EP0269602B1 - Process and apparatus for drying printed webs - Google Patents

Process and apparatus for drying printed webs Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0269602B1
EP0269602B1 EP19870890199 EP87890199A EP0269602B1 EP 0269602 B1 EP0269602 B1 EP 0269602B1 EP 19870890199 EP19870890199 EP 19870890199 EP 87890199 A EP87890199 A EP 87890199A EP 0269602 B1 EP0269602 B1 EP 0269602B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
conveyor belt
dryer
goods
web
drying
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP19870890199
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0269602A3 (en
EP0269602A2 (en
Inventor
Johannes Zimmer
Josef Glantschnig
Ernst Eiper
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Johannes Zimmer Firma
Original Assignee
Johannes Zimmer Firma
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Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
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Application filed by Johannes Zimmer Firma filed Critical Johannes Zimmer Firma
Publication of EP0269602A2 publication Critical patent/EP0269602A2/en
Publication of EP0269602A3 publication Critical patent/EP0269602A3/en
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Publication of EP0269602B1 publication Critical patent/EP0269602B1/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H20/00—Advancing webs
    • B65H20/10—Advancing webs by a feed band against which web is held by fluid pressure, e.g. suction or air blast
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F13/00—Common details of rotary presses or machines
    • B41F13/02—Conveying or guiding webs through presses or machines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F23/00—Devices for treating the surfaces of sheets, webs, or other articles in connection with printing
    • B41F23/04—Devices for treating the surfaces of sheets, webs, or other articles in connection with printing by heat drying, by cooling, by applying powders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F35/00—Cleaning arrangements or devices
    • B41F35/007—Cleaning arrangements or devices for supports of workpieces

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and an arrangement for drying printed material webs subsequent to the printing process. It is customary to subsequently provide a dryer on printing machines in order to finally fix the patterns applied to a web and to prevent the prints from being adversely affected.
  • through-prints occur, i.e. that there is substance applied to the back of the goods as well as to the front. This creates stains on the conveyor belt that guides the web through the dryer. These stains on the conveyor belt must be removed before using the conveyor belt again, which is particularly difficult if the paint on the conveyor belt has dried excessively. Methods and devices are already known in which the stains should be avoided or reduced. E.g.
  • CH-PS 439 198 describes a machine in which an endless conveyor belt is guided through the entire length of a drying chamber and is used to hold the material to be dried, which is drawn on the conveyor belt through the drying chamber. After leaving the fabric web is separated from the conveyor belt and after cleaning and drying, the conveyor belt is returned to the entrance of the drying chamber.
  • the desired results could not be achieved because either the fabric had not dried sufficiently or the colors on the conveyor belt had already dried too much.
  • the printing process is carried out, the material web being placed on a conveyor belt and together with this in a dryer is introduced, it is proposed that the web is fixed on the conveyor belt in a non-slip and thus smear-free manner and runs in a straight line in synchronism with the conveyor belt through a first dryer stage and that after passing through this first dryer stage the web is lifted off the conveyor belt and only further through the dryer is passed while the conveyor belt, as already known, is led out of the dryer, washed and then dried and fed back to the web.
  • the conveyor belt can be squeezed or vacuumed between cleaning and drying.
  • the main idea of the invention is that there is a non-slip fixation of the web on the conveyor belt, so that the web can be transported without smearing into the area where the web can already be lifted off in a partially dried state and continued on its own. It has been recognized that the measures according to the invention can be used to lift the web from the conveyor belt after a single straight dryer pass and that the conveyor belt can be passed through a washing device, which advantageously shows that after the first dryer stage adheres to the conveyor belt Color can still be removed relatively easily and that, on the other hand, the color on the web has already dried to such an extent that smearing no longer takes place and the web can be continued.
  • a goods dryer which has at one end an inlet for a material web resting on a conveyor belt and an outlet for the conveyor belt, behind which a washing device for the conveyor belt and a conveyor belt dryer are provided, from the outlet of which the conveyor belt leads to the inlet of the goods dryer is, it is proposed that a separating device for the web from the conveyor belt is provided within the commodity dryer, that deflections are arranged only for the web in the commodity dryer and there are separate outlets for the conveyor belt and web, possibly with a squeeze and / or Suction device between the washing device and conveyor belt dryer are available.
  • the printed goods 6 are fed by means of the conveyor belt 7 and lifted up just before the end of the conveyor belt 7 and placed on a conveyor belt 8.
  • a blower device 1 is arranged directly on the goods take-off.
  • the web 6 on the room air Conveyor belt 8 fixed.
  • Goods web 6 and conveyor belt 8 are introduced together into the goods dryer 2 via the inlet 9 and, in order to prevent the conveyor belt 8 from being soiled when the goods are printed, the goods web 6 is already lifted after a short running distance by a separating device arranged between rollers 10 and 11 .
  • the web 6 is deflected on the roller 11 and then passed further through the fabric dryer 2, specifically the web 6 can be guided several times within the fabric dryer 2. It then emerges at the outlet 13 and is further treated in the usual way.
  • the conveyor belt 8 is introduced into its own conveyor belt washing device, where the color which has not yet dried to the full is removed and the conveyor belt 8 is thoroughly cleaned.
  • the conveyor belt can be guided into a water squeezing device 4 for squeezing off most of the amount of water entrained by the conveyor belt 8.
  • vacuum suction can also be provided.
  • the conveyor belt 8 is then introduced into its own conveyor belt dryer 5 and dried here in the usual way, e.g. by inflating heated air. From the outlet 14 of this dryer 5, the web is then in turn brought to the entrance 9 of the dryer and a web 6 is again placed here.
  • FIG. 1 there is the inlet 9 of the conveyor belt 8 at one end of the fabric dryer 2 and at the other end there is both the outlet for the web 6 and the outlet for the conveyor belt 8.
  • the outlet is of the conveyor belt 8 is provided at the same end as the inlet 9. It should also be noted that the conveyor belt 8 is generally permeable to air, so that blowing with hot air is extremely effective.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Anordnung zum Trocknen bedruckter Warenbahnen anschließend an den Druckvorgang. Es ist üblich, anschließend an Druckmaschinen einen Trockner vorzusehen, um die auf eine Warenbahn aufgebrachten Muster endgültig zu fixieren und zu verhindern, daß die Aufdrucke beeinträchtigt werden. In vielen Fällen und insbesondere bei sehr dünnen Waren treten Durchdrucke auf, d.h., daß sich auf der Rückseite der Ware ebenso wie auf der Vorderseite aufgetragene Substanz befindet. Dadurch entstehen Abfleckungen auf dem Transportband, das die Warenbahn durch den Trockner hindurchführt. Diese Abfleckungen auf dem Transportband müssen vor erneutem Einsatz des Transportbandes entfernt werden, was insbesondere dann Schwierigkeiten bereitet, wenn die Farbe auf dem Transportband übermäßig angetrocknet ist. Es sind bereits Verfahren und Vorrichtungen bekannt geworden, bei denen die Abfleckungen vermieden oder vermindert werden sollen. Z.B. wird in der CH-PS 439 198 eine Maschine beschrieben, in der ein endloses Förderband durch die ganze Länge einer Trockenkammer geführt ist und zur Aufnahme des zu trocknenden Stoffes dient, welcher auf dem Förderband durch die Trockenkammer gezogen wird. Nach dem Verlassen wird die Stoffbahn vom Förderband getrennt und das Förderband nach dem Reinigen und Trocknen wieder zum Eintritt der Trockenkammer zurückgeführt. Es hat sich jedoch gezeigt, daß die gewünschten Resultate nicht erreicht werden konnten, da entweder die Stoffbahn nicht genügend getrocknet war, oder die Farben auf dem Förderband schon zu sehr angetrocknet waren.The invention relates to a method and an arrangement for drying printed material webs subsequent to the printing process. It is customary to subsequently provide a dryer on printing machines in order to finally fix the patterns applied to a web and to prevent the prints from being adversely affected. In many cases, and particularly in the case of very thin goods, through-prints occur, i.e. that there is substance applied to the back of the goods as well as to the front. This creates stains on the conveyor belt that guides the web through the dryer. These stains on the conveyor belt must be removed before using the conveyor belt again, which is particularly difficult if the paint on the conveyor belt has dried excessively. Methods and devices are already known in which the stains should be avoided or reduced. E.g. CH-PS 439 198 describes a machine in which an endless conveyor belt is guided through the entire length of a drying chamber and is used to hold the material to be dried, which is drawn on the conveyor belt through the drying chamber. After leaving the fabric web is separated from the conveyor belt and after cleaning and drying, the conveyor belt is returned to the entrance of the drying chamber. However, it has been shown that the desired results could not be achieved because either the fabric had not dried sufficiently or the colors on the conveyor belt had already dried too much.

Es ist Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, eine Möglichkeit zu finden, eine durchgedruckte Warenbahn so weit zu trocknen, daß die Warenbahn von einem Transportband abgehoben werden kann, ohne daß Verschmierungen auftreten, andererseits aber die auf dem Transportband haftende Farbe noch relativ leicht entfernt werden kann.It is an object of the present invention to find a way to dry a printed web so far that the web can be lifted off a conveyor belt without smearing, but on the other hand the ink adhering to the conveyor belt can still be removed relatively easily.

Erfindungsgemäß wird bei einem Verfahren zum Trocknen von bedruckten Warenbahnen anschließend an den Druckvorgang, wobei die Warenbahn auf einem Transportband aufgelegt wird und zusammen mit diesem in einen Trockner eingebracht wird, vorgeschlagen, daß die Warenbahn auf dem Transportband rutschfrei und somit verschmierfrei fixiert wird und mit dem Transportband im Gleichlauf geradlinig durch eine erste Trocknerstufe läuft und daß nach Durchlaufen dieser ersten Trocknerstufe die Warenbahn vom Transportband abgehoben wird und allein weiter durch den Trockner geleitet wird, während das Transportband, wie bereits bekannt, aus dem Trockner herausgeführt, gewaschen und dann getrocknet und der Warenbahn wieder zugeführt wird. Zwischen dem Reinigen und Trocknen kann das Transportband gegebenenfalls abgequetscht oder abgesaugt werden.According to the invention, in a method for drying printed material webs, the printing process is carried out, the material web being placed on a conveyor belt and together with this in a dryer is introduced, it is proposed that the web is fixed on the conveyor belt in a non-slip and thus smear-free manner and runs in a straight line in synchronism with the conveyor belt through a first dryer stage and that after passing through this first dryer stage the web is lifted off the conveyor belt and only further through the dryer is passed while the conveyor belt, as already known, is led out of the dryer, washed and then dried and fed back to the web. The conveyor belt can be squeezed or vacuumed between cleaning and drying.

Der Hauptgedanke der Erfindung liegt darin, daß eine rutschfreie Fixierung der Warenbahn auf dem Transportband erfolgt, um so verschmierfrei die Warenbahn bis in jenen Bereich zu transportieren, an dem die Warenbahn in teilweise getrocknetem Zustand schon abgehoben und für sich allein weitergeführt werden kann. Es ist erkannt worden, daß man durch die erfindungsgemäßen Maßnahmen die Warenbahn schon nach einmaligem geradlinigen Trocknerdurchlauf vom Transportband abheben kann und daß das Transportband durch eine Wascheinrichtung geleitet werden kann, wobei sich in vorteilhafter Weise ergibt, daß nach der ersten Trocknerstufe die auf dem Transportband anhaftende Farbe noch verhältnismäßig leicht entfernt werden kann und daß andererseits die Farbe auf der Warenbahn schon so weit getrocknet ist,daß kein Verschmieren mehr stattfinden und die Warenbahn weitergeführt werden kann.The main idea of the invention is that there is a non-slip fixation of the web on the conveyor belt, so that the web can be transported without smearing into the area where the web can already be lifted off in a partially dried state and continued on its own. It has been recognized that the measures according to the invention can be used to lift the web from the conveyor belt after a single straight dryer pass and that the conveyor belt can be passed through a washing device, which advantageously shows that after the first dryer stage adheres to the conveyor belt Color can still be removed relatively easily and that, on the other hand, the color on the web has already dried to such an extent that smearing no longer takes place and the web can be continued.

Bei der Anordnung zum Trocknen bedruckter Warenbahnen, wobei hinter. der Druckvorrichtung ein Warentrockner vorgesehen ist, der an einem Ende einen Eintritt für eine auf einem Transportband aufliegende Warenbahn und einen Austritt für das Transportband, hinter dem eine Wascheinrichtung für das Transportband und ein Transportbandtrockner vorgesehen sind, von dessen Austritt das Transportband zum Eintritt des Warentrockners geführt ist, aufweist, wird vorgeschlagen, daß innerhalb des Warentrockners eine Trenneinrichtung für die Warenbahn vom Tansportband vorgesehen ist, daß Umlenkungen nur für die Warenbahn im Warentrockner angeordnet sind und getrennte Austritte für Transportband und Warenbahn vorhanden sind, wobei gegebenenfalls eine Abquetsch und/oder Absaugeeinrichtung zwischen Wascheinrichtung und Transportbandtrockner vorhanden sind.In the arrangement for drying printed webs, behind. the printing device a goods dryer is provided, which has at one end an inlet for a material web resting on a conveyor belt and an outlet for the conveyor belt, behind which a washing device for the conveyor belt and a conveyor belt dryer are provided, from the outlet of which the conveyor belt leads to the inlet of the goods dryer is, it is proposed that a separating device for the web from the conveyor belt is provided within the commodity dryer, that deflections are arranged only for the web in the commodity dryer and there are separate outlets for the conveyor belt and web, possibly with a squeeze and / or Suction device between the washing device and conveyor belt dryer are available.

Die Erfindung wird anhand der Zeichnungen näher beschrieben. Die Fig. 1 und 2 zeigen zwei Möglichkeiten der Ausführung der Erfindung.The invention is described in more detail with reference to the drawings. 1 and 2 show two ways of carrying out the invention.

Die bedruckte Ware 6 ist mittels des Förderbandes 7 zugeführt und knapp vor Ende des Förderbandes 7 abgehoben und auf ein Transportband 8 aufgelegt. Um zu verhindern, daß die Warenbahn 6 auf dem Transportband 8 rutscht, ist eine Gebläseeinrichtung 1 unmittelbar am Warenabzug angeordnet. Hier wird mit Raumluft die Warenbahn 6 auf dem Transportband 8 fixiert. Es ist allerdings nicht notwendig, eine derartige Gebläseeinrichtung unbedingt vorzusehen. Warenbahn 6 und Transportband 8 werden gemeinsam über den Eintritt 9 in den Warentrockner 2 eingebracht und, um zu vermeiden, daß bei durchgedruckter Ware das Transportband 8 beschmutzt wird, wird die Warenbahn 6 bereits nach kurzer Laufstrecke durch eine zwischen Walzen 10 und 11 angeordnete Trenneinrichtung abgehoben. Die Warenbahn 6 wird an der Walze 11 abgelenkt und dann weiter durch den Warentrockner 2 geführt, und zwar kann die Warenbahn 6 mehrfach innerhalb des Warentrockners 2 geführt werden. Sie tritt dann beim Austritt 13 aus und wird in üblicher Weise weiterbehandelt.The printed goods 6 are fed by means of the conveyor belt 7 and lifted up just before the end of the conveyor belt 7 and placed on a conveyor belt 8. In order to prevent the web 6 from slipping on the conveyor belt 8, a blower device 1 is arranged directly on the goods take-off. Here is the web 6 on the room air Conveyor belt 8 fixed. However, it is not absolutely necessary to provide such a blower device. Goods web 6 and conveyor belt 8 are introduced together into the goods dryer 2 via the inlet 9 and, in order to prevent the conveyor belt 8 from being soiled when the goods are printed, the goods web 6 is already lifted after a short running distance by a separating device arranged between rollers 10 and 11 . The web 6 is deflected on the roller 11 and then passed further through the fabric dryer 2, specifically the web 6 can be guided several times within the fabric dryer 2. It then emerges at the outlet 13 and is further treated in the usual way.

Das Transportband 8 wird nach Abheben der Warenbahn 6 in eine eigene Transportbandwascheinrichtung eingebracht, wo die noch nicht fest angetrocknete Farbe entfernt und das Transportband 8 gründlich gereinigt wird. Nach Verlassen der Waschvorrichtung 3 kann das Transportband in eine Wasserausquetschvorrichtung 4 zum Abquetschen des größten Teiles der vom Transportband 8 mitgenommenen Wassermenge geführt werden. Anstelle der Abquetschvorrichtung 4 kann auch eine Vakuumabsaugung vorgesehen sein. Anschließend wird das Transportband 8 in einen eigenen Transportbandtrockner 5 eingebracht und hier in üblicher Weise getrocknet, z.B. durch Aufblasen von erwärmter Luft. Vom Austritt 14 dieses Trockners 5 wird die Warenbahn dann wiederum zum Eingang 9 des Warentrockners gebracht und es wird hier wiederum eine Warenbahn 6 aufgelegt.After the web 6 has been lifted off, the conveyor belt 8 is introduced into its own conveyor belt washing device, where the color which has not yet dried to the full is removed and the conveyor belt 8 is thoroughly cleaned. After leaving the washing device 3, the conveyor belt can be guided into a water squeezing device 4 for squeezing off most of the amount of water entrained by the conveyor belt 8. Instead of the squeezing device 4, vacuum suction can also be provided. The conveyor belt 8 is then introduced into its own conveyor belt dryer 5 and dried here in the usual way, e.g. by inflating heated air. From the outlet 14 of this dryer 5, the web is then in turn brought to the entrance 9 of the dryer and a web 6 is again placed here.

In der Fig.1 befindet sich der Eintritt 9 des Transportbandes 8 an einem Ende des Warentrockners 2 und am anderen Ende befindet sich sowohl der Austritt für die Warenbahn 6 als auch der Austritt für das Transportband 8. Bei der Fig.2 hingegen ist der Austritt des Transportbandes 8 am gleichen Ende wie der Eintritt 9 vorgesehen. Es sei noch darauf hingewiesen, daß im allgemeinen das Transportband 8 luftdurchlässig ist, so daß das Beblasen mit Heißluft äußerst wirksam ist.In FIG. 1 there is the inlet 9 of the conveyor belt 8 at one end of the fabric dryer 2 and at the other end there is both the outlet for the web 6 and the outlet for the conveyor belt 8. In FIG. 2, however, the outlet is of the conveyor belt 8 is provided at the same end as the inlet 9. It should also be noted that the conveyor belt 8 is generally permeable to air, so that blowing with hot air is extremely effective.

Claims (5)

  1. A method of drying webs of printed goods following on from the printing process, the web of goods being placed on a conveyor belt together with which it is conveyed into a dryer, the conveyor belt being passed out of the dryer, being washed and then dried and fed back to the web of goods, characterised in that the latter is fixed in non-slip manner on the conveyor belt and in synchronism with the conveyor belt passes in a straight line through the first dryer stage and is lifted off the conveyor belt only after it has passed through the first dryer stage so that it is then passed on through the dryer by itself.
  2. A method according to Claim 1, characterised in that between washing and drying the conveyor belt is squeezed off or subjected to a vacuum process.
  3. An arrangement for drying printed webs (6) of goods in which there is behind the printing apparatus (7) a goods dryer (2) having at one end an inlet (9) for a web of goods (6) resting on a conveyor belt (8) and an outlet (12) for the conveyor belt (8), behind which there is a washing means (3) for the conveyor belt (8) and then a conveyor belt dryer (5), from the outlet (14) of which the conveyor belt (8) is guided to the inlet (9) of the goods dryer (2), characterised in that within the goods dryer (2) there is between rollers (10 and 11) a parting means to separate the web of goods (6) from the conveyor belt (8) and in that reversing means are only disposed for the web of goods (6) in the goods dryer (2), separate outlets (12, 13) being provided for conveyor belt and web of goods (6).
  4. An arrangement according to Claim 3, characterised in that between the washing means (3) for the conveyor belt (8) and the conveyor belt dryer (5) there is a squeegee and/or vacuum extraction means (4).
  5. An arrangement according to Claim 3 or 4, characterised in that before the inlet (9) to the goods dryer (2) there is a fixing blower (1).
EP19870890199 1986-08-29 1987-08-28 Process and apparatus for drying printed webs Revoked EP0269602B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT234286A AT393160B (en) 1986-08-29 1986-08-29 METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT FOR DRYING PRINTED PRODUCTS
AT2342/86 1986-08-29

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0269602A2 EP0269602A2 (en) 1988-06-01
EP0269602A3 EP0269602A3 (en) 1989-03-15
EP0269602B1 true EP0269602B1 (en) 1992-01-02

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ID=3532568

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19870890199 Revoked EP0269602B1 (en) 1986-08-29 1987-08-28 Process and apparatus for drying printed webs

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EP (1) EP0269602B1 (en)
AT (1) AT393160B (en)
DE (1) DE3775725D1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1040930A2 (en) 1999-03-31 2000-10-04 Eastman Kodak Company Endless transport belt for receiving the ink, not ejected for printing purposes, of an inkjet printer
EP1040931A2 (en) 1999-03-31 2000-10-04 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus for cleaning a transport belt in an ink jet printer

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102189759A (en) * 2011-04-22 2011-09-21 江苏舒尔雅家纺有限公司 Conduction band cleaning-prebaking device
CN109059495A (en) * 2018-06-21 2018-12-21 温州市聚达信息科技有限公司 A kind of printing and dyeing fabric high efficiency drying device
CN109228645B (en) * 2018-10-24 2024-02-09 深圳市威利特自动化设备有限公司 Printing production system

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL6615268A (en) * 1965-11-05 1967-05-08
AT286919B (en) * 1967-09-26 1970-12-28 Peter Zimmer Method and device for drying printed webs of material
GB1339659A (en) * 1971-11-19 1973-12-05 Orlovsky Nii Legkogo Mash Leather-painting installation
US3852980A (en) * 1971-11-25 1974-12-10 P Zimmer Apparatus for printing and/or dyeing of high pile webs

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1040930A2 (en) 1999-03-31 2000-10-04 Eastman Kodak Company Endless transport belt for receiving the ink, not ejected for printing purposes, of an inkjet printer
EP1040931A2 (en) 1999-03-31 2000-10-04 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus for cleaning a transport belt in an ink jet printer
US6481046B1 (en) 1999-03-31 2002-11-19 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus for cleaning from the outer surface of an endless transport belt the ink, not ejected for printing purposes, of an inkjet printer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0269602A3 (en) 1989-03-15
AT393160B (en) 1991-08-26
DE3775725D1 (en) 1992-02-13
ATA234286A (en) 1991-01-15
EP0269602A2 (en) 1988-06-01

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