EP0282257B1 - Studded footwear - Google Patents

Studded footwear Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0282257B1
EP0282257B1 EP88301981A EP88301981A EP0282257B1 EP 0282257 B1 EP0282257 B1 EP 0282257B1 EP 88301981 A EP88301981 A EP 88301981A EP 88301981 A EP88301981 A EP 88301981A EP 0282257 B1 EP0282257 B1 EP 0282257B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
socket
stud
teeth
spigot
screwed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88301981A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0282257A3 (en
EP0282257A2 (en
Inventor
Roy Stanley Collins
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Trisport Ltd
Original Assignee
Trisport Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Trisport Ltd filed Critical Trisport Ltd
Priority to AT88301981T priority Critical patent/ATE97786T1/de
Publication of EP0282257A2 publication Critical patent/EP0282257A2/en
Publication of EP0282257A3 publication Critical patent/EP0282257A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0282257B1 publication Critical patent/EP0282257B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43C—FASTENINGS OR ATTACHMENTS OF FOOTWEAR; LACES IN GENERAL
    • A43C15/00—Non-skid devices or attachments
    • A43C15/16—Studs or cleats for football or like boots
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B5/00—Footwear for sporting purposes
    • A43B5/001—Golf shoes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43C—FASTENINGS OR ATTACHMENTS OF FOOTWEAR; LACES IN GENERAL
    • A43C15/00—Non-skid devices or attachments
    • A43C15/16—Studs or cleats for football or like boots
    • A43C15/161—Studs or cleats for football or like boots characterised by the attachment to the sole

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a socket and stud, in combination, for an article of footwear, the stud comprising a ground-engaging portion at one end and an externally screw-threaded spigot at its other end, and the socket being internally screw-threaded to receive the spigot, the stud and the socket comprising complementary teeth and the arrangement being such that in use, when the spigot is screwed into the socket, the teeth of the stud and the teeth of the socket interengage to prevent the stud being freely unscrewed.
  • stud is used herein to denote generally any form of projection that in use can engage the ground, the term therefore including both blunt projections and sharp projections of the kind sometimes referred to as spikes.
  • sockets which are open at their lower ends.
  • the sockets may be in the sole or in the heel of the article of footwear, or in both the sole and the heel.
  • a stud for use with an article of footwear of that kind has an externally screw-threaded spigot which can be screwed into a socket.
  • the sockets it is desirable for the sockets to be made from plastics materials rather than from metals as in general they are lighter than the equivalent metal sockets and, unlike metal sockets, tend not to corrode. Nevertheless it may be necessary or desirable to take steps to avoid the sockets being damaged when in use.
  • each stud may be provided with retaining means, such as an upstanding ring, which is spaced outwards from the screw-threaded spigot, the arrangement being such that when the spigot is screwed tightly into a socket, the retaining means resists the tendency for the lower end portion of the socket to expand outwards to an extent such as might cause the socket to split or to be in danger of splitting.
  • the presence of the retaining means may well enable the stud to be screwed up so tightly that an intermediate part of the socket expands outwards and the socket becomes slightly barrel-shaped. This leads to relatively high frictional forces operating between the stud and the socket, those forces helping to reduce the likelihood of the stud becoming unintentionally unscrewed in use.
  • Means comprising interengaging teeth for preventing the accidental unscrewing of a stud from a socket are described in GB-A-318 813 and US-A-2 299 927. In both of those cases the teeth on the socket-forming member are provided on axially-facing end surfaces of the member.
  • An aim of the present invention is to provide an improved socket and stud combination having such means preventing accidental unscrewing.
  • the invention is characterised in that the teeth on the socket are provided on the outside face of a tubular portion of a unitary plastics moulding forming the socket, and the teeth on the stud are spaced outwards from the spigot so that an annular gap is provided between the spigot and the teeth, a leading end of the tubular portion of the socket progressively entering said annular gap in the stud as the spigot is screwed into the socket.
  • the invention consists in an article of footwear provided with a plurality of such sockets and studs.
  • the teeth on the stud are preferably frangible, the arrangement being such that when the spigot of the stud has been screwed into the socket and the teeth on the stud and socket have become interengaged to at least a predetermined extent, the action of unscrewing the stud from the socket causes at least some of the teeth on the stud to break off.
  • the arrangement is preferably such that in whatever relative rotational positions the stud and socket are when the stud is screwed into the socket, at least some of the teeth on the stud are free to assume their natural shapes rather than being deformed by contact with the teeth on the socket.
  • This can conveniently be achieved by making the number of teeth on the socket different from the number of teeth on the stud.
  • the number of teeth on the socket is preferably less than the number of teeth on the stud.
  • the teeth on the socket are preferably uniformly spaced around the socket, and similarly the teeth on the stud are preferably uniformly spaced around the spigot.
  • the teeth on the stud are preferably ratchet-shaped so that the faces they present to the teeth of a complementary socket, when the stud is being screwed into such a socket, are inclined to the axis of rotation and afford less resistance to rotation than would occur if the faces were parallel with the axis of rotation, while the faces they present to the teeth of that socket when a torque is applied to the stud in the direction necessary for the unscrewing of the stud from the socket are either not inclined to the axis of rotation or are inclined more steeply than the aforementioned faces.
  • the teeth on the stud are preferably provided on a retaining ring spaced outwards from the spigot and adapted to receive an end portion of a complementary socket in the manner and for the purpose described above.
  • the spigot and the teeth of the stud are preferably formed from a plastics material as parts of the same moulding.
  • the stud preferably has an outwardly directed flange, disposed below the spigot and the teeth, which flange can in use engage the underside of the article of footwear on which the stud is mounted.
  • the lower surface of the flange is preferably of a convex shape, though if desired it could be flat or even concave.
  • the present invention consists in an internally screw-threaded socket, for use in a combination as hereinbefore referred to for an article of footwear, the socket being characterised in that it is a unitary moulding of a plastics material comprising a tubular portion provided on its outside face with a plurality of teeth for interengagement with complementary teeth on a stud having an externally screw-threaded spigot that can be screwed into the socket, the interengagement of the teeth on the socket and on the stud serving to prevent the stud from being freely unscrewed.
  • the invention consists in an article of footwear provided with a plurality of such sockets.
  • the teeth on the socket are preferably ratchet-shaped so that the obstruction they afford to the teeth of a complementary stud when it is being screwed into engagement with the socket is less than the obstruction they afford to the teeth on such a stud when it is being unscrewed from the socket.
  • the teeth on the socket are preferably set back from the lower end of the socket so that an end portion of the socket, without teeth, can be received by complementary retaining means on a stud.
  • the socket could comprise an individually formed component, unconnected to any other socket, and anchored or adapted to be anchored in an article of footwear, but in a preferred arrangement the socket is one of a plurality of similar sockets constituting part of a socket unit incorporated in or adapted to be incorporated in an article of footwear.
  • the socket unit may be incorporated in the sole of an article of footwear or in the heel thereof.
  • a unit designed for incorporation in the sole will be referred to below as a sole plate.
  • the socket unit may be fabricated from pre-formed components but is preferably formed as a unitary moulding of a suitable plastics material or the like. The moulding is preferably in the form of a plate from the underside of which a plurality of sockets project. The upper face of the plate is preferably flat.
  • the lower face of the plate may also be flat, though if desired it may be shaped so that certain areas of the plate, notably around the socket, are thicker than other areas.
  • thicker areas of the plate form bands, each of which extends across the plate between a pair of associated sockets. The arrangement is preferably such that when the unit is incorporated in the sole of an article of footwear, at least some of the bands extend laterally across the article of footwear rather than lengthwise thereof.
  • each socket preferably flares upwards and outwards above the teeth.
  • the sockets project downwards into holes formed in a bottom part of the sole or heel.
  • the holes are sufficiently large to accommodate the sockets and the teeth on the sockets.
  • the flared part of the outer surface of each socket can engage and slightly deform that part of the bottom of the sole or heel bordering the upper end of the associated hole; consequently the plate is positively located relative to the bottom part of the sole or heel.
  • bottom part of the sole or heel is normally likely to comprise a single layer of leather or other material, such as a plastics material, it would be possible for the bottom part of the sole or heel to comprise two or more separately formed laminae of the same or of different materials.
  • the sole plate illustrated in Figure 1 is intended for incorporation in the sole of a golf shoe, as described in more detail below.
  • the sole plate comprises a unitary moulding of a suitable plastics material such as an acetal resin.
  • the upper side (not shown) of the plate is flat, but the underside is shaped to provide various formations. Principal among those formations are a plurality of sockets, 1, and a plurality of bands, 2. There are eight sockets in this particular embodiment but it is to be understood that a different number of sockets may be provided, if desired. Similarly the number of bands may be varied as desired.
  • the sockets are all of the same shape and size, so only one will be described in detail.
  • the socket is open at its lower (leading) end 32 and is closed at its upper end by an integral closure disc 3 which is relatively thin as compared with the thickness of the remainder of the plate.
  • the socket is formed internally with a screw-thread 4.
  • the profile of the thread is similar to that described and illustrated in the specification of British patent No. 2 115 683 of Triman Limited and will not be further described here.
  • a plurality of teeth 5 are formed on the outside face 29 of a tubular portion 30 of the socket. For the sake of clarity, the teeth are not shown in Figure 1. In the embodiment illustrated in Figures 2 and 3 there are five such teeth, but a different number may be provided if desired.
  • each tooth is ratchet-shaped, having on one side a face 6 which is inclined to the axis of the socket and on the other side a face 7 which is parallel with that axis.
  • the faces 6 and 7 are joined at their lower ends by a short end face 8 which is normal to the axis.
  • the teeth are set back, above the lower end of the socket, as illustrated.
  • the outer surface of each socket flares upwards and outwards above the teeth, as indicated at 9.
  • Each of the bands 2 constitutes an area of increased thickness of the plate and extends between two associated sockets.
  • a central part of each band is of uniform thickness and is bordered on each side by a wedge-shaped part. In this way, sudden variations in thickness are avoided.
  • An end portion of each band surrounds a socket and provides increased support for the socket.
  • the bands 2 extend in a generally transverse direction across the width of the plate, and in consequence the bands do not interfere significantly with the transverse flexing of the sole plate such as can be expected to occur in use. It will be seen from Figure 2 that the closure disc 3 at the upper end of each is less thick than the main part of the plate; this enables the axial length of the interior of the socket to be made as long as possible.
  • the sockets 1 are intended for receiving studs.
  • Each stud comprises a support 10 made of a plastics material such as an acetal resin and a metal pin element (not shown).
  • the support 10 comprises an externally screw-threaded sleeve 11 which constitutes a spigot to be screwed into one of the sockets 1.
  • the support also includes an outwardly directed flange 12.
  • the pin element comprises a stem and a ground-engaging head. In manufacture, the stem is inserted into the sleeve 11 and is deformed after insertion to secure the support and pin element permanently together. Studs of that kind are the subject of British patent No. 2 008 102 of Triman Limited and their construction will not be further described here.
  • An annular retaining ring 13 projects upwards from the flange 12.
  • the ring is spaced outwards from the sleeve 11 and is coaxial with it to leave an annular gap 31.
  • the lower end portion 33 of the socket, below the teeth 5 enters the gap 31 within the ring.
  • the function of the retaining ring is described in British patent application No. 8518677 (publication No. 2 163 037A) referred to above and will not be further described here.
  • a plurality of teeth 14 project upwards from the top of the retaining ring 13. In the embodiment illustrated there are ten such teeth, but a different number may be provided if desired. Nevertheless, for reasons described below it is preferred to provide twice as many teeth on the stud as there are on the socket. As can be seen from Figure 7, each of the teeth 14, is ratchet-shaped, having a leading face 15 of curved shape, but of which an upper part is considerably inclined to the axis of the stud, and a trailing face 16 which is almost parallel with that axis.
  • the flange 12 is generally saucer-shaped, having a convex underside and a concave upper side.
  • Blind holes 17 are formed in the underside of the flange and serve to accept pins on a face spanner used for screwing the stud into and out of a socket.
  • the blind holes 17 could be replaced by through holes if desired, though it is usually preferred to provide blind holes as through holes might provide a passage for dirt to enter and become trapped between the flange and the bottom of the article of footwear.
  • the rim of the flange is of a shape unlike that of the flanges of the previous designs of stud in that its upper side tapers upwards.
  • the taper is afforded by a frusto-conical face 18 which extends above an outermost cylindrical face 19.
  • the rim of the flange may be of any other desired shape.
  • it may present a relatively sharp edge or a rounded edge; alternatively it may have an upstanding peripheral rib which in use tightly seals against the sole or heel of the article of footwear.
  • the sole plate and the associated studs is intended to operate in the following manner.
  • the sole plate is incorporated in a golf shoe which includes a sole of which the bottom part is made from a piece of leather.
  • the piece of leather is trimmed to a substantially uniform thickness and is punched with circular holes so positioned that each hole can receive an associated one of the sockets 1 of the sole plate.
  • the diameter of each hole is just great enough to enable the teeth 5 on the associated socket to enter the hole.
  • the hole-size may be such as to require the sockets to be lightly pressed into the holes so that the sole plate is held in place by friction.
  • the leather around the lower end of each hole is milled away to provide a shallow counterbore of a diameter slightly less than that of the cylindrical outer face 19 of the flange 12 of the stud.
  • each socket When the sole plate has been assembled with the piece of leather, with the sockets 1 projecting downwards into the holes, the lower end of each socket, below the teeth 5, is either flush with the upper end of the counterbore or projects a short way into the counterbore.
  • the flared part 9 of each socket engages and slightly compresses that part of the leather bordering the upper end of the associated hole.
  • the central parts of the bands 2 bear on the upper face of the piece of leather but gaps are left between the remainder of the sole plate and the leather. If desired those gaps could be filled with suitable packing material but that is not normally considered necessary.
  • the piece of leather assembled with the sole plate is then incorporated in the remainder of the shoe in a conventional manner.
  • the piece of leather tends to assume a lightly curved shape so that its undersurface is convex.
  • the spigots of the studs are screwed into the sockets. While each stud is being screwed into position, the teeth 14 on the stud soon start to come into contact with the teeth 5 on the socket. As the leading faces 15 of the teeth 14 contact the inclined faces 6 of the teeth 5, the teeth 14 initially tend to yield resiliently and to ride past the teeth 5. As the spigot rises progressively in the socket, however, the teeth 14 tend to splay outwards as they pass by the teeth 5. In so doing they tend to press into the leather bottom part of the sole bounding the hole in which the socket is housed. Were it not for the presence of the leather there might also be a tendency for the teeth 5 to become deformed. The presence of the leather, however, which abuts the part-cylindrical outer face of the tooth, does tend to prevent that happening.
  • Another advantage is that the extent to which the flange 12 projects below the shoe is much reduced, and the resultant indentation of any golfing green on which a user may walk is correspondingly lessened. In fact, only a central part of the flange projects below the level of the adjacent part of the undersurface of the shoe.
  • another advantage is that when the shoe is in use and the sole flexes, any slight relative movement that may occur between part of the sole and part of the flange 12 is normally insufficient to cause the rim of the flange to leave the counterbore. Thus, no gap appears between the flange and the sole into which earth or grass might enter in use.
  • the teeth 14, in passing the teeth 5, tend to splay outwards and enter the surrounding leather. It might be expected that a permanent annular groove would therefore be formed in the leather, but it is in fact found that this does not occur and that the leather gradually returns substantially to its initial shape. This is thought to be a consequence of the fibrous nature of leather. This helps in snapping off the teeth, as described above. Nevertheless, if a plastics material is used instead of leather (and that is a possible alternative), a more permanent groove may be formed by the teeth 14 as the stud is being screwed into place. This, however, is not fatal to the operation of the invention as the unsplayed teeth 14 prevent the unintentional unscrewing of the stud, as described above.
  • the unsplayed teeth 14 snap off on engagement with the teeth 5, while the splayed teeth tend quickly to resume their initial shapes and may also be snapped off by abutment with the teeth 5. Even if a few of the splayed teeth pass outside the teeth 5 and remain on the stud, the absence of the remainder is immediately evident.
  • each formation may be provided a formation on or in the underside of the socket unit extending around each socket, each formation affording, within it, an upwardly extending recess somewhat larger in extent than the flange on the associated stud so that in use, when the stud is tightened into place its flange tends to urge the adjacent part of the bottom part of the article of footwear into the recess.
  • the formation may be formed merely by providing a recess, such as a circular recess, in the socket unit.
  • the formation comprises an annular rib concentric with the associated socket and of a diameter somewhat greater than that of the rim of the associated stud.
  • FIG 8 An embodiment of the invention incorporating such a rib is illustrated in Figure 8 in which there is shown part of a sole plate 20, with a socket 21 similar to the socket 1 shown in Figures 2 and 3.
  • the support 22 of a stud is shown as being fully engaged with the socket 21, the support being of the same design as that of the support 10 illustrated in Figures 5 and 6.
  • Parts of the socket 21 and support 22 are given the same reference numerals as those given to corresponding parts of the socket 1 and support 10.
  • An annular rib 23 is formed on the undersurface of the sole plate 20.
  • the rib is of semi-circular cross-section and is concentric with the socket 21.
  • a similar rib is formed round each socket of the sole plate.
  • the bottom part of the sole is indicated by the chain-dotted line 24. Initially it is of uniform thickness and is formed with a hole 25 for receiving the socket 21.
  • the hole has a counterbore 26 at its lower end for receiving the rim of the flange 12 of the support 10. As described above, that part bordering the top of the hole 25 is slightly deformed by the flared part 9 of the socket, while the rim of the flange lightly compresses the part bordering the counterbore.
  • the rim of its flange 12 presses up against the bottom of the shoe. That part of the bottom of the shoe vertically above the rim and adjacent to the socket unit is disposed just inside the annular rib 23 on the unit.
  • annular rib 23 or of some other formation preforming a similar function is applicable to other kinds of socket units and in particular may be of value with socket units in which the sockets are not provided with teeth and co-operate with studs that are not provided with teeth.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)
EP88301981A 1987-03-10 1988-03-08 Studded footwear Expired - Lifetime EP0282257B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88301981T ATE97786T1 (de) 1987-03-10 1988-03-08 Schuh mit dornen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8705619 1987-03-10
GB878705619A GB8705619D0 (en) 1987-03-10 1987-03-10 Studded footwear

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0282257A2 EP0282257A2 (en) 1988-09-14
EP0282257A3 EP0282257A3 (en) 1990-03-07
EP0282257B1 true EP0282257B1 (en) 1993-12-01

Family

ID=10613668

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88301981A Expired - Lifetime EP0282257B1 (en) 1987-03-10 1988-03-08 Studded footwear

Country Status (10)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0282257B1 (ko)
JP (1) JP2622266B2 (ko)
KR (1) KR970000473B1 (ko)
AT (1) ATE97786T1 (ko)
CA (1) CA1337623C (ko)
DE (1) DE3885918T2 (ko)
ES (1) ES2048200T3 (ko)
GB (2) GB8705619D0 (ko)
PT (1) PT86950B (ko)
ZA (1) ZA881693B (ko)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6834446B2 (en) 2002-08-27 2004-12-28 Softspikes, Llc Indexable shoe cleat with improved traction
US6834445B2 (en) 2002-07-16 2004-12-28 Softspikes, Llc Shoe cleat with improved traction

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8922644D0 (en) * 1989-10-07 1989-11-22 Trisport Ltd Studded footwear
GB2252715B (en) * 1989-10-07 1993-05-12 Trisport Ltd Studded footwear
GB9007519D0 (en) * 1990-04-03 1990-05-30 Trisport Ltd Studded footwear
JPH0618778U (ja) * 1992-08-11 1994-03-11 株式会社イナックス 水栓ハンドルキャップの締結構造
US5887371A (en) 1997-02-18 1999-03-30 Curley, Jr.; John J. Footwear cleat
DE19850449B4 (de) 1998-11-02 2005-03-03 Adidas International Marketing B.V. Stollenschuh
GB0027750D0 (en) 2000-11-14 2000-12-27 Trisport Ltd Studded footwear
US7137213B2 (en) 2002-04-09 2006-11-21 Trisport, Limited Studded footwear
US7559160B2 (en) 2002-04-09 2009-07-14 Trisport Limited Studded footwear
KR100811693B1 (ko) 2007-05-02 2008-03-11 주식회사 동희산업 자동차의 페달 스위치 고정장치

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL30655C (ko) * 1927-12-21
GB335594A (en) * 1929-05-27 1930-09-29 I T S Rubber Company Ltd Improvements in or relating to boots and shoes
GB344039A (en) * 1929-11-29 1931-03-02 I T S Rubber Company Ltd Improvements in or relating to boots and shoes
US2299927A (en) * 1939-05-08 1942-10-27 Spalding A G & Bros Inc Calk device
US2292238A (en) * 1939-11-07 1942-08-04 Spalding A G & Bros Inc Shoe and calk device therefor
US2235774A (en) * 1940-09-30 1941-03-18 Spalding A G & Bros Inc Cleat device
US2689417A (en) * 1951-11-05 1954-09-21 Bernstein Joseph Randolph Golf spike assembly
GB854975A (en) * 1957-07-15 1960-11-23 Groschopp & Company Ges Mit Be Improvements in and relating to self-locking screw-threaded interengaging elements
GB987685A (en) * 1962-07-23 1965-03-31 Ass Elect Ind Improvements relating to gyrator locking arrangements
GB1140390A (en) * 1966-08-05 1969-01-15 Adams Ltd L Quick release couplings for fluid, flow lines or pipes
GB1418021A (en) * 1972-02-21 1975-12-17 Plastic Screws Ltd Retaining or adjusting devices
GB2028102B (en) * 1978-08-16 1982-09-08 Triman Ltd Studs for footwear
GB2115683B (en) * 1982-02-17 1985-08-29 Triman Ltd Studded footwear
US4402416A (en) * 1982-04-26 1983-09-06 Owens-Illinois, Inc. Child-resistant package
US4410097A (en) * 1982-06-18 1983-10-18 Owens-Illinois, Inc. Child resistant package
GB8419182D0 (en) * 1984-07-27 1984-08-30 Triman Ltd Studs for footwear

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6834445B2 (en) 2002-07-16 2004-12-28 Softspikes, Llc Shoe cleat with improved traction
US6834446B2 (en) 2002-08-27 2004-12-28 Softspikes, Llc Indexable shoe cleat with improved traction

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU1268088A (en) 1988-09-08
JP2622266B2 (ja) 1997-06-18
KR970000473B1 (ko) 1997-01-13
GB2202916A (en) 1988-10-05
GB2202916B (en) 1991-09-04
ES2048200T3 (es) 1994-03-16
EP0282257A3 (en) 1990-03-07
KR880010708A (ko) 1988-10-24
PT86950A (pt) 1989-03-30
PT86950B (pt) 1995-03-31
EP0282257A2 (en) 1988-09-14
JPS63262102A (ja) 1988-10-28
ATE97786T1 (de) 1993-12-15
DE3885918T2 (de) 1994-06-16
DE3885918D1 (de) 1994-01-13
GB8705619D0 (en) 1987-04-15
CA1337623C (en) 1995-11-28
GB8805473D0 (en) 1988-04-07
AU611671B2 (en) 1991-06-20
ZA881693B (en) 1989-11-29

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