of antistatic C show surface resistivities about 1012 ohm/sq; those polymers without antistat show surface resistivities greater than 1015 ohm/sq.

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