EP0273972B1 - Process for anchoring a prefabricated pile in the earth and pile for performance of the process - Google Patents

Process for anchoring a prefabricated pile in the earth and pile for performance of the process Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0273972B1
EP0273972B1 EP87904828A EP87904828A EP0273972B1 EP 0273972 B1 EP0273972 B1 EP 0273972B1 EP 87904828 A EP87904828 A EP 87904828A EP 87904828 A EP87904828 A EP 87904828A EP 0273972 B1 EP0273972 B1 EP 0273972B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pile
bladder
per
fact
section
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP87904828A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0273972A1 (en
Inventor
Karl Rainer Massarsch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Compagnie Internationale des Pieux Armes Frankignoui SA
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Compagnie Internationale des Pieux Armes Frankignoui SA
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Publication of EP0273972A1 publication Critical patent/EP0273972A1/en
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Publication of EP0273972B1 publication Critical patent/EP0273972B1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/54—Piles with prefabricated supports or anchoring parts; Anchoring piles
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/34—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same
    • E02D5/38—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making by use of mould-pipes or other moulds
    • E02D5/44—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making by use of mould-pipes or other moulds with enlarged footing or enlargements at the bottom of the pile

Definitions

  • the present invention essentially relates to a method of anchoring in the ground of a prefabricated pile.
  • piles When it comes to installing piles in loose soil, piles can be used with an integral base made beforehand, because these piles will easily sink into the ground.
  • the present invention specifically aims to achieve the above objectives.
  • the invention relates to a pile according to claim 1.
  • the pipe used has a terminal portion with orifices which extends inside the recess and around which the bladder is arranged.
  • the pile according to this invention is further characterized in that the aforementioned end portion is removably connected, for example by screwing, to the pipe extending along the axis of the pile.
  • the pile comprises longitudinal reinforcing bars which extend into the wall of the aforementioned recess.
  • the bladder housed in the recess has a wall formed of foldable parts in the direction of the axis of this bladder.
  • a recess closure plate may also be provided at the lower end of the pile.
  • This pile P which is for example made of concrete, has at its lower part a recess 1 in which is housed a bladder 2 connected to a pipe 3 extending for example along the longitudinal axis of the pile P.
  • the pipe 3, as seen in FIG. 3, can be connected by its through end 4 to another pipe 5 itself connected to a pump 6 for injecting hardenable material, into the bladder 2.
  • the injected material can be any suitable material such as for example cement mortar, concrete or even a suitable resin.
  • the pipe 3 has an end portion 7 which is pierced with orifices and around which the bladder 2 is tightly fixed, which has the shape of a sheath.
  • the bladder can be made of any suitable material, such as woven or non-woven fabric or an elastically deformable synthetic material.
  • the bladder 2 as can be seen in FIG. 2, can have foldable portions on its periphery like an umbrella, so that when the bladder 2 is inflated by the material sent by the pump 6, the parts 2a initially folded open and the bladder or sheath 2 deploys completely along a diameter which is significantly larger than the initial diameter of the bladder in the folded position.
  • the terminal portion 7 of the pipe 3 it can be seen in FIG. 5 that it can be removably connected to the remaining part of the pipe 3 by means of a screw ring 9 for example.
  • the pipe 3 and its terminal portion 7 may for example be made of a suitable synthetic material, such as polyvinyl chloride, said terminal portion obviously being closed at 10.
  • the pile P has longitudinal reinforcing bars 11 which extend into the wall 12 defining the recess 1.
  • the pile P may include stirrups 13 like this is well known in itself.
  • the wall 12 of this recess may comprise externally, as can be seen in FIG. 2, notches 15 forming primers for breaking the lower part of the pile P under the effect of the inflation of the bladder or bag 2, as will now be described in a more detailed manner by explaining how the anchoring of the pile P takes place in the soil S.
  • the prefabricated pile P with its bladder 2 housed in the recess 1 is first introduced into the hole T, as seen in FIG. 1.
  • the bladder or bag 2 deploys and causes the radial deformation of the lower part of the pile P, that is to say of the wall 12 of the recess 1 .
  • This deformation can advantageously be carried out in a controlled manner, so that the wall 12 more or less bursts or breaks up in a manner substantially symmetrical with respect to the axis of the pile P, as can be seen in FIG. 4 .
  • the pile according to this invention can be made of concrete reinforced with metallic or other fibers, to make the deformation more symmetrical without risk of ruptures and present, in cross section, any shape, such as polygonal or cylindrical, being of course, the square shape visible in particular in Figure 2 should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention.

Abstract

Prefabricated pile characterized in that the notches (15) extend to the lower end of the pile, said lower deformable part defining a cavity (1) containing at least one bladder or similar (2) connected to a pressurized material source advantageously by means of at least one passage extending essentially along the axis of the pile, and in that the pile comprises longitudinal reinforcement bars (11) which extend as far as the wall (12) of the lower deformable part defining the cavity (1) and are adapted to keep the lower part attached, after deformation, to the remaining upper part of the pile.

Description

La présente invention a essentiellement pour objet un procédé d'ancrage dans le sol d'un pieu préfabriqué.The present invention essentially relates to a method of anchoring in the ground of a prefabricated pile.

Elle vise principalement un pieu pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé.It mainly targets a stake for the implementation of this process.

Il est déjà connu de réaliser des pieux préfabriqués comportant une embase élargie par rapport au fût du pieu. Ainsi, lorsque le pieu est dans le sol, l'embase permet au pieu de supporter des charges très lourdes.It is already known to produce prefabricated piles comprising a base enlarged relative to the pile shaft. Thus, when the pile is in the ground, the base allows the pile to support very heavy loads.

Lorsqu'il s'agit d'installer des pieux dans un sol meuble, on peut utiliser des pieux avec embase intégrale et réalisée préalablement, car ces pieux s'enfonceront facilement dans le sol.When it comes to installing piles in loose soil, piles can be used with an integral base made beforehand, because these piles will easily sink into the ground.

Ce n'est évidemment pas le cas dans les sols durs où l'embase empêche l'enfoncement du pieu, lequel peut d'ailleurs se casser sous l'effet du battage.This is obviously not the case in hard soils where the base prevents the pile from sinking, which can also break under the effect of threshing.

Dès lors, il convenait de proposer un pieu qui puisse s'enfoncer facilement dans tous les types de sols, être radialement expansible (voir FR-A-1215827) et qui puisse malgré tout comporter une embase lui permettant de résister aux charges lourdes ainsi qu'aux efforts de traction.Consequently, it was advisable to propose a pile which can be easily inserted into all types of soil, be radially expandable (see FR-A-1215827) and which can nevertheless include a base allowing it to withstand heavy loads as well as 'to tensile forces.

La présente invention a précisément pour but de réaliser les objectifs ci-dessus.The present invention specifically aims to achieve the above objectives.

A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet un pieu suivant la revendication 1.To this end, the invention relates to a pile according to claim 1.

La conduite utilisée comporte une portion terminale avec orifices qui s'étend à l'intérieur du chambrage et autour de laquelle est agencée la vessie.The pipe used has a terminal portion with orifices which extends inside the recess and around which the bladder is arranged.

Le pieu selon cette invention est encore caractérisé en ce que la portion terminale précitée est raccordée de manière amovible, par vissage par exemple, à la conduite s'étendant suivant l'axe du pieu.The pile according to this invention is further characterized in that the aforementioned end portion is removably connected, for example by screwing, to the pipe extending along the axis of the pile.

Suivant encore une autre caractéristique de l'invention, le pieu comporte des barres d'armature longitudinales qui s'étendent jusque dans la paroi du chambrage précité.According to yet another characteristic of the invention, the pile comprises longitudinal reinforcing bars which extend into the wall of the aforementioned recess.

On précisera encore ici que la vessie logée dans le chambrage comporte une paroi formée de parties repliables en direction de l'axe de cette vessie.It will also be specified here that the bladder housed in the recess has a wall formed of foldable parts in the direction of the axis of this bladder.

Une plaque d'obturation du chambrage peut encore être prévue à l'extrémité inférieure du pieu.A recess closure plate may also be provided at the lower end of the pile.

Mais d'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront mieux dans la description détaillée qui suit et se réfère aux dessins annexés, donnés uniquement à titre d'exemple, et dans lesquels:

  • la figure 1 est une vue en coupe verticale d'un trou ménagé dans le sol et contenant un pieu préfabriqué conforme au principe de l'invention;
  • la figure 2 est une vue en coupe suivant la ligne II-II de la figure 1;
  • la figure 3 est une vue en coupe identique à la figure 1, mais montrant l'embase du pieu réalisée par gonflage de la vessie incorporée à la partie inférieure du pieu;
  • la figure 4 est une vue en coupe suivant la ligne IV-IV de la figure 2, et
  • la figure 5 est une vue en coupe axiale de la portion terminale de la conduite d'alimentation de la vessie.
However, other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear better in the detailed description which follows and refers to the appended drawings, given solely by way of example, and in which:
  • Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view of a hole in the ground and containing a prefabricated pile according to the principle of the invention;
  • Figure 2 is a sectional view along line II-II of Figure 1;
  • Figure 3 is a sectional view identical to Figure 1, but showing the base of the pile made by inflating the bladder incorporated in the lower part of the pile;
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional view along line IV-IV of FIG. 2, and
  • Figure 5 is an axial sectional view of the end portion of the bladder supply line.

En se reportant aux figures 1 et 3, on voit un trou T ménagé dans le sol S et dans lequel est introduit un pieu préfabriqué P conforme à l'invention.Referring to Figures 1 and 3, we see a hole T formed in the ground S and into which is introduced a prefabricated pile P according to the invention.

Ce pieu P qui est par exemple en béton, comporte à sa partie inférieure un chambrage 1 dans lequel est logé une vessie 2 raccordée à une conduite 3 s'étendant par exemple suivant l'axe longitudinal du pieu P.This pile P which is for example made of concrete, has at its lower part a recess 1 in which is housed a bladder 2 connected to a pipe 3 extending for example along the longitudinal axis of the pile P.

La conduite 3, comme on le voit sur la figure 3, peut être raccordée par son extrémité débouchante 4 à une autre conduite 5 elle-même reliée à une pompe 6 d'injection de matériau durcissable, dans la vessie 2. Le matériau injecté peut être un matériau approprié quelconque tel que par exemple du mortier de ciment, du béton ou même une résine appropriée.The pipe 3, as seen in FIG. 3, can be connected by its through end 4 to another pipe 5 itself connected to a pump 6 for injecting hardenable material, into the bladder 2. The injected material can be any suitable material such as for example cement mortar, concrete or even a suitable resin.

Plus précisément, la conduite 3 comporte une portion terminale 7 qui est percée d'orifices et autour de laquelle est fixée de manière étanche la vessie 2 qui présente la forme d'une gaine. La vessie peut être en tout matériau approprié, tel que tissu tissé ou non tissé ou encore un matériau synthétique élastiquement déformable.More specifically, the pipe 3 has an end portion 7 which is pierced with orifices and around which the bladder 2 is tightly fixed, which has the shape of a sheath. The bladder can be made of any suitable material, such as woven or non-woven fabric or an elastically deformable synthetic material.

En outre, la vessie 2, comme on le voit bien sur la figure 2, peut comporter sur sa périphérie des parties repliables à la manière d'un parapluie, de sorte que, lorsque la vessie 2 est gonflée par le matériau envoyé par la pompe 6, les parties 2a initialement repliées s'ouvrent et la vessie ou gaine 2 se déploie complètement suivant un diamètre qui est nettement plus grand que le diamètre initial de la vessie en position repliée.In addition, the bladder 2, as can be seen in FIG. 2, can have foldable portions on its periphery like an umbrella, so that when the bladder 2 is inflated by the material sent by the pump 6, the parts 2a initially folded open and the bladder or sheath 2 deploys completely along a diameter which is significantly larger than the initial diameter of the bladder in the folded position.

Revenant à la portion terminale 7 de la conduite 3, on voit, sur la figure 5, qu'elle peut être raccordée de manière amovible à la partie restante de la conduite 3 par l'intermédiaire d'une bague de vissage 9 par exemple. On notera ici que la conduite 3 et sa portion terminale 7 peuvent être par exemple réalisées en une matière synthétique appropriée, telle que chlorure de polyvinyle, ladite portion terminale étant évidemment obturée en 10.Returning to the terminal portion 7 of the pipe 3, it can be seen in FIG. 5 that it can be removably connected to the remaining part of the pipe 3 by means of a screw ring 9 for example. It will be noted here that the pipe 3 and its terminal portion 7 may for example be made of a suitable synthetic material, such as polyvinyl chloride, said terminal portion obviously being closed at 10.

Comme on le voit bien sur les figures 1 à 4, le pieu P comporte des barres d'armature longitudinales 11 qui s'étendent jusque dans la paroi 12 délimitant le chambrage 1. En outre, le pieu P peut comporter des étriers 13 comme cela est bien connu en soi.As can be seen in Figures 1 to 4, the pile P has longitudinal reinforcing bars 11 which extend into the wall 12 defining the recess 1. In addition, the pile P may include stirrups 13 like this is well known in itself.

A l'extrémité basse du pieu P, est prévue une plaque 14 d'obturation du chambrage 1.At the lower end of the pile P, there is provided a plate 14 for closing the recess 1.

Quant à la paroi 12 de ce chambrage, elle peut comporter extérieurement, comme on le voit bien sur la Figure 2, des entailles 15 formant amorces de rupture de la partie inférieure du pieu P sous l'effet du gonflage de la vessie ou sac 2, comme on va le décrire maintenant d'une façon plus détaillée en expliquant comment s'effectue l'ancrage du pieu P dans le sol S.As for the wall 12 of this recess, it may comprise externally, as can be seen in FIG. 2, notches 15 forming primers for breaking the lower part of the pile P under the effect of the inflation of the bladder or bag 2, as will now be described in a more detailed manner by explaining how the anchoring of the pile P takes place in the soil S.

Le pieu préfabriqué P avec sa vessie 2 logée dans le chambrage 1 est tout d'abord introduit dans le trou T, comme on le voit sur la figure 1.The prefabricated pile P with its bladder 2 housed in the recess 1 is first introduced into the hole T, as seen in FIG. 1.

Puis, avec la pompe 6, on injecte du béton par exemple dans la vessie 2, ce béton passant successivement dans le conduit 5, la conduite 3 et les trous 8 ménagés dans la portion terminale 7 de la conduite 3.Then, with the pump 6, concrete is injected, for example, into the bladder 2, this concrete passing successively through the conduit 5, the conduit 3 and the holes 8 formed in the terminal portion 7 of the conduit 3.

Dès lors, comme on le voit bien sur les figures 3 et 4, la vessie ou le sac 2 se déploie et provoque la déformation radiale de la partie inférieure du pieu P, c'est-à-dire de la paroi 12 du chambrage 1.Therefore, as can be seen in Figures 3 and 4, the bladder or bag 2 deploys and causes the radial deformation of the lower part of the pile P, that is to say of the wall 12 of the recess 1 .

Cette déformation peut avantageusement être réalisée d'une manière contrôlée, de sorte que la paroi 12 éclate plus ou moins ou se morcelle d'une manière sensiblement symétrique par rapport à l'axe du pieu P, comme on le voit bien sur la figure 4.This deformation can advantageously be carried out in a controlled manner, so that the wall 12 more or less bursts or breaks up in a manner substantially symmetrical with respect to the axis of the pile P, as can be seen in FIG. 4 .

Mais il est important de noter ici que la partie inférieure du pieu P, après éclatement d'un certain nombre de morceaux, restera toujours attachée à la partie restante et supérieure du pieu P, grâce aux barres d'armature 11, qui, comme on l'a vu précédemment, s'étendent dans la paroi 12 du chambrage 1.But it is important to note here that the lower part of the pile P, after bursting of a certain number of pieces, will always remain attached to the remaining and upper part of the pile P, thanks to the rebar 11, which, as we seen previously, extend in the wall 12 of the recess 1.

On a donc réalisé selon l'invention un pieu préfabriqué qui peut être introduit très facilement dans tous types de sols, même durs, en raison de sa configuration initiale régulière d'une extrémité à l'autre, et qui peut par la suite être muni d'une embase toujours rattachée à la partie restante du pieu et conférant à celui-ci une excellente résistance aux efforts de traction et de compression.We therefore produced according to the invention a prefabricated pile which can be introduced very easily into all types of soil, even hard, because of its regular initial configuration from one end to the other, and which can subsequently be provided a base always attached to the remaining part of the pile and giving it excellent resistance to tensile and compressive forces.

Il faut encore ajouter que le pieu selon cette invention peut être réalisé en béton armé de fibres métalliques ou autres, pour rendre la déformation plus symétrique sans risque de ruptures et présenter, en section transversale, une forme quelconque, telle que polygonale ou cylindrique, étant bien entendu que la forme carrée visible notamment sur la figure 2 ne doit pas être considérée comme limitant la portée de l'invention.It should also be added that the pile according to this invention can be made of concrete reinforced with metallic or other fibers, to make the deformation more symmetrical without risk of ruptures and present, in cross section, any shape, such as polygonal or cylindrical, being of course, the square shape visible in particular in Figure 2 should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention.

C'est dire que l'invention n'est nullement limitée au mode de réalisation de pieu décrit et illustré qui n'a été donné qu'à titre d'exemple.This means that the invention is in no way limited to the embodiment of the pile described and illustrated, which has been given only by way of example.

Dans cet ordre d'idées, on pourrait parfaitement, sans sortir du cadre de l'invention, envisager un matériau quelconque pour réaliser la vessie ou sac 2, ou pour réaliser le gonflage de cette vessie.In this order of ideas, one could perfectly, without departing from the scope of the invention, consider any material for making the bladder or bag 2, or for making the inflation of this bladder.

L'invention comprend donc tous les équivalents techniques des moyens décrits ainsi que leurs combinaisons si celles-ci sont effectuées suivant ses revendications.The invention therefore includes all the technical equivalents of the means described and their combinations if these are carried out according to its claims.

Claims (7)

1. A prefabricated concrete pile (P) designed to be sunk and anchored in the soil (S) by pile driving or else dropped in a previously bored hole (T) and which comprises a top section and a bottom section (12) which can deflect significantly radially by means of pressurized matter advantageously a hardening composition such as cement mortar or concrete injected into that bottom part (12), in order to obtain an enlarged base,the aforesaid deflecting bottom section creating a recess (1) containing at least one bladder or similar device (2) connected to a source of pressurized matter (6) advantageously by means of at least one conduit (3) which roughly follows the axis of the pile, characterized by the fact that the deflecting bottom section comprises on its wall longitudinal grooves (15) which are incipient failures and run down to the lower end of the pile and, by the fact that the pile comprises deflecting longitudinal reinforcements (11) which extend on the wall of the pile from the top section to the bottom section (12) and are designed to keep the bottom section (12) attached after deflection to the remainder of the top section of the pile.
2. A pile as per claim 1 characterized by the fact that it comprises at its bottom end a cover plate (14) on the recess (1).
3. A pile as per one of the claims 1 or 2, characterized inasmuch as the aforementioned conduit (3) comprises a terminal section (7) with orifices (8) which extend inside the recess (1) and to which the bladder (2) is secured.
4. A pile as per claim 3 characterized inasmuchas the aforementioned terminal section (4) is connected in a removable way, advantageously by screwing, to conduit (3).
5. A pile as per one of the previous claims, characterized inasmuch as the aforementioned bladder (2) has a wall built up of folded parts (2a) in the direction of the axis of this bladder.
6. A pile as per one of the previous claims, characterized by the fact that the reinforcment components (11) are longitudinal reinforcment bars.
7. A pile as per one of the claims 1 to 5, characterized by the fact that it is built of concrete reinforced by fibers advantageously made of metal, the reinforcment components being made of the said fibers.
EP87904828A 1986-07-21 1987-07-17 Process for anchoring a prefabricated pile in the earth and pile for performance of the process Expired - Lifetime EP0273972B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8610558A FR2601707B1 (en) 1986-07-21 1986-07-21 METHOD FOR ANCHORING A PREFABRICATED PILE IN THE GROUND AND PILE FOR CARRYING OUT THIS METHOD
FR8610558 1986-07-21

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0273972A1 EP0273972A1 (en) 1988-07-13
EP0273972B1 true EP0273972B1 (en) 1991-04-24

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EP87904828A Expired - Lifetime EP0273972B1 (en) 1986-07-21 1987-07-17 Process for anchoring a prefabricated pile in the earth and pile for performance of the process

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US (1) US4906141A (en)
EP (1) EP0273972B1 (en)
AU (1) AU7782087A (en)
BR (1) BR8707393A (en)
CA (1) CA1313450C (en)
DK (1) DK160212C (en)
FI (1) FI881202A (en)
FR (1) FR2601707B1 (en)
WO (1) WO1988000629A1 (en)

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US6869255B1 (en) * 2002-11-05 2005-03-22 Beck, Iii August H. Post-stressed pile
US20090269146A1 (en) * 2005-04-22 2009-10-29 Bozidar Miljovski Method for Construction of Piles and Caissons and Soil Improvement by Using Rubber Hoses
US7909541B1 (en) 2008-10-24 2011-03-22 Synchro Patents, Inc. Apparatus and method for improved grout containment in post-grouting applications
US8596922B2 (en) * 2009-01-12 2013-12-03 University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Systems and methods for inserting and securing foundation members using a combination of jets and fluidized concrete
US20100272518A1 (en) * 2009-04-24 2010-10-28 Uretek Usa, Inc. Method and device for protecting earth injected materials from contaminants
JP6006381B1 (en) * 2014-11-11 2016-10-12 隆夫 中野 Ready-made pile embedding method
US10458088B2 (en) * 2017-09-14 2019-10-29 Jordan Alan Soil adaptive smart caisson
CN111723512B (en) * 2020-07-07 2022-03-18 长沙理工大学 Determination method of axial symmetry dynamic response of pile foundation considering radial deformation influence

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US1026144A (en) * 1912-02-19 1912-05-14 Edward Bignell Concrete piling.
DE322934C (en) * 1916-01-18 1920-07-12 Siemens & Halske Akt Ges Device for the production of concrete piles with a widened foot in the ground by means of a driving pipe and pressurized water flushing
US2497377A (en) * 1947-10-17 1950-02-14 Swann Philip Pile
FR1215827A (en) * 1958-11-19 1960-04-20 Electricite De France Improved process for the construction of foundations
FR1368122A (en) * 1963-01-28 1964-07-31 Controle Tech Et D Expertise D Anchoring method and removable anchoring device
FR1417746A (en) * 1964-12-17 1965-11-12 Diasond A G Pile foundation for constructions of all kinds
US3492823A (en) * 1967-03-30 1970-02-03 Tech Inc Const Method and apparatus for forming elongated hardened concrete bodies by pressure grouting
FR1595536A (en) * 1968-02-26 1970-06-15
FR2159613A5 (en) * 1971-11-05 1973-06-22 Ridgeway John
IT1078510B (en) * 1975-11-11 1985-05-08 F Soc An Fondedile Spa Ora Fon FOUNDATION POLE FOR ALTERNATE COMPRESSION AND TRACTION EFFORTS
US4547106A (en) * 1983-03-15 1985-10-15 Yitshaq Lipsker Ground anchors

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FI881202A0 (en) 1988-03-15
FI881202A (en) 1988-03-15
BR8707393A (en) 1988-09-13
US4906141A (en) 1990-03-06
DK153088A (en) 1988-03-21
FR2601707A1 (en) 1988-01-22
WO1988000629A1 (en) 1988-01-28
DK160212C (en) 1991-07-15
EP0273972A1 (en) 1988-07-13
DK153088D0 (en) 1988-03-21
FR2601707B1 (en) 1989-12-22
CA1313450C (en) 1993-02-09
DK160212B (en) 1991-02-11
AU7782087A (en) 1988-02-10

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