EP0273454A2 - Foraminous fibre fleece - Google Patents

Foraminous fibre fleece Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0273454A2
EP0273454A2 EP87119378A EP87119378A EP0273454A2 EP 0273454 A2 EP0273454 A2 EP 0273454A2 EP 87119378 A EP87119378 A EP 87119378A EP 87119378 A EP87119378 A EP 87119378A EP 0273454 A2 EP0273454 A2 EP 0273454A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
openings
fibers
nonwoven fabric
areas
area
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP87119378A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0273454A3 (en
EP0273454B1 (en
Inventor
Migaku Suzuki
Satoshi Nozaki
Shigeo Imai
Makoto Ishigami
Toshio Kobayashi
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Unicharm Corp
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Unicharm Corp
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
    • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
    • D04H1/492—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet
    • D04H1/495—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres by fluid jet for formation of patterns, e.g. drilling or rearrangement
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a nonwoven fabric in which openings are formed according to a certain pattern, in particular a nonwoven fabric with regularly distributed openings, the individual fibers being reoriented and intertwined by treating a layer of fiber material with high pressure water jets.
  • the nonwoven fabric known from U.S. Patents 28 62 251 and 32 40 657 is disadvantageous in the sense that the openings have no clear contours and the fiber areas have projections which limit the area of application of this nonwoven fabric to specific areas of application. Furthermore, the fiber density and the entanglement wheel are different at the edges of the openings and the areas defined by these edges, which results in lower tensile and tear strength, which in turn inevitably requires the addition of a suitable binder. The smoothness of the surface also leaves something to be desired.
  • One molding technique consists in placing the fiber layer on a mesh support and treating it with high-pressure water jets so that the individual fibers are pushed under the action of the water jet to the respective crossing points where the respective wire material of the support crosses.
  • the openings are formed by this pushing away, but with this technique the fibers partially protrude through the openings (meshes) of the support and also partially entangle at these crossing points.
  • these fibers are broken off when the fleece is removed from the support after the treatment has ended and they remain as lint, as a result of which the contours of the openings become blurred.
  • Another technique is to lay the fiber layer between a first pad that is apertured and has a curved inner surface and a second pad with stitches and then treat the sheet with pressurized water jets from the side of it run out most edition, so that the openings are formed by moving the fibers out of the way of the jet streams when these water jets push the fibers to the side.
  • the fibers collect and penetrate the edges of the respective openings and as a result it is obtained that the degree of fiber density and fiber entanglement predominantly improves at the edges of the openings and is approximately unchanged in the areas between the edges of the respective openings. This results in the problem already mentioned above.
  • a main object of the present invention is to provide a nonwoven fabric that has a smooth surface across the entire width of each fiber area formed between the openings, where the openings have a sharp contour to create a clear opening profile with exact distances.
  • each of the fiber areas has a substantially uniform fiber density and smooth surface, that each of the openings has an inner circumference with defined sharp contours, and that the openings are at a distance from one another of at least 1 mm.
  • the nonwoven fabric according to the invention is patterned with openings, the contours of which are considerably sharper than in the nonwovens from the prior art, the nonwoven fabric according to the invention having at the same time a uniform strength, a smooth surface and a softness over all areas and areas and a clear opening profile, so that it is superior to the prior art nonwovens in terms of touch, grip and pattern / profile properties. Accordingly, the nonwoven fabric of the invention is for a variety suitable for application areas, in particular as a surface material for absorbent sanitary articles, such as disposable diapers or sanitary napkins.
  • a nonwoven fabric 1 which is in a layer-like configuration and consists exclusively of individual fibers which are tangled together without using a binder.
  • the fleece has fiber areas 2, on the one hand, in which the individual fibers are continuously accumulated and, on the other hand, regularly distributed elliptical (or circular) openings 3, which are defined by the areas 2 and on which the fibers of the areas 2 are divided.
  • Each of the fiber areas 2 has a smooth surface and is essentially uniform in terms of its density.
  • the term “smooth" means that the area 2 has no difference in its height or thickness or an unevenness neither over the entire area nor in partial areas. With the naked eye, the openings 3 have essentially no fiber bridges or lint, which extend diametrically or transversely therein, they are therefore equipped with a clean contour.
  • the four adjacent openings assigned to a fiber region 2 are arranged in such a way that they determine a diamond shape D (see FIG. 1), in which an area 4 between each pair of openings () in the longitudinal direction (MD) and in the transverse direction (CD) of adjacent openings ( 3) extends and is larger than a region 5 which extends between a pair of obliquely adjacent openings 3, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the fibers extend partially in an oblique direction to intersect in the larger area 4 in an X-shape, partially extending along edges of the openings 3 er stretch that are adjacent to each other in the transverse direction in the nonwoven fabric 1. More specifically, the fibers extending in the longitudinal direction of the nonwoven partially intersect in the region (regions) defined by at least two, preferably three or more openings 3 arranged in the longitudinal direction in the nonwoven; they extend along the edges of these in the width of the nonwoven fabric adjacent to openings 3, whereby these edges are defined. The fibers which extend along these edges and form them are continuous to the fibers which surround the edges of the openings 3 which are adjacent to one another in the longitudinal direction of the nonwoven fabric.
  • the density of the fibers in each of the regions 2 is essentially the same, the fibers which immediately delimit the openings 3 being distributed in a higher density and more matted together.
  • Such a uniform orientation of the fibers leads to a clear delimitation of the openings 3 and improves the strength of the nonwoven fabric 1 as a whole, wherein a dimensional stability of the openings 3 is achieved.
  • the distance between each pair of opposing openings 3, for example the width of the fiber area 2 should be at least one millimeter; if this width is less than one millimeter, this area 2 becomes cord or rope-shaped so that the nonwoven fabric no longer has a smooth surface, as is the case, for example, with the technique known from Japanese Patent Application 44-23909.
  • the spacing (pitch) of the openings 3 should be at least 2.5 mm and the diameter at least 1 mm. If these limits are undershot, it is not possible to achieve a clean contour of the opening 3; even if a clean contour were obtained, the matting of the fibers could occur during handling or use of the fiber loosen the fleece, which in turn would result in a loss of a clean contour.
  • a basis weight of the nonwoven is less than 50 g / m2, preferably less than 120 g / m2, so that openings 3 can be achieved which have a clean contour; if the weight is less than 10 g / m2, the nonwoven fabric 1 would become too thin to achieve a desired strength. The fiber density would also be too uneven to obtain openings with a sharp contour.
  • the fiber material of the nonwoven fabric 1 is also not critical and can be any that is usually used as a material for such a nonwoven fabric or a woven fabric.
  • a nonwoven fabric according to the invention which consists of a hydrophobic fiber, such as polyester or polypropylene, or a hydrophilic fiber, such as Ryan, which fibers have been given a water-repellent treatment, can, in connection with the present invention, provide the optimal surface material for absorbent sanitary articles with a high liquid permeability due to the neatly delimited openings 3, since it offers a pleasant touch due to the smooth surface as well as the softness.
  • the fiber components preferably have a length between 20 and 100 mm and a fineness of 0.5 to 15 denier.
  • the nonwoven fabric obtained in this way according to the invention can be used for a large number of areas of application, for example as material for clothing, decorative or covering materials for various areas of application, including furniture, surface material for interior fittings, for walls and filter material, the nonwoven material being used for applications with a binder or other materials, as well as material for absorbent sanitary articles, such as disposable diapers and sanitary napkins.
  • the nonwoven fabric according to the invention can be produced using the method described below.
  • a layer of fiber material preferably a non-woven fabric 11 is supplied by a carding machine in which the individual fibers are confused and matted under the action of high-pressure water jets and is exposed to a curtain-like water jet from a container 12 in order to create inner layers To reduce fiber gaps and to prevent the fibers from becoming fluffy or fluffy and at the same time to achieve a desired dimensional stability.
  • the fleece is then fed to a support cylinder 15 on which a multiplicity of projections 13 are distributed at predetermined intervals, preferably at least at a mutual distance of at least 1 mm and in the aforementioned diamond pattern. Furthermore, a plurality of small drainage holes 14 are provided between the protrusions.
  • Suction means 16 are formed in the cylinder 15, which ensure drainage through the drainage bores 14.
  • a nozzle arrangement 17 with a plurality of nozzles each having a predetermined diameter and a predetermined distance in the transverse direction, from which water is sprayed out at high speed.
  • This water jet treatment forces the fibers from the respective projections 13 to the side to the regions defined in between, as a result of which the openings 3 are formed and at the same time the fibers are felted and entangled with one another. In this way, the water jets, in cooperation with the respective projections 13, effectively push the fibers aside into the flat area on the cylinder 15, while at the same time the fibers are swallowed up.
  • the companies cross partly in front of and behind the respective openings 3 and extend along the edges of these openings. As a result, the openings appear clean and sharp, as if they had been cut out or punched out.
  • the nonwoven web thus apertured and fiber-entangled is then fed to a pair of nip rollers 18 between which the excess liquid is removed.
  • the fleece is then dried and further processing methods are used.
  • a 100% polyester fiber layer with a basis weight of 30g / m2 was used with columnar water jets at a pressure of 70 kg / cm2 and a water quantity of 9.5 l / m2 treated to obtain a non-woven fabric with an opening pattern, as shown in Figures 5 and 6.
  • the production speed was 70 m / min.
  • a large number of nozzles with an opening diameter of 130 ⁇ and a distance of 1 mm were used as the nozzle arrangement.
  • a seamless cylinder with a diameter of 500 mm made by a nickel electro-molding technique was used as the platen cylinder.
  • the surface of the cylinder was provided with a plurality of substantially hemispherical projections, each with a diameter of 2 mm and a height of 0.8 mm, which projections were regularly distributed in such a way that 35% of the surface of the cylinder was covered and where a flat surface extends between the protrusions and occupies 9% of the surface of the cylinder.
  • the fleece was treated in the same way as in the main example, but the receiving cylinder was covered by an endless belt made of a flat fabric with 10 stitches (plain weave 10 meshes) replaced, whereby a non-woven fabric with an opening pattern acc. Fig. 7 was obtained.
  • the fleece was treated in the same manner as in the main example, but the receiving cylinder from FIG. 3 was rounded by an endless belt made of a satin weave 26 meshes, and by a seamless cylinder of 350 mm in diameter which was passed through a Nickel-Elektro-Form-Technik was produced and had a large number of through bores, each with a diameter of 2 mm, which were regularly distributed in the circumferential surface of the cylinder, whereby a gap was provided in which the nonwoven fabric could pass.
  • the web was treated with a curtain-like water jet, which was delivered from the inside of the endless belt with a pressure of 15 kg / cm2 and a flow rate of 30 l per square meter to achieve a production speed of 10 m per minute.
  • a nonwoven fabric with an opening pattern according to FIG. 8 was obtained.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)

Abstract

Ein Faservlies ist mit nach einem Muster angeordneten Öffnun­gen versehen und weist Bereiche auf, in denen die einzelnen Fasern gesammelt und kontinuierlich miteinander verschlungen sind und welche Fasern verzweigen und kreisförmige oder el­liptische Öffnungen begrenzen, die von den Bereichen in regelmäßigem Muster gebildet werden. Ein derartiges Vlies wird durch Behandeln einer Faserlage auf einer Auflage mit einer Vielzahl darauf in einem vorbestimmten Muster verteil­ten Vorsprüngen durch Behandlung mit Hochdruckwasserstrahlen erzielt.

Figure imgaf001
A non-woven fabric is provided with openings arranged in a pattern and has areas in which the individual fibers are collected and continuously intertwined with one another and which fibers branch and delimit circular or elliptical openings which are formed by the areas in a regular pattern. Such a nonwoven is obtained by treating a fiber layer on a support with a plurality of projections distributed thereon in a predetermined pattern by treatment with high pressure water jets.
Figure imgaf001

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Faservlies, in dem Öffnungen nach einem bestimmten Muster ausgebildet sind, insbesondere ein Faservlies mit regelmäßig verteilten Öffnungen, wobei die einzelnen Faser reorientiert und durch Behandeln einer Lage Fasermaterials mit Hochdruckwasserstrahlen miteinander ver­schlungen sind.The invention relates to a nonwoven fabric in which openings are formed according to a certain pattern, in particular a nonwoven fabric with regularly distributed openings, the individual fibers being reoriented and intertwined by treating a layer of fiber material with high pressure water jets.

Es ist bekannt, eine Lage Fasermaterial (Faservlies) mit ei­nem Hochgeschwindigkeitsfluidstrahl zu behandeln, damit die einzelnen Fasern reorientiert und verteilt werden, um Faser­vliese mit regelmäßig verteilten Öffnungen herzustellen. Als Stand der Technik wird hierzu angegeben die japanische Patentschrift 44-23909 und die beiden U.S.-Patentschriften 2 862 251 und 3 240 657.It is known to treat a layer of fibrous material (nonwoven fabric) with a high-speed fluid jet so that the individual fibers are reoriented and distributed to produce nonwoven fabrics with regularly distributed openings. Japanese patent 44-23909 and the two U.S. Patents 2,862,251 and 3,240,657 are given as prior art.

In dem Faservlies aus der japanischen Patentschrift 44-23909 verbleiben relativ viele Fasern in jeder der durch die Faser­bereiche definierten Öffnungen relative flauschig, so daß die Kontur der Öffnung unscharf und diese Faserbereiche schnur- oder seilähnlich ohne ausreichende Glätte ausgebildet sind. Dies hat zur Folge, daß das Faservlies dieses Stands der Technik im Griff unbefriedigend ist.In the nonwoven fabric from Japanese Patent 44-23909, a relatively large number of fibers remain relatively fluffy in each of the openings defined by the fiber regions, so that the contour of the opening is out of focus and these fiber regions are designed like a cord or rope without sufficient smoothness. As a result, the nonwoven fabric of this prior art is unsatisfactory in the handle.

Das aus den U.S.-Patentschriften 28 62 251 und 32 40 657 be­kannte Faservlies ist in dem Sinne nachteilig, als daß die Öffnungen keine klaren Konturen aufweisen und die Faserberei­che Vorsprünge besitzen, welche das Anwendungsgebiet dieses Vlieses auf ganz bestimmte Anwendungsbereiche begrenzt. Dar­überhinaus sind die Faserdichte und der Verschlingungsrad an den Rändern der Öffnungen und den Bereichen, die von diesen Rändern definiert werden, unterschiedlich, woraus sich eine geringere Zug- und Reißfestigkeit ergibt, was wiederum zwangsläufig ein Hinzufügen eines geeigneten Binders erfor­dert. Auch läßt dann die Glattheit der Oberfläche zu wünschen übrig.The nonwoven fabric known from U.S. Patents 28 62 251 and 32 40 657 is disadvantageous in the sense that the openings have no clear contours and the fiber areas have projections which limit the area of application of this nonwoven fabric to specific areas of application. Furthermore, the fiber density and the entanglement wheel are different at the edges of the openings and the areas defined by these edges, which results in lower tensile and tear strength, which in turn inevitably requires the addition of a suitable binder. The smoothness of the surface also leaves something to be desired.

Es sei besonders betont, daß diese Probleme aus den jeweili­gen besonderen Techniken herrühren, die angewendet werden, um diese Faservliese auszubilden. Eine Ausformtechnik besteht besteht darin, die Faserlage auf eine Maschenauflage aufzule­gen und mit Hochdruckwasserstrahlen zu behandeln, so daß die einzelnen Fasern unter der Wirkung des Wasserstrahls zu je­weiligen Kreuzungspunkten gedrängt werden, an denen sich das jeweilige Drahtmaterial der Auflage kreuzt. Durch dieses Weg­drängen werden die Öffnungen ausgebildet, jedoch ragen bei dieser Technik die Fasern teilweise durch die Öffnungen (Maschen) der Auflage und verschlingen sich auch teilweise an diesen Kreuzungspunkten. diese Fasern werden abgebrochen, wenn das Vlies nach dem Abschluß der Behandlung von dem Auf­lager abgezogen wird und sie verbleiben als Fusseln, wodurch die Konturen der Öffnungen unscharf werden.It should be particularly emphasized that these problems arise from the particular techniques used to form these nonwovens. One molding technique consists in placing the fiber layer on a mesh support and treating it with high-pressure water jets so that the individual fibers are pushed under the action of the water jet to the respective crossing points where the respective wire material of the support crosses. The openings are formed by this pushing away, but with this technique the fibers partially protrude through the openings (meshes) of the support and also partially entangle at these crossing points. these fibers are broken off when the fleece is removed from the support after the treatment has ended and they remain as lint, as a result of which the contours of the openings become blurred.

Eine weitere Technik besteht darin, die Faserlage zwischen einer ersten Auflage, die mit Öffnungen versehen ist und eine gekrümmte innere Fläche aufweist und einer zweiten Auflage mit Maschen zu legen und dann die Lage mit unter Druck ste­henden Wasserstrahlen zu behandeln, die von der Seite der er­ sten Auflage ausgehen, so daß die Öffnungen durch Verschieben der Fasern aus dem Weg der Düsenstrahlen ausgeformt werden, wenn diese Wasserstrahlen die Fasern zur Seite drängen. Bei dieser Technik sammeln sich die Fasern und durchdringen die Ränder der jeweiligen Öffnung und man erhält als Ergebnis, daß der Grad der Faserdichte und der Faserverschlingung vorherrschend an den Rändern der Öffnungen verbessert und in den Bereichen zwischen den Rändern der jeweiligen Öffnungen annähernd unverändert ist. Damit ergibt sich das bereits weiter oben angesprochene Problem.Another technique is to lay the fiber layer between a first pad that is apertured and has a curved inner surface and a second pad with stitches and then treat the sheet with pressurized water jets from the side of it run out most edition, so that the openings are formed by moving the fibers out of the way of the jet streams when these water jets push the fibers to the side. With this technique, the fibers collect and penetrate the edges of the respective openings and as a result it is obtained that the degree of fiber density and fiber entanglement predominantly improves at the edges of the openings and is approximately unchanged in the areas between the edges of the respective openings. This results in the problem already mentioned above.

Eine Hauptaufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt darin, ein Faservlies bereitzustellen, das über die gesamte Breite jedes Faserbereichs, der zwischen den Öffnungen ausgebildet ist, eine glatte Oberfläche aufweist, woei die Öffnungen eine scharfe Kontur besitzen, um ein klares Öffnungsprofil mit exakten Abständen zu schaffen.A main object of the present invention is to provide a nonwoven fabric that has a smooth surface across the entire width of each fiber area formed between the openings, where the openings have a sharp contour to create a clear opening profile with exact distances.

Die Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß bei ei­nem Faservlies der im Oberbegriff des Hauptanspruchs genann­ten Gattung jeder der Faserbereiche im wesentlichen eine gleichförmige Faserdichte und glatte Oberfläche aufweist, daß jede der Öffnungen einen Innenumfang mit definierten scharfen Konturen besitzt, und daß die Öffnungen voneinander einen Ab­stand von zumindest 1 mm aufweisen.The object is achieved in that in a nonwoven fabric of the type mentioned in the preamble of the main claim, each of the fiber areas has a substantially uniform fiber density and smooth surface, that each of the openings has an inner circumference with defined sharp contours, and that the openings are at a distance from one another of at least 1 mm.

Das erfindungsgemäße Faservlies ist mit Öffnungen gemustert, deren Konturen wesentlich schärfer sind als bei den Vliesen aus dem Stand der Technik, wobei das erfindungsgemäße Faser­vlies gleichzeitig eine gleichmäßige Festigkeit, eine glatte Oberfläche und eine Weichheit über alle Gebiete und Bereiche hinweg und ein klares Öffnungsprofil besitzt, so daß es den Vliesen aus dem Stand der Technik hinsichtlich der Berühr-, Griff- und Muster/Profileigenschaften überlegen ist. Dem­zufolge ist das erfindungsgemäße Faservlies für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungsgebieten geeignet, insbesondere als Oberflä­chenmaterial für saugfähige Sanitärartikel, wie beispiels­weise Wegwerfwindel oder Binden.The nonwoven fabric according to the invention is patterned with openings, the contours of which are considerably sharper than in the nonwovens from the prior art, the nonwoven fabric according to the invention having at the same time a uniform strength, a smooth surface and a softness over all areas and areas and a clear opening profile, so that it is superior to the prior art nonwovens in terms of touch, grip and pattern / profile properties. Accordingly, the nonwoven fabric of the invention is for a variety suitable for application areas, in particular as a surface material for absorbent sanitary articles, such as disposable diapers or sanitary napkins.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand eines in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. Es zei­gen:

  • Fig. 1 eine schematische Darstellung des erfindungsgemäßen Faservlieses in vergrößertem Maßstab,
  • Fig. 2 eine Seitenansicht einer schematische dargestellten Vorrichtung zum Herstellen des erfindungsgemäßen Vlieses,
  • Fig. 3 eine perspektivische Ansicht eines Auflagezylin­ders, wie er in der Vorrichtung gemäß Fig. 2 Ver­wendung findet,
  • Fig. 4 einen Schnitt durch eine Faserlage auf dem Auflage­zylinder worin dargestellt ist, wie die Fasern an den jeweiligen Vorsprüngen des Auflagezylinders zur Seite gedrängt werden.
  • Fig. 5 eine fotografische Draufsicht eines Faservlieses in wirklichkeitsgetreuem Maßstab,
  • Fig. 6 eine fotografische Draufsicht des Faservlieses aus Fig. 5 in vergrößertem Maßstab,
  • Fig. 7 eine fotografische Draufsicht eines Teils eines Fa­servlieses wie es aus dem Vergleichsbeispiel (im vergrößertem Maßstab) erhalten worden ist, und
  • Fig. 8 eine fotografische Draufsicht eines Teils eines Fa­servlieses in vergrößertem Maßstab des Ver­gleichsbeispiels 2.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawing. Show it:
  • 1 is a schematic representation of the nonwoven fabric according to the invention on an enlarged scale,
  • 2 shows a side view of a schematically illustrated device for producing the fleece according to the invention,
  • 3 shows a perspective view of a support cylinder as used in the device according to FIG. 2,
  • Fig. 4 shows a section through a fiber layer on the support cylinder which shows how the fibers on the respective projections of the support cylinder are pushed aside.
  • 5 is a photographic top view of a non-woven fabric on a realistic scale.
  • 6 is a photographic plan view of the nonwoven fabric of FIG. 5 on an enlarged scale,
  • Fig. 7 is a photographic plan view of part of a nonwoven fabric as obtained from the comparative example (on an enlarged scale), and
  • 8 is a photographic top view of part of a nonwoven fabric on an enlarged scale of Comparative Example 2.

In Fig. 1 ist ein Faservlies 1 dargestellt, das sich in einer lagenartigen Konfiguration befindet und ausschließlich aus einzelnen Fasern besteht, die wirr miteinander verschlungen sind, ohne daß ein Binder verwendet wird. Das Vlies weist ei­nerseits Faserbereiche 2 auf, in denen die individuellen Fa­sern kontinuierlich angesammelt sind und andererseits regel­mäßig verteilte elliptische (oder kreisförmige) Öffnungen 3, die von den Bereichen 2 definiert sind und an denen die Fa­sern der Bereiche 2 aufgeteilt sind. Jeder der Faserbereiche 2 besitzt eine glatte Oberfläche und ist im wesentlichen hin­sichtlich seiner dichte gleichförmig. Der Ausdruck "glatt" bedeutet, daß der Bereich 2 hinsichtlich seiner Höhe bzw. Dicke keinen Unterschied oder eine Ungleichmäßigkeit weder über den gesamten Bereich hinweg noch auf Teilgebieten auf­weist. Mit dem bloßen Auge weisen die Öffnungen 3 im wesent­lichen keine Faserbrücken oder Flusen auf, die sich darin diametral oder quer erstrecken, sie sind daher mit einer sau­beren Kontur ausgestattet.In Fig. 1, a nonwoven fabric 1 is shown, which is in a layer-like configuration and consists exclusively of individual fibers which are tangled together without using a binder. The fleece has fiber areas 2, on the one hand, in which the individual fibers are continuously accumulated and, on the other hand, regularly distributed elliptical (or circular) openings 3, which are defined by the areas 2 and on which the fibers of the areas 2 are divided. Each of the fiber areas 2 has a smooth surface and is essentially uniform in terms of its density. The term "smooth" means that the area 2 has no difference in its height or thickness or an unevenness neither over the entire area nor in partial areas. With the naked eye, the openings 3 have essentially no fiber bridges or lint, which extend diametrically or transversely therein, they are therefore equipped with a clean contour.

Die einem Faserbereich 2 zugeordneten vier benachbarten Öff­nungen sind so angeordnet, daß sie eine Rautenform D (vergl. Fig. 1) bestimmen, in der sich ein Gebiet 4 zwischen jedem Paar einander in Längsrichtung (MD) und in Querrichtung (CD) benachbarter Öffnungen (3) erstreckt und größer ist als ein Bereich 5, der sich zwischen einem Paar schräg benachbarter Öffnungen 3 erstreckt, wie in Fig. 1 dargestellt.The four adjacent openings assigned to a fiber region 2 are arranged in such a way that they determine a diamond shape D (see FIG. 1), in which an area 4 between each pair of openings () in the longitudinal direction (MD) and in the transverse direction (CD) of adjacent openings ( 3) extends and is larger than a region 5 which extends between a pair of obliquely adjacent openings 3, as shown in FIG. 1.

Wie durch die relative dunklen Zonen in Fig. 1 dargestellt, erstrecken sich die Fasern teilweise in schräger Richtung um im größeren Bereich 4 in einer X-Form einander zu schneiden, wobei sie sich teilweise entlang Ränder der Öffnungen 3 er­ strecken, die im Faservlies 1 einander in Querrichtung be­nachbart sind. Genauer gesagt schneiden sich die in Längs­richtung des Faservlies erstreckenden Fasern teilweise in der Region (den Regionen), die von zumindest zwei, vorzugsweise drei oder mehreren Öffnungen 3 definiert werden, die in Längsrichtung im Faservlies angeordnet sind; sie erstrecken sich entlang der Ränder dieser in der Breite des Faservlieses benachbart an Öffnungen 3, wodurch diese Ränder definiert werden. Die Fasern, die sich entlang dieser Ränder erstrecken und diese ausbilden, sind fortlaufend zu den Fasern, die die Ränder der Öffnungen 3 umgeben, die in Längsrichtung des Fa­servlies einander benachbart sind.As shown by the relative dark zones in Fig. 1, the fibers extend partially in an oblique direction to intersect in the larger area 4 in an X-shape, partially extending along edges of the openings 3 er stretch that are adjacent to each other in the transverse direction in the nonwoven fabric 1. More specifically, the fibers extending in the longitudinal direction of the nonwoven partially intersect in the region (regions) defined by at least two, preferably three or more openings 3 arranged in the longitudinal direction in the nonwoven; they extend along the edges of these in the width of the nonwoven fabric adjacent to openings 3, whereby these edges are defined. The fibers which extend along these edges and form them are continuous to the fibers which surround the edges of the openings 3 which are adjacent to one another in the longitudinal direction of the nonwoven fabric.

Wie bereits oben erwähnt, ist die Dichte der Fasern in jedem der Bereiche 2 im wesentlichen gleich, wobei diejenigen Fa­sern, die die Öffnungen 3 unmittelbar begrenzen in einer hö­heren Dichte verteilt und mehr miteinander verfilzt sind. Eine derartige einheitliche Orientierung der Fasern führt zu einer klaren Umgrenzung der Öffnungen 3 und verbessert die Festigkeit des Faservlieses 1 als ganzes, wobei eine Formsta­bilität der Öffnungen 3 erzielt wird.As already mentioned above, the density of the fibers in each of the regions 2 is essentially the same, the fibers which immediately delimit the openings 3 being distributed in a higher density and more matted together. Such a uniform orientation of the fibers leads to a clear delimitation of the openings 3 and improves the strength of the nonwoven fabric 1 as a whole, wherein a dimensional stability of the openings 3 is achieved.

Der Abstand zwischen jedem Paar einander gegenüberliegender Öffnungen 3, zum Beispiel die Breite des Faserbereichs 2 sollte zumindest ein Millimeter betragen; wenn diese Breite geringer als ein Millimeter ist, wird dieser Bereich 2 schnur- oder seilförmig, so daß das Faservlies keine glatte Oberfläche mehr aufweist, wie beispielsweise bei der durch die japanische Patentanmeldung 44-23909 bekannten Technik. Der Abstand (pitch) der Öffnungen 3 sollte zumindest 2,5 mm und der Durchmesser zumindest 1 mm betragen. Wenn diese Gren­zen jeweils unterschritten werden, ist es nicht möglich, eine saubere Kontur der Öffnung 3 zu erzielen; selbst wenn eine saubere Kontur erzielt würde, könnte sich die Verfilzung der Fasern während der Handhabung oder des Gebrauchs des Faser­ vlieses lockern, woraus sich wiederum ein Verlust einer sauberen Kontur ergäbe.The distance between each pair of opposing openings 3, for example the width of the fiber area 2 should be at least one millimeter; if this width is less than one millimeter, this area 2 becomes cord or rope-shaped so that the nonwoven fabric no longer has a smooth surface, as is the case, for example, with the technique known from Japanese Patent Application 44-23909. The spacing (pitch) of the openings 3 should be at least 2.5 mm and the diameter at least 1 mm. If these limits are undershot, it is not possible to achieve a clean contour of the opening 3; even if a clean contour were obtained, the matting of the fibers could occur during handling or use of the fiber loosen the fleece, which in turn would result in a loss of a clean contour.

Obwohl nicht kritisch, beträgt ein Grundgewicht des Faser­vlies weniger als 50 g /m², vorzugweise weniger als 120 g /m², damit Öffnungen 3 erzielt werden können, die eine sau­bere Kontur besitzen; wenn das Gewicht weniger als 10 g /m² beträgt, würde das Faservlies 1 zu dünn werden, um eine gewünschte Festigkeit zu erzielen. Auch die Faserdichte würde zu ungleichmäßig, um Öffnungen mit einer scharfen Kontur zu erhalten.Although not critical, a basis weight of the nonwoven is less than 50 g / m², preferably less than 120 g / m², so that openings 3 can be achieved which have a clean contour; if the weight is less than 10 g / m², the nonwoven fabric 1 would become too thin to achieve a desired strength. The fiber density would also be too uneven to obtain openings with a sharp contour.

Das Fasermaterial des Faservlies 1 ist ebenfalls nicht kri­tisch und kann jedes beliebige sein, das üblicherweise als Material für ein solches Faservlies oder ein Gewebe verwendet wird. Ein erfindungsgemäßes Faservlies, das aus einer hydro­phobischen Faser, wie beispielsweise Polyester oder Polypro­pylen, oder eine hydrophilische Faser, wie beispielsweise Ryan, welche Fasern eine wasserabstoßende Behandlung erfahren haben, besteht, kann in Verbindung mit der vorliegenden Er­findung das optimale Oberflächenmaterial für aufsaugende Sa­nitärartikel mit einer hohen Flüssigkeitsdurchlässigkeit auf­grund der sauber abgegrenzten Öffnungen 3 sein, da es wegen der glatten Oberfläche ebenso wie wegen der Weichheit ein an­genehmes Berührgefühl bietet.The fiber material of the nonwoven fabric 1 is also not critical and can be any that is usually used as a material for such a nonwoven fabric or a woven fabric. A nonwoven fabric according to the invention, which consists of a hydrophobic fiber, such as polyester or polypropylene, or a hydrophilic fiber, such as Ryan, which fibers have been given a water-repellent treatment, can, in connection with the present invention, provide the optimal surface material for absorbent sanitary articles with a high liquid permeability due to the neatly delimited openings 3, since it offers a pleasant touch due to the smooth surface as well as the softness.

Obwohl ebenfalls nicht kritisch, weisen die Faserkomponenten vorzugsweise eine Länge zwischgen 20 und 100 mm und eine Feinheit von 0,5 bis 15 Denier auf. Das auf diese Weise er­findungsgemäß erhaltene Faservlies ist für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungsgebieten verwendbar, beispielsweise als Material für Bekleidungsstücke, dekorative oder Abdeckmaterialien für verschiedene Einsatzgebiete, einschl. Möbel, Oberflächen­material für den Innenausbau, für Wände und Filtermaterial, wobei das Vliesmaterial für Anwendungszwecke mit einem Binder oder anderen Materialien behandelt sein kann, wie auch als Material für saugfähige Sanitärartikel, wie beispielsweise Wegwerfwindeln und Binden.Although also not critical, the fiber components preferably have a length between 20 and 100 mm and a fineness of 0.5 to 15 denier. The nonwoven fabric obtained in this way according to the invention can be used for a large number of areas of application, for example as material for clothing, decorative or covering materials for various areas of application, including furniture, surface material for interior fittings, for walls and filter material, the nonwoven material being used for applications with a binder or other materials, as well as material for absorbent sanitary articles, such as disposable diapers and sanitary napkins.

Das erfindungsgemäße Faservlies kann mit dem nachfolgend be­schriebenen Verfahren hergestellt werden.The nonwoven fabric according to the invention can be produced using the method described below.

Wie in den Figuren 2 bis 4 dargestellt, wird eine Lage Faser­material, vorzugsweise ein Faservlies 11, von einer Karde, in der die einzelnen Fasern unter Einwirkung von Hochdruckwas­serstrahlen verwirrt und verfilzt werden, angeliefert und ei­nem vorhanggleichen Wasserstrahl aus einem Behälter 12 ausge­setzt, um innere Faserlücken zu reduzieren und zu verhindern, daß die Fasern flockig oder flusig werden und um gleichzeitig eine gewünschte Formstabilitäat zu erzielen. Danach wird das Vlies einem Auflagezylinder 15 zugeführt, auf dem eine Viel­zahl von Vorsprüngen 13 in vorbestimmten Abständen verteilt sind, vorzugsweise zumindest im gegenseitigen Abstand von mindestens 1 mm und in dem zuvor erwähnten Rautenmuster. Des weiteren sind eine Vielzahl von kleinen Drainagelöchern 14 zwischen den Vorsprüngen vorgesehen. In den Zylinder 15 sind Saugmittel 16 ausgebildet, die eine Drainage durch die Drai­nagebohrungen 14 sicherstellen. Über dem Zylinder 15 ist eine Düsenanordnung 17 mit einer Vielzahl von Düsen jeweils vorbe­stimmten Durchmessers und vorbestimmten Abstand in Querrich­tung angeordnet, aus denen Wasser mit hoher Geschwindigkeit ausgespritzt wird. Dieser Wasserstrahlbehandlung drängt die Fasern von den jeweiligen Vorsprüngen 13 zur Seite zu den da­zwischen definierten Bereichen, wodurch die Öffnungen 3 ge­bildet und gleichzeitig eine Verfilzung und Verschlingung der Fasern untereinander bewirkt wird. Auf diese Weise drängen die Wasserstrahlen die Fasern im Zusammenwirken mit den je­weiligen Vorsprüngen 13 wirksam zur Seite in den flachen Be­reich auf dem Zylinder 15, während gleichzeitig die Fasern miteinander verschlungen werden. Dabei kreuzen sich die Fa­ sern zum Teil vor und hinter den jeweiligen Öffnungen 3 und erstrecken sich entlang der Ränder dieser Öffnungen. Als Folge davon erscheinen die Öffnungen sauber und scharf, als wären sie herausgeschnitten oder herausgestanzt worden. Das auf diese Weise mit Öffnungen versehene und faserverschlun­gene Vlies wird anschließend einem Paar Quetschwalzen 18 zu­geführt, zwischen denen die überflüssige Flüssigkeit entfernt wird. Anschließend wird das Vlies getrocknet und weiteren Verarbeitungsverfahren zugeführt.As shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, a layer of fiber material, preferably a non-woven fabric 11, is supplied by a carding machine in which the individual fibers are confused and matted under the action of high-pressure water jets and is exposed to a curtain-like water jet from a container 12 in order to create inner layers To reduce fiber gaps and to prevent the fibers from becoming fluffy or fluffy and at the same time to achieve a desired dimensional stability. The fleece is then fed to a support cylinder 15 on which a multiplicity of projections 13 are distributed at predetermined intervals, preferably at least at a mutual distance of at least 1 mm and in the aforementioned diamond pattern. Furthermore, a plurality of small drainage holes 14 are provided between the protrusions. Suction means 16 are formed in the cylinder 15, which ensure drainage through the drainage bores 14. Above the cylinder 15 there is a nozzle arrangement 17 with a plurality of nozzles each having a predetermined diameter and a predetermined distance in the transverse direction, from which water is sprayed out at high speed. This water jet treatment forces the fibers from the respective projections 13 to the side to the regions defined in between, as a result of which the openings 3 are formed and at the same time the fibers are felted and entangled with one another. In this way, the water jets, in cooperation with the respective projections 13, effectively push the fibers aside into the flat area on the cylinder 15, while at the same time the fibers are swallowed up. The companies cross partly in front of and behind the respective openings 3 and extend along the edges of these openings. As a result, the openings appear clean and sharp, as if they had been cut out or punched out. The nonwoven web thus apertured and fiber-entangled is then fed to a pair of nip rollers 18 between which the excess liquid is removed. The fleece is then dried and further processing methods are used.

Hauptbeispiel:Main example:

Mit einer Vorrichtung gemäß Fig. 2 mit einem Auflagezylinder, gemäß Fig. 3, wurde eine 100%-ige Polyesterfaserlage mit ei­nem Grundgewicht von 30g /m² mit säulenartigen Wasserstrahlen bei einem Druck von 70 kg/cm² und einer Wassermenge von 9,5 l/m² behandelt, um ein Faservlies mit einem Öffnungen-­Muster zu erhalten, wie es in den Figuren 5 und 6 dargestellt ist. Die Produktionsgeschwindigkeit berug 70 m/min. Als Düsenanordnung wurden eine Vielzahl von Düsen mit einem Öffnungsdurchmesser von 130 µ und einem Abstand von 1 mm verwendet. Als Auflagezylinder wurde ein nahtloserZylinder mit einem Durchmesser von 500 mm, hergestellt durch eine Nickel-Elektro-Formtechnik, verwendet. Der Zylinder war an seiner Oberfläche mit einer Vielzahl von im wesentlichen halbkugelförmigen Vorsprüngen mit jeweils einem Durchmesser von 2 mm und einer Höhe von 0,8 mm ausgestattet, welche Vorsprünge regelmäßig derart verteilt waren, daß 35% der Oberfläche des Zylinders bedeckt wurde und wobei sich eine flache Oberfläche zwischen den Vorsprüngen erstreckt und 9 % der Oberfläche des Zylinders in Anspruch nimmt.With a device according to FIG. 2 with a support cylinder, according to FIG. 3, a 100% polyester fiber layer with a basis weight of 30g / m² was used with columnar water jets at a pressure of 70 kg / cm² and a water quantity of 9.5 l / m² treated to obtain a non-woven fabric with an opening pattern, as shown in Figures 5 and 6. The production speed was 70 m / min. A large number of nozzles with an opening diameter of 130 μ and a distance of 1 mm were used as the nozzle arrangement. A seamless cylinder with a diameter of 500 mm made by a nickel electro-molding technique was used as the platen cylinder. The surface of the cylinder was provided with a plurality of substantially hemispherical projections, each with a diameter of 2 mm and a height of 0.8 mm, which projections were regularly distributed in such a way that 35% of the surface of the cylinder was covered and where a flat surface extends between the protrusions and occupies 9% of the surface of the cylinder.

Vergleichsbeispiel 1:Comparative Example 1:

Das Vlies wurde in der gleichen Weise wie im Hauptbeispiel behandelt, jedoch wurde der Aufnahmezylinder durch ein End­losband aus einem ebenen Gewebe mit 10 Maschen (plain weave 10 meshes)ersetzt, womit ein Faservlies mit einem Öffnungen-­Muster gem. Fig. 7 erhalten wurde.The fleece was treated in the same way as in the main example, but the receiving cylinder was covered by an endless belt made of a flat fabric with 10 stitches (plain weave 10 meshes) replaced, whereby a non-woven fabric with an opening pattern acc. Fig. 7 was obtained.

Vergleichsbeispiel 2:Comparative Example 2:

Das Vlies wurde in der gleichen Weise behandelt wie im Hauptbeispiel, jedoch wurde der Aufnahmezylinder aus Fig. 3 durch ein Endlosband aus einem Satingewebe 26 Maschen (satin weaves 26 meshes), gerundet, und durch einen nahtlosen Zylin­der von 350 mm Durchmesser, der durch eine Nickel-Elektro-­Form-Technik hergestellt worden ist und eine Vielzahl von Durchgangsbohrungen jeweils mit 2 mm Durchmesser aufwies, die regelmäßig in der Umfangsfläche des Zylinders verteilt waren, ersetzt, wobei ein Spalt vorgesehen wurde, in dem das Faser­vlies passieren konnte. Die Bahn wurde mit einem vorhangähnlichen Wasserstrahl behandelt, der aus dem Inneren des Endlosbands mit einem Druck von 15 kg/cm² und einer Strömungsmenge von 30 l pro qm angeliefert wurde, um eine Produktionsgeschwindigkeit von 10 m pro Minute zu erzielen. Es wurde ein Faservlies mit einem Öffnungen-Muster gemäß Fig. 8 erzielt.The fleece was treated in the same manner as in the main example, but the receiving cylinder from FIG. 3 was rounded by an endless belt made of a satin weave 26 meshes, and by a seamless cylinder of 350 mm in diameter which was passed through a Nickel-Elektro-Form-Technik was produced and had a large number of through bores, each with a diameter of 2 mm, which were regularly distributed in the circumferential surface of the cylinder, whereby a gap was provided in which the nonwoven fabric could pass. The web was treated with a curtain-like water jet, which was delivered from the inside of the endless belt with a pressure of 15 kg / cm² and a flow rate of 30 l per square meter to achieve a production speed of 10 m per minute. A nonwoven fabric with an opening pattern according to FIG. 8 was obtained.

Nachfolgend werden die durch das Hauptbeispiel und die beiden Vergleichsbeispiele 1 und 2 erhaltenen Faservliese mit den jeweiligen Öffnungen-Mustern in ihren Eigenschaften gegen­übergestellt:

Figure imgb0001
The properties of the nonwoven fabrics obtained by the main example and the two comparative examples 1 and 2 with the respective opening patterns are compared below:
Figure imgb0001

Claims (5)

1. Faservlies, in dem Öffnungen nach einem bestimmten Muster ausgebildet sind, bestehend aus Bereichen mit Vliesfasern, in welchen einzelne Fasern angesammelt und kontinuierlich wirr miteinander verschlungen sind, von welchem Bereichen die Fasern verzweigen und die kreis­förmigen oder elliptischen Öffnungen umgeben und in einem regelmäßigen Muster definieren, dadurch gekenn­zeichnet, daß jeder der Faserbereiche im wesentlichen eine gleichförmige Faserdichte und glatte Oberfläche aufweist, daß jede der Öffnungen einen Innenumfang mit definierten scharfen Konturen besitzt, und daß die Öff­nungen voneinander einen Abstand von zumindest 1 mm auf­weisen.1. Nonwoven fabric, in which openings are formed according to a certain pattern, consisting of areas with nonwoven fibers, in which individual fibers are accumulated and continuously tangled together, from which areas the fibers branch and surround the circular or elliptical openings and in a regular pattern Define, characterized in that each of the fiber areas has a substantially uniform fiber density and smooth surface, that each of the openings has an inner circumference with defined sharp contours, and that the openings are at a distance of at least 1 mm from each other. 2. Faservlies nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß vier einander benachbarte Öffnungen im wesentlichen rau­tenförmige angeordnet sind, wobei ein Bereich, der sich zwischen jedem benachbarten Öffnungspaar in Längsrich­tung und in Querrichtung erstreckt, größer ist als ein Bereich, der sich zwischen jedem Paar einander schräg gegenüberliegender Öffnungen erstreckt und daß die Fasern sich teilweise in schräger Richtung erstrecken, um sich im wesentlichen im Zentrum des größeren Bereichs zu schneiden und teilweise entlang der Ränder der Öff­nungen um diese zu definieren.2. Nonwoven fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that four mutually adjacent openings are arranged substantially diamond-shaped, an area which extends between each adjacent pair of openings in the longitudinal and transverse directions is larger than an area which extends between each pair aslant opposite openings and that the fibers extend partially in an oblique direction to intersect substantially in the center of the larger area and partially along the edges of the openings to define them. 3. Faservlies nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verschlingungsfestigkeit der Fasern in dem Bereich, in dem sie sich schräg und entlang der Ränder der Öff­nungen erstrecken, um einander zu schneiden , höher ist, als im übrigen Bereich.3. Nonwoven fabric according to claim 1, characterized in that the entanglement strength of the fibers in the area in which they extend obliquely and along the edges of the openings to intersect each other is higher than in the rest of the area. 4. Faservlies nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Öffnungen mit einem Abstand von zumindest 2,5 mm voneinander angeordnet sind und einen Durchmesser von mindestens 1 mm aufweisen.4. Nonwoven fabric according to at least one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that openings are arranged at a distance of at least 2.5 mm from one another and have a diameter of at least 1 mm. 5. Faservlies nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Basisgewicht zwischen 10 bis 150 g/m² beträgt.5. Nonwoven fabric according to at least one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the basis weight is between 10 to 150 g / m².
EP87119378A 1986-12-31 1987-12-30 Foraminous fibre fleece Expired - Lifetime EP0273454B1 (en)

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JP61312896A JPH0737702B2 (en) 1986-12-31 1986-12-31 Non-woven fabric with perforated pattern
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EP0273454A3 (en) 1989-06-07
GB8730335D0 (en) 1988-02-03
EP0273454B1 (en) 1993-08-04
GB2200927A (en) 1988-08-17
JPH0737702B2 (en) 1995-04-26
ES2043641T3 (en) 1994-01-01
DE3786907D1 (en) 1993-09-09
US4840829A (en) 1989-06-20
JPS63243360A (en) 1988-10-11

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