EP0277931B1 - Wear-resistant cast iron with a high phosphorus content - Google Patents
Wear-resistant cast iron with a high phosphorus content Download PDFInfo
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- EP0277931B1 EP0277931B1 EP88870003A EP88870003A EP0277931B1 EP 0277931 B1 EP0277931 B1 EP 0277931B1 EP 88870003 A EP88870003 A EP 88870003A EP 88870003 A EP88870003 A EP 88870003A EP 0277931 B1 EP0277931 B1 EP 0277931B1
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- cast iron
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- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910001060 Gray iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000446313 Lamella Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001096 P alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003017 phosphorus Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
Definitions
- Document FR-A-1584012 discloses a cast iron with a high phosphorus content which, thanks to its wear resistance, can be used in friction braking devices.
- the fact of having provided in this cast iron a content of at least 2% by weight of phosphorus makes it possible to reduce the wear by friction compared to that of the conventional gray cast iron which contains only 1% of phosphorus. It also reduces the emission of sparks during braking.
- This phosphorus is generally added to cast iron in the form of ferro-phosphorus.
- the incorporation is carried out during a second melting in a cupola in which alternating charges of coke and of a mixture of iron and ferro-phosphorus are previously put in place.
- the cast iron thus obtained has a Brinell hardness of between 207 and 255 HB, while the ferrite content of the alloy is not specified.
- Phosphorus promotes the segregation of graphite and gives rise to the formation of a ternary eutectic, steadite, which has a Brinell hardness of approximately 440 HB. Its melting point is around 950 ° C. Steadite has a much higher hardness than that of ferrite or even perlite.
- ferrite has a Brinell hardness of approximately 125 HB and perlite a Brinell hardness of approximately 220 HB.
- the value of the maximum hardness of cast iron has been fixed to take account of the usual hardness of the wheel treads of rolling stock.
- Document FR-A-2,145,607 describes alloys of cast iron with a characteristic microstructure comprising phosphorus present in the form of a substantially continuous network of a eutectic of phosphorus degenerate between voluminous primary dendrite crystals.
- the degenerate eutectic comprises a substantially continuous matrix of iron predominantly in the form of ferrite or perlite.
- These cast iron alloys are obtained by melting together iron and ferro-phosphorus waste in an induction furnace and then annealing in an electrically heated mold.
- This process provides a relatively low hardness ferritic iron.
- it is therefore necessary to carry out an annealing which is obtained by prolonged heating for 1 to 6 hours of the parts cast at a temperature between 850 and 1,500 ° C., preferably 910 to 920 °. vs.
- the limitation of the ferrite content is linked to a phenomenon of micro-welding between the ferritic structure of the brake shoe and that of the wheel tread, which has the effect of causing premature wear of said wheel tread.
- the production of a pig iron corresponding to the preceding paragraph is carried out by adding ferro-phosphorus to the liquid pig iron collected in a ladle or a mixer and not in the melting installation.
- the direct incorporation of ferro-phosphorus into the ladle also makes it possible to obtain better accuracy of analysis of the phosphorus content.
- the cast irons according to the invention with a phosphorus content of between 2 and 10% by weight and a carbon content of at least 3% by weight, meet the hardness and ferrite content requirements.
- the cast iron contains at least 2.3% by weight of carbon in the form of lamellar graphite.
- cupola fusion is accompanied by the incorporation of ferro-phosphorus when it comes to obtaining a wear-resistant ferrous alloy.
- the present invention suggests subjecting the cast iron to a different treatment.
- Undissolved iron therefore does not participate in the dilution of carbon, so that the carbon content decreases to a lesser extent than what could have been theorized and that it remains greater than 3%.
- ferro-phosphorus is adjusted so as to bring the phosphorus content to a value between 2.25 and 4.00% by weight.
- the alloy has a composition typically corresponding to gray cast iron, except as regards the high phosphorus content, greater than 2% by weight and a ferrite content less than 5% by volume.
- the cast iron according to the invention is perfectly suitable for the manufacture of brake shoes for railway equipment. It has excellent wear resistance, as described in Belgian Patent No. 717,428 and considerably reduces the formation of sparks. It also reduces noise emission, since the graphite slats help to dampen the propagation of vibrations in the brake shoes.
- the cast iron according to the invention has good flowability, due to the presence of phosphorus. It therefore allows relatively complicated parts to be produced with precision.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
- Meat, Egg Or Seafood Products (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention est relative à une fonte à haute teneur en phosphore destinée notamment à la fabrication de dispositifs de freinage par friction, offrant une bonne résistance à l'usure et composée des constituants suivants :
- 85 à 95 % en poids de fer
- 2 à 10 % en poids de phosphore
- moins de 6 % du poids total de carbone et silicium
- moins de 5 % du poids total des métaux suivants : manganèse, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, tungstène et molybdène,
et présentant une dureté Brinell inférieure à 270 HB. La fonte conforme à l'invention est utilisable dans les dispositifs faisant intervenir des pièces en fonte coulée soumises à une usure par frottement, notamment des sabots de freins à friction destinés à équiper le matériel de chemins de fer.
- 85 to 95% by weight of iron
- 2 to 10% by weight of phosphorus
- less than 6% of the total weight of carbon and silicon
- less than 5% of the total weight of the following metals: manganese, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, tungsten and molybdenum,
and having a Brinell hardness of less than 270 HB. The cast iron according to the invention can be used in devices involving cast iron parts subjected to wear by friction, in particular friction brake shoes intended to equip railway equipment.
On connaît par le document FR-A-1584012 une fonte à haute teneur en phosphore qui, grâce à sa résistance à l'usure est utilisable dans des dispositifs de freinage par friction. Le fait d'avoir prévu dans cette fonte une teneur d'au moins 2 % en poids de phosphore permet de réduire l'usure par friction par rapport à celle de la fonte grise classique qui ne contient qu'1 % de phosphore. Elle permet aussi de réduire l'émission d'étincelles lors du freinage.Document FR-A-1584012 discloses a cast iron with a high phosphorus content which, thanks to its wear resistance, can be used in friction braking devices. The fact of having provided in this cast iron a content of at least 2% by weight of phosphorus makes it possible to reduce the wear by friction compared to that of the conventional gray cast iron which contains only 1% of phosphorus. It also reduces the emission of sparks during braking.
Ce phosphore est généralement ajouté à la fonte sous forme de ferro-phosphore. L'incorporation est effectuée au cours d'une seconde fusion dans un cubilot dans lequel des charges alternées de coke et d'un mélange de fer et de ferro-phosphore sont préalablement mises en place. Selon le brevet belge susdit, la fonte ainsi obtenue possède une dureté Brinell comprise entre 207 et 255 HB, alors que la teneur en ferrite de l'alliage n'est pas précisée.This phosphorus is generally added to cast iron in the form of ferro-phosphorus. The incorporation is carried out during a second melting in a cupola in which alternating charges of coke and of a mixture of iron and ferro-phosphorus are previously put in place. According to the aforementioned Belgian patent, the cast iron thus obtained has a Brinell hardness of between 207 and 255 HB, while the ferrite content of the alloy is not specified.
Des mesures de la dureté effectuées par le déposant selon la norme DIN 50 351 démontrent cependant que la dureté Brinell des alliages fer/phosphore ayant la composition décrite dans le brevet belge n° 717.428 ont une dureté bien supérieure à celle mentionnée ci-dessus, du moins si aucune précaution particulière n'est prise. Des valeurs de dureté Brinell comprises entre 250 et 350 HB ont été relevées lorsque la fonte est préparée de manière classique par affinage au cubilot. L'obtention dans les fontes au phosphore d'une dureté Brinell élevée s'explique aisément par l'influence que joue le phosphore sur la fonte de seconde fusion, qui a généralement une teneur en carbone supérieure à 2 % en poids.Measurements of the hardness carried out by the applicant according to standard DIN 50 351 demonstrate however that the Brinell hardness of the iron / phosphorus alloys having the composition described in the Belgian patent n ° 717.428 have a hardness much higher than that mentioned above, of the less if no special precautions are taken. Brinell hardness values between 250 and 350 HB have been recorded when the cast iron is prepared in the conventional way by refining in cupola. Obtaining a high Brinell hardness in phosphorus cast iron is easily explained by the influence that phosphorus plays on secondary cast iron, which generally has a carbon content of more than 2% by weight.
Le phosphore favorise la ségrégation du graphite et donne lieu à la formation d'un eutectique ternaire, la steadite, qui présente une dureté Brinell d'environ 440 HB. Son point de fusion se situe vers 950°C. La steadite a une dureté bien supérieure à celle de la ferrite ou même de la perlite.Phosphorus promotes the segregation of graphite and gives rise to the formation of a ternary eutectic, steadite, which has a Brinell hardness of approximately 440 HB. Its melting point is around 950 ° C. Steadite has a much higher hardness than that of ferrite or even perlite.
Ainsi, la ferrite a une dureté Brinell d'environ 125 HB et la perlite une dureté Brinell d'environ 220 HB.Thus, ferrite has a Brinell hardness of approximately 125 HB and perlite a Brinell hardness of approximately 220 HB.
Il est aisé de comprendre qu'une diminution de dureté Brinell ne peut être obtenue qu'à condition de favoriser la formation d'une structure ferritique.It is easy to understand that a reduction in Brinell hardness can only be obtained if it promotes the formation of a ferritic structure.
Sachant que l'ajout à une fonte grise de seconde fusion contenant environ 2 % en poids de carbone, d'environ 3 % en poids de phosphore, entraîne la formation d'environ 30 % en poids de steadite, on peut donc affirmer que l'alliage ferreux qui en résulte, devrait contenir au moins 20 % en poids de ferrite pour présenter une dureté Brinell inférieure à 225 HB, telle que mentionnée dans le Brevet belge n° 717.428.Knowing that the addition to a gray pig iron of secondary fusion containing approximately 2% by weight of carbon, approximately 3% by weight of phosphorus, involves the formation of approximately 30% by weight of steadite, it can therefore be affirmed that l he resulting ferrous alloy should contain at least 20% by weight of ferrite to have a Brinell hardness of less than 225 HB, as mentioned in Belgian Patent No. 717,428.
Or, la plupart des réseaux de chemins de fer des états européens établissent des cahiers de charge extrêmement sévères pour la réalisation de sabots de frein. Les exigences les plus marquantes consistent dans le fait que la dureté Brinell de la fonte ne peut pas dépasser 270 HB pour une teneur en ferrite inférieure à 8 % en volume.However, most of the railroad networks of European states establish extremely strict specifications for the production of brake shoes. The most striking requirements are that the Brinell hardness of the cast iron cannot exceed 270 HB for a ferrite content of less than 8% by volume.
Les exigences de dureté maximale et de teneur en ferrite inférieure à un niveau déterminé semblent incompatibles et irréalisables simultanément.The requirements for maximum hardness and for ferrite content below a given level seem to be incompatible and impossible at the same time.
Pour une fonte de seconde fusion, deux solutions seulement sont susceptibles d'être retenues à ce jour pour diminuer la dureté. Ces solutions sont les suivantes :
- 1. Forçage de la teneur en carbone de la fonte de seconde fusion par ajout au cubilot de carbure de silicium, de manière à atteindre des valeurs de 3 à 3,3 % en poids de carbone. Le silicium, en formant du siliciure de fer plus stable que la cémentite, provo que la ségrégation du carbone. Or, les lamelles de graphite se comportent pratiquement comme des zones de dureté nulle, qui permettent d'abaisser la dureté Brinell de la fonte traitée;
- 2. Incorporation de manganèse à la fonte de seconde fusion, en vue de favoriser une structure perlitique.
- 1. Forcing the carbon content of secondary smelting by adding silicon carbide to the cupola, so as to reach values of 3 to 3.3% by weight of carbon. Silicon, by forming iron silicide more stable than cementite, provokes that carbon segregation. However, the graphite lamellas behave practically like zones of zero hardness, which make it possible to lower the Brinell hardness of the treated cast iron;
- 2. Incorporation of manganese in secondary smelting, with a view to promoting a pearlitic structure.
La valeur de la dureté maximale de la fonte a été fixée pour tenir compte de la dureté usuelle des bandages des roues du matériel roulant.The value of the maximum hardness of cast iron has been fixed to take account of the usual hardness of the wheel treads of rolling stock.
Par le document FR-A-2.145.607 sont décrits des alliages de fonte à microstructure caractéristique comprenant du phosphore présent sous forme d'un réseau sensiblement continu d'un eutectique de phosphore dégénéré entre de volumineux cristaux de dendrites primaires. L'eutectique dégénéré comprend une matrice sensiblement continue de fer en prédominance sous forme de ferrite ou de perlite. Ces alliages de fonte s'obtiennent en faisant fondre ensemble, des déchets de fer et de ferro-phosphore dans un four à induction et en effectuant ensuite un recuit dans un moule chauffé électriquement.Document FR-A-2,145,607 describes alloys of cast iron with a characteristic microstructure comprising phosphorus present in the form of a substantially continuous network of a eutectic of phosphorus degenerate between voluminous primary dendrite crystals. The degenerate eutectic comprises a substantially continuous matrix of iron predominantly in the form of ferrite or perlite. These cast iron alloys are obtained by melting together iron and ferro-phosphorus waste in an induction furnace and then annealing in an electrically heated mold.
Ce procédé procure une fonte ferritique de dureté relativement faible. Pour rendre les pièces plus dures, il est donc nécessaire d'effectuer un recuit que l'on obtient par un chauffage prolongé pendant 1 à 6 heures des pièces coulées à une température comprise entre 850 et 1.500°C, de préférence 910 à 920°C.This process provides a relatively low hardness ferritic iron. To make the parts harder, it is therefore necessary to carry out an annealing which is obtained by prolonged heating for 1 to 6 hours of the parts cast at a temperature between 850 and 1,500 ° C., preferably 910 to 920 °. vs.
La limitation de la teneur en ferrite est liée à un phénomène de micro-soudure entre la structure ferritique du sabot de frein et celle du bandage de roue, ce qui a pour effet d'entraîner une usure prématurée dudit bandage de roue.The limitation of the ferrite content is linked to a phenomenon of micro-welding between the ferritic structure of the brake shoe and that of the wheel tread, which has the effect of causing premature wear of said wheel tread.
Le document US-A-3767386 décrit une fonte à haute teneur en phosphore pour sabots de freinage, contenant du graphite présentant une structure mixte très fine nodulaire etvermiculaire. La fonte présente une structure steadite éparse dont une partie seulement est perlitique de manière à laisser le champ libre à n'importe quel pourcentage de ferrite.Document US-A-3767386 describes a cast iron with a high phosphorus content for brake shoes, containing graphite having a very fine nodular and vermicular mixed structure. The cast iron has a sparse steadite structure of which only a part is pearlitic so as to leave the field free to any percentage of ferrite.
Elle présente une dureté Brinell supérieure à celle d'une fonte classique mais inférieure à 270 HB. Elle assure aux freins une longévité supérieure à celle procurée par une fonte grise ordinaire, mais le faible allongement de la longévité semble encore insuffisant que pour être rentable.It has a Brinell hardness greater than that of a conventional cast iron but less than 270 HB. It provides the brakes with a longevity greater than that provided by ordinary gray cast iron, but the low elongation of the longevity still seems insufficient only to be profitable.
Enfin, il est connu par le document US-A-4,352,416 un sabot de frein réalisé à partir d'un alliage de fonte contenant du soufre. Cet alliage présente la composition suivante :
- carbone : 2,5 à 3,5 % en poids;
- silicium : 1,6 à 2,2 % en poids;
- phosphore : plus de 2 et au maximum 10 % en poids;
- sulfure et manganèse, tous deux présents dans un rapport pondéral S : (Mn/1,8) > 1.
- carbon: 2.5 to 3.5% by weight;
- silicon: 1.6 to 2.2% by weight;
- phosphorus: more than 2 and at most 10% by weight;
- sulfide and manganese, both present in a weight ratio S: (Mn / 1.8)> 1.
La présence de soufre dans l'alliage de fonte est désavantageuse dans le sens qu'elle rend les pièces fragiles et poreuses. On observe en effet que le soufre en réagissant avec des traces de laitier, engendre des soufflures dans l'alliage. Le soufre est généralement éliminé par l'ajout de manganèse, dans des proportions bien précises connues de l'homme de l'art.The presence of sulfur in the cast iron alloy is disadvantageous in the sense that it makes the pieces fragile and porous. It is observed in fact that the sulfur, reacting with traces of slag, causes blowing in the alloy. The sulfur is generally eliminated by the addition of manganese, in very precise proportions known to those skilled in the art.
En vue de satisfaire aux exigences de dureté maximale et de teneur en ferrite supérieure à un niveau déterminé dictées par les cahiers de charge pour la fabrication des sabots de frein, l'invention propose une fonte à haute teneur en phosphore destinée notamment à la fabrication de dispositifs de freinage par friction, offrant une bonne résistance à l'usure, et composée des constituants suivants :
- 85 à 95 % en poids de fer
- 2 à 10 % en poids de phosphore
- moins de 6 % du poids total de carbone et silicium
- moins de 5 % du poids total des métaux suivants : manganèse, cobalt, nickel, chrome, tungstène et molybdène,
et présentant une dureté Brinell inférieure à 270 HB.
- 85 to 95% by weight of iron
- 2 to 10% by weight of phosphorus
- less than 6% of the total weight of carbon and silicon
- less than 5% of the total weight of the following metals: manganese, cobalt, nickel, chromium, tungsten and molybdenum,
and having a Brinell hardness of less than 270 HB.
Cette fonte est essentiellement caractérisée en ce qu'elle comporte une structure perlitique et en ce qu'elle contient au moins 2,3 % en poids de carbone sous forme de graphite lamellaire, moins de 5% en volume de ferrite et une teneur en manganèse au moins égale à celle trouvée par la formule Mn = 1.72 S + 0.30 où S est la teneur en soufre due aux sulfurés liés par le manganèse.This cast iron is essentially characterized in that it has a pearlitic structure and in that it contains at least 2.3% by weight of carbon in the form of lamellar graphite, less than 5% by volume of ferrite and a manganese content. at least equal to that found by the formula Mn = 1.72 S + 0.30 where S is the sulfur content due to the sulfides bound by manganese.
Selon l'invention, la fabrication d'une fonte correspondant au paragraphe précédent, s'effectue par l'ajout de ferro-phosphore à la fonte liquide récoltée dans une poche de coulée ou un mélangeur et non pas dans l'installation de fusion. L'incorporation directe de ferro-phosphore dans la poche de coulée permet également d'obtenir une meilleure précision d'analyse de la teneur en phosphore.According to the invention, the production of a pig iron corresponding to the preceding paragraph is carried out by adding ferro-phosphorus to the liquid pig iron collected in a ladle or a mixer and not in the melting installation. The direct incorporation of ferro-phosphorus into the ladle also makes it possible to obtain better accuracy of analysis of the phosphorus content.
La formule expérimentale de Lévi :
Les fontes selon l'invention, à teneur en phosphore comprise entre 2 et 10 % en poids et à teneur en carbone d'au moins 3 % en poids, respectent les exigences de dureté et de teneur en ferrite.The cast irons according to the invention, with a phosphorus content of between 2 and 10% by weight and a carbon content of at least 3% by weight, meet the hardness and ferrite content requirements.
Elles présentent en outre l'avantage d'amortir les bruits lors du freinage. Cette propriété est due au fait que les lamelles de graphite, présentes en nombre plus élevé sous une taille plus grande, sont d'excellents amortisseurs de vibrations.They also have the advantage of dampening noise during braking. This property is due to the fact that the graphite lamellae, present in greater numbers in a larger size, are excellent vibration absorbers.
Selon une particularité de l'invention, la fonte contient au moins 2,3 % en poids de carbone sous forme de graphite lamellaire.According to a feature of the invention, the cast iron contains at least 2.3% by weight of carbon in the form of lamellar graphite.
D'autres particularités et détails de l'invention apparaîtront au cours de la description détaillée d'une forme de mise en oeuvre particulière du procédé selon l'invention.Other features and details of the invention will appear during the detailed description of a particular form of implementation of the method according to the invention.
La fonte a généralement une composition typique suivante :
- carbone : 3 à 4 % en poids
- silicium : 1 à 3 % en poids
- manganèse : 0,4 à 1,0 % en poids
- phosphore : 0.1 à 1,0 % en poids
- soufre : 0,08 à 0,15 % en poids.
- carbon: 3 to 4% by weight
- silicon: 1 to 3% by weight
- manganese: 0.4 to 1.0% by weight
- phosphorus: 0.1 to 1.0% by weight
- sulfur: 0.08 to 0.15% by weight.
Selon les procédés connus, la fusion au cubilot est accompagnée de l'incorporation de ferro-phosphore lorsqu'il s'agit d'obtenir un alliage ferreux résistant à l'usure. La présente invention suggère de soumettre la fonte à un traitement différent.According to known methods, cupola fusion is accompanied by the incorporation of ferro-phosphorus when it comes to obtaining a wear-resistant ferrous alloy. The present invention suggests subjecting the cast iron to a different treatment.
Elle suggère d'amener la fonte dans une poche de coulée ou dans un mélangeur en vue d'ajouter environ 10 % en poids de ferro-phosphore.She suggests bringing the cast iron into a ladle or a mixer to add about 10% by weight of ferro-phosphorus.
On a constaté que lors de l'ajout de ferro-phosphore dans la poche, la totalité du phosphore provenant de la décomposition du ferro-phosphore se retrouvait dans la fonte liquide, tandis qu'une proportion importante du fer présent dans le ferro-phosphore surnageait dans la poche, sous forme de scories.It was found that when ferro-phosphorus was added to the ladle, all of the phosphorus resulting from the decomposition of ferro-phosphorus was found in liquid pig iron, while a significant proportion of the iron present in ferro-phosphorus floated in the pocket, in the form of slag.
Le fer non dissous ne participe donc pas à la dilution du carbone, de sorte que la teneur en carbone diminue dans une mesure moindre que ce qu'on aurait pu prévoir théoriquement et qu'elle reste supérieure à 3 %.Undissolved iron therefore does not participate in the dilution of carbon, so that the carbon content decreases to a lesser extent than what could have been theorized and that it remains greater than 3%.
L'ajout de ferro-phosphore est réglé de manière à amener la teneur en phosphore à une valeur comprise entre 2,25 et 4,00 % en poids.The addition of ferro-phosphorus is adjusted so as to bring the phosphorus content to a value between 2.25 and 4.00% by weight.
L'alliage a une composition correspondant typiquement à une fonte grise, sauf en ce qui concerne la teneur élevée en phosphore, supérieure à 2 % en poids et une teneur en ferrite inférieure à 5 % en volume.The alloy has a composition typically corresponding to gray cast iron, except as regards the high phosphorus content, greater than 2% by weight and a ferrite content less than 5% by volume.
La fonte suivant l'invention convient parfaitement à la fabrication de sabots de frein pour matériel de chemins de fer. Elle présente une excellente résistance à l'usure, comme décrit dans le brevet belge n° 717.428 et réduit considérablement la formation d'étincelles. Elle permet également de réduire l'émission de bruit, puisque les lamelles de graphite contribuent à amortir la propagation des vibrations dans les sabots de freins.The cast iron according to the invention is perfectly suitable for the manufacture of brake shoes for railway equipment. It has excellent wear resistance, as described in Belgian Patent No. 717,428 and considerably reduces the formation of sparks. It also reduces noise emission, since the graphite slats help to dampen the propagation of vibrations in the brake shoes.
La fonte selon l'invention présente une bonne coulabilité, due à la présence de phosphore. Elle permet donc de réaliser avec précision des pièces relativement compliquées.The cast iron according to the invention has good flowability, due to the presence of phosphorus. It therefore allows relatively complicated parts to be produced with precision.
Claims (3)
manganese, cobalt, nickel, vanadium, chromium, tungsten and molybdenum, and having a Brinell hardness of less than 270 HB, characterised in that it has a perlitic structure and in that it contains at least 2.3% by weight of carbon in the form of flake graphite, less than 5% by volume of ferrite, and a manganese content at least equal to that given by the formula Mn = 1.72 S + 0.30 where S is the sulphur content due to the sulphides bonded by the manganese.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT88870003T ATE77658T1 (en) | 1987-02-05 | 1988-01-14 | WEAR RESISTANT CAST IRON WITH HIGH PHOSPHORUS CONTENT. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BE8700085A BE1000292A3 (en) | 1987-02-05 | 1987-02-05 | CAST IRON WITH HIGH WEAR RESISTANT PHOSPHORUS. |
BE8700085 | 1987-02-05 |
Publications (4)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0277931A2 EP0277931A2 (en) | 1988-08-10 |
EP0277931A3 EP0277931A3 (en) | 1988-09-07 |
EP0277931B1 true EP0277931B1 (en) | 1992-06-24 |
EP0277931B2 EP0277931B2 (en) | 2000-08-30 |
Family
ID=3882504
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP88870003A Expired - Lifetime EP0277931B2 (en) | 1987-02-05 | 1988-01-14 | Wear-resistant cast iron with a high phosphorus content |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0277931B2 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE77658T1 (en) |
BE (1) | BE1000292A3 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3872262T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK173189B1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2032602T5 (en) |
GR (2) | GR3005698T3 (en) |
NO (1) | NO170989C (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR0130481B1 (en) * | 1993-02-03 | 1998-04-10 | 가나이 쯔도무 | Emergency stop equipment & elevator |
DE502007000405D1 (en) * | 2007-03-07 | 2009-03-12 | Eisenwerk Arnstadt Gmbh | Cast irons for the manufacture of components for friction brake devices and method for the production of the cast iron |
DE102015007229A1 (en) | 2015-06-03 | 2016-12-08 | Anstatt Schienenfahrzeuge-Kraftwerksanlagenbau Gmbh | Metallurgical recycling of residual, waste and waste materials |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1527165A (en) * | 1923-03-28 | 1925-02-24 | Bauer Bros Co | Alloy |
US1690352A (en) * | 1927-06-11 | 1928-11-06 | Harry M Williams | Heat-resisting alloy |
US3193383A (en) * | 1962-11-14 | 1965-07-06 | Union Carbide Corp | Iron base alloy |
FR1528123A (en) * | 1966-05-09 | 1968-06-07 | Albright & Wilson Mfg Ltd | High phosphorus iron alloys |
GB1238646A (en) * | 1967-07-07 | 1971-07-07 | ||
JPS516608B1 (en) * | 1971-04-05 | 1976-03-01 | ||
GB1411216A (en) * | 1971-07-13 | 1975-10-22 | Albright & Wilson | Casting iron alloys |
US4352416A (en) * | 1977-01-18 | 1982-10-05 | Abex Corp. | Cast iron railroad brake shoes |
-
1987
- 1987-02-05 BE BE8700085A patent/BE1000292A3/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1988
- 1988-01-14 EP EP88870003A patent/EP0277931B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-14 AT AT88870003T patent/ATE77658T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-01-14 DE DE8888870003T patent/DE3872262T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-01-14 ES ES88870003T patent/ES2032602T5/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-02-04 DK DK198800564A patent/DK173189B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-02-04 NO NO880496A patent/NO170989C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1992
- 1992-09-14 GR GR920402030T patent/GR3005698T3/el unknown
-
2000
- 2000-11-08 GR GR20000402481T patent/GR3034788T3/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2032602T3 (en) | 1993-02-16 |
ATE77658T1 (en) | 1992-07-15 |
NO170989B (en) | 1992-09-28 |
BE1000292A3 (en) | 1988-10-11 |
GR3034788T3 (en) | 2001-02-28 |
NO170989C (en) | 1993-01-06 |
DK56488A (en) | 1988-08-06 |
DE3872262D1 (en) | 1992-07-30 |
EP0277931B2 (en) | 2000-08-30 |
DE3872262T2 (en) | 1992-12-03 |
DK173189B1 (en) | 2000-03-13 |
GR3005698T3 (en) | 1993-06-07 |
ES2032602T5 (en) | 2000-12-16 |
EP0277931A3 (en) | 1988-09-07 |
DK56488D0 (en) | 1988-02-04 |
NO880496L (en) | 1988-08-08 |
EP0277931A2 (en) | 1988-08-10 |
NO880496D0 (en) | 1988-02-04 |
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