EP0265976A1 - Fatty acid composition suitable for candle pressing - Google Patents

Fatty acid composition suitable for candle pressing Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0265976A1
EP0265976A1 EP87201801A EP87201801A EP0265976A1 EP 0265976 A1 EP0265976 A1 EP 0265976A1 EP 87201801 A EP87201801 A EP 87201801A EP 87201801 A EP87201801 A EP 87201801A EP 0265976 A1 EP0265976 A1 EP 0265976A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fatty acid
composition according
stearic
acid
pressing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP87201801A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0265976B1 (en
Inventor
Ramires Rolando Poulina
Abraham Jan Meulenberg
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Unilever PLC
Unilever NV
Original Assignee
Unilever PLC
Unilever NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from NL8602415A external-priority patent/NL8602415A/en
Priority claimed from NL8700211A external-priority patent/NL8700211A/en
Application filed by Unilever PLC, Unilever NV filed Critical Unilever PLC
Priority to AT87201801T priority Critical patent/ATE51016T1/en
Publication of EP0265976A1 publication Critical patent/EP0265976A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0265976B1 publication Critical patent/EP0265976B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
    • C11C5/00—Candles
    • C11C5/002—Ingredients

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fatty acid composition, more in particular to a fatty acid composition suitable for candle manufacture by pressing.
  • the manufacture of candles usually takes place by pouring technical stearic acid at around its solidification point into a mould. This requires craftmanship and precise control of temperature, because otherwise the quality of the candle detoriates.
  • Paraffin candles however, sometimes mixed with some stearic acid (up to 20% w.w.) are manufactured on a technical scale with quite different, simpler equipment, because paraffin has a such physical properties that it can easily be worked into candles by pressing or extruding.
  • the present invention provides a fatty acid composition, which is suitable for manufacturing candles by extruding or pressing so that the more simple equipment already in general use for extruding/pressing paraffin candles can also be used for the manufacture of stearic candles.
  • the invention thus provides the possibility of combining the excellent quality of stearic candles with the convenient and easy manufacture of paraffin candles.
  • the fatty acid composition provided by the present invention usually contains stearic- and palmitic acid (technical, distilled, grade) in a weight ratio in the range between 20 - 80 : 80 - 20. More in particular such fatty acid mixtures of stearic - and palmitic acid are employed, which are about eutectic in their composition and contain within a few percent about 58 or about 27% of stearic acid, the remainder being palmitic acid.
  • the crystal modifier employed according to the present invention can be of the type disclosed in British specification (GB-A-)1.015.354 (Chemetron Corp.) and as is the case with the fatty acid component derivative it is present in an amount of 0.2 - 10, preferably between 0.5 and 6% by weight.
  • a crystal modifier which comprises an ester derived from a polyol and fatty acid and/or dimeric fatty acid. More preferred is a modifier in which groups derived from fatty acid and from dimeric fatty acid are present. Partial and complete esters can be used, but the former are preferred.
  • the polyol component of the crystal modifier can contain 2 - 5 carbon atoms and 2 - 4 hydroxyl groups. Examples are e.g. glycerol, neopentylglycol, trimethylolpropane, and pentaerythritol. Glycerol is preferred. Low molecular weight polyvinylalcohol fatty acid esters can also be employed for this purpose according to the present invention.
  • the fatty acid component of the crystal modifier usually contains 16-18 carbon atoms and the dimeric fatty acid 32-36 carbon atoms and of course two carboxylic groups. Sometimes the dimeric fatty acid also contains some trimeric fatty acid.
  • the crystal modifier usually has a weight average molecular weight between 250 to 5000, preferably between 750 and 2500.
  • the other, optional, component, which is also used in accordance with the present invention in an amount of 0.5-15% (w.w) is a natural fatty acid, which is as to chain length adjacent to stearic/palmitic acid, therefore a C14 and/or C20 saturated monocarboxylic acid, which can be combined with a C12 or C22 fatty acid.
  • C12-C22, fatty acid amides are also suitable.
  • a saturated amide such as stearamide and behenamide is used.
  • the total amount of stearic/palmitic acid in the composition is between 75 and about 99% (w.w).
  • the fatty acid compositions according to the present invention proved to show such an improved elasticity that they could be shaped by pressing and yielded after pressing a hard candle with an umdamaged surface (free from flaws and cracks), and could be subjected to the conventional, industrial finishing techniques such as polishing.
  • the fatty acid composition according to the invention showed a favourable combination of yield properties and hardness.
  • the fatty acid composition according to the present invention can be used conveniently in a particulate form such as powder, flakes, pellets and extrudates and can be processed with good results in commercially available pressing/moulding equipment for the processing for paraffin candles such as candles for tea-warmers.
  • This fatty acid composition which preferably is a powder with an average particle size up to 1 mm, could also well be extruded to form a bar, which could subsequently be processed to candles. There was no need for a precise temperature control and the losses were minimal.
  • candles of prime quality can be obtained, which candles consisted wholly or partially of a fatty acid composition containing a crystal modifier and a fatty acid or derivative thereof having a chain length adjacent to that of palmitic/stearic fatty acid mixture as described above.
  • the candle according to the present invention with the exception of the wick material, consists entirely of the fatty acid composition according to the present invention.
  • a mixture consisting of : 90 parts by weight of stearic/palmitic acid/myristic acids in the weight ratio 32/64/4 w.w.; 5 parts by weight of crystal modifier prepared from 1 mole of glycerol, 2 moles of stearic acid and 0.5 mole of C36 dimeric fatty acid; 5 parts by weight of erucamide, were molten, stirred and flaked over a conventional scraped cooling drum. The solid material was then ground to a powder with an average particle size of 0.4 mm.
  • a duplex plodder of the type Mazzoni (tradename) M 100 was adjusted as follows: temperature outer mantle 25°C temperature nozzle 65°C filter 0.5 mm temperature when leaving extruder 39°C diameter of the nozzle 15 mm
  • the ground fatty acid composition was fed into the plodder and was worked on the machine into a compact candle string.
  • fatty acid compositions were prepared and tested. However the material was ground and sieved to an average particle size between 0.6 and 1.0 mm. The compositions and test results are tabulated below.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Fats And Perfumes (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a composition of matter, which is suitable for manufacturing candles by pressing/extruding, which is based on stearic/palmitic acid and also comprises:
0.2 - 10% (w.w) of a crystal modifier and optionally 0.5 - 15% (w.w) of another, as to carbon chain length adjacent, natural fatty acid and/or such fatty acid derivative. Preferably the stearic/palmitic acid is a mixture of stearic acid and palmitic acid in the weight range of 20-80 : 80-20.
The crystal modifier is usually of the ester type and is derived from a polyol with 2-4 hydroxylgroups and higher fatty acid and/or dimeric fatty acid.

Description

  • The invention relates to a fatty acid composition, more in particular to a fatty acid composition suitable for candle manufacture by pressing. The manufacture of candles (usually called "stearic" candles) usually takes place by pouring technical stearic acid at around its solidification point into a mould. This requires craftmanship and precise control of temperature, because otherwise the quality of the candle detoriates.
  • Paraffin candles, however, sometimes mixed with some stearic acid (up to 20% w.w.) are manufactured on a technical scale with quite different, simpler equipment, because paraffin has a such physical properties that it can easily be worked into candles by pressing or extruding.
  • The present invention provides a fatty acid composition, which is suitable for manufacturing candles by extruding or pressing so that the more simple equipment already in general use for extruding/pressing paraffin candles can also be used for the manufacture of stearic candles. The invention thus provides the possibility of combining the excellent quality of stearic candles with the convenient and easy manufacture of paraffin candles.
  • The fatty acid composition provided by the present invention usually contains stearic- and palmitic acid (technical, distilled, grade) in a weight ratio in the range between 20 - 80 : 80 - 20. More in particular such fatty acid mixtures of stearic - and palmitic acid are employed, which are about eutectic in their composition and contain within a few percent about 58 or about 27% of stearic acid, the remainder being palmitic acid.
  • The present invention provides a fatty acid composition suitable for candle manufacture by pressing, which contains at least one crystal modifier, and preferably also a (natural = even numbered) fatty acid, which has a chain length adjacent to that of the palmitic-/stearic acid base and which is a C₁₂-C₁₄ and/or C₂₀-C₂₂ fatty acid and/or a C¹₂-C₂₂ fatty acid.
  • The crystal modifier employed according to the present invention can be of the type disclosed in British specification (GB-A-)1.015.354 (Chemetron Corp.) and as is the case with the fatty acid component derivative it is present in an amount of 0.2 - 10, preferably between 0.5 and 6% by weight. There is a preference for employing a crystal modifier, which comprises an ester derived from a polyol and fatty acid and/or dimeric fatty acid. More preferred is a modifier in which groups derived from fatty acid and from dimeric fatty acid are present. Partial and complete esters can be used, but the former are preferred.
  • The polyol component of the crystal modifier can contain 2 - 5 carbon atoms and 2 - 4 hydroxyl groups. Examples are e.g. glycerol, neopentylglycol, trimethylolpropane, and pentaerythritol. Glycerol is preferred. Low molecular weight polyvinylalcohol fatty acid esters can also be employed for this purpose according to the present invention.
  • The fatty acid component of the crystal modifier usually contains 16-18 carbon atoms and the dimeric fatty acid 32-36 carbon atoms and of course two carboxylic groups. Sometimes the dimeric fatty acid also contains some trimeric fatty acid. The crystal modifier usually has a weight average molecular weight between 250 to 5000, preferably between 750 and 2500.
  • The other, optional, component, which is also used in accordance with the present invention in an amount of 0.5-15% (w.w) is a natural fatty acid, which is as to chain length adjacent to stearic/palmitic acid, therefore a C₁₄ and/or C₂₀ saturated monocarboxylic acid, which can be combined with a C₁₂ or C₂₂ fatty acid. Also suitable are C₁₂-C₂₂, fatty acid amides. Preferably a saturated amide such as stearamide and behenamide is used. Preferred are fatty acid derivative s containing 12 - 22 carbon atoms and erucamide and stearamide yield excellent results. The total amount of stearic/palmitic acid in the composition is between 75 and about 99% (w.w).
  • The fatty acid compositions according to the present invention proved to show such an improved elasticity that they could be shaped by pressing and yielded after pressing a hard candle with an umdamaged surface (free from flaws and cracks), and could be subjected to the conventional, industrial finishing techniques such as polishing. The fatty acid composition according to the invention showed a favourable combination of yield properties and hardness.
  • The fatty acid composition according to the present invention can be used conveniently in a particulate form such as powder, flakes, pellets and extrudates and can be processed with good results in commercially available pressing/moulding equipment for the processing for paraffin candles such as candles for tea-warmers. This fatty acid composition, which preferably is a powder with an average particle size up to 1 mm, could also well be extruded to form a bar, which could subsequently be processed to candles. There was no need for a precise temperature control and the losses were minimal.
  • By this novel process candles of prime quality can be obtained, which candles consisted wholly or partially of a fatty acid composition containing a crystal modifier and a fatty acid or derivative thereof having a chain length adjacent to that of palmitic/stearic fatty acid mixture as described above. Preferably the candle according to the present invention, with the exception of the wick material, consists entirely of the fatty acid composition according to the present invention.
  • The invention is now illustrated by the following examples:
    • Example 1
  • A mixture consisting of :
    90 parts by weight of stearic/palmitic acid/myristic acids in the weight ratio 32/64/4 w.w.;
    5 parts by weight of crystal modifier prepared from 1 mole of glycerol, 2 moles of stearic acid and 0.5 mole of C₃₆ dimeric fatty acid;
    5 parts by weight of erucamide,
    were molten, stirred and flaked over a conventional scraped cooling drum. The solid material was then ground to a powder with an average particle size of 0.4 mm.
  • A duplex plodder of the type Mazzoni (tradename) M 100 was adjusted as follows:
    temperature outer mantle      25°C
    temperature nozzle      65°C
    filter      0.5 mm
    temperature when leaving extruder      39°C
    diameter of the nozzle      15 mm
  • The ground fatty acid composition was fed into the plodder and was worked on the machine into a compact candle string.
  • On an Instron (tradename) 1122 universal testing instrument subsequently the strength was determined by testing an appropriate sample. The value determined of 100 N was close to that determined for an equivalent piece of stearic/palmitic (40/60) candle. The flow-properties, in particular the yield point however, were considerable improved when compared with those of usual palmitic/stearic acid (40/60) composition. When using an orifice plate with a 2mm bore hole and a pressure of 20 bar the fatty acid composition according to the invention could be pressed through per minute in twice the weight amount of the conventional stearic/palmitic acid (40/60) mixture alone.
    • Example 2
  • A mixture consisting of:
    95 parts by weight of stearic/palmitic acid in the weight ratio of 60:40;
    2.5 parts by weight of crystal modifier according to Example 1;
    2.5 parts by weight of erucamide
    were molten at 70-75°C and sprayed with a semi-technical pelleting machine having a nozzle of 0.4 mm on a cooled rotating drum.
  • Using the beads so obtained pressings were effected on a commercially avaible pressing machine for paraffin candles. C ilinders were pressed of 50 mm diameter and a length of 60 to 70 mm. The final pressure rose to 20 to 22 MPa and each pressing took about 5 seconds. The raw candles so obtained were compact, had no cracks and were of good mechanical properties. When pressing no difficulties were experienced, which was in contrast when trying to press conventional palmitic/stearic acid mixtures.
    • Examples 3-8
  • Using the procedure described in Example 1, fatty acid compositions were prepared and tested. However the material was ground and sieved to an average particle size between 0.6 and 1.0 mm. The compositions and test results are tabulated below.
    Figure imgb0001

Claims (12)

1. A composition of matter, which is suitable for manufacturing candles by pressing and which is based on stearic/palmitic acid characterized in that the composition also comprises:
0.2 - 10% (w.w.) of a crystal modifier and optionally 0.5 - 15% (w.w.) of another,as to carbon chain length adjacent, fatty acid and/or such fatty acid derivative.
2. A composition according to claim 1 characterized in that the stearic/palmitic acid is a mixture of stearic acid and palmitic acid in the weight range of 20-80 : 80-20.
3. A composition according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the crystal modifier and the other fatty component are present in an amount of 0.5-6% by weight.
4. A composition according to any of the claims 1 to 3 characterized in that the crystal modifier comprises an ester which is derived from a polyol and higher fatty acid and/or dimeric fatty acid.
5. A composition according to claim 4 characterized in that the crystal modifier has a weight average molecular weight ranging between 250 and 5000.
6. A composition according to claim 4 or 5 characterized in that polyol contains 2-4 hydroxylgroups per molecule.
7. Composition according to any of the preceding claims characterized in that the as to chain length adjacent natural fatty acid contains 12-14 and/or 20 to 22 carbon atoms.
8. Composition according to any of the preceding claims characterized in that the fatty acid derivative is a C₁₂-C₂₂ fatty amide.
9. Composition according to claim 8 characterized in that the amide is stearamide.
10. Composition according to claim 8 characterized in that the amide is a erucamide.
11. Process for the manufacture of candles characterized in that a fatty acid composition according to any of the claims 1 - 10 is converted into candles by extruding/pressing of the particulate fatty acid composition.
12. Candle wholly or partially consisting of a fatty acid composition according to any of the claims 1 - 10.
EP87201801A 1986-09-25 1987-09-21 Fatty acid composition suitable for candle pressing Expired - Lifetime EP0265976B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87201801T ATE51016T1 (en) 1986-09-25 1987-09-21 FATTY ACID COMPOSITION SUITABLE FOR CANDLE PRESSING.

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL8602415A NL8602415A (en) 1986-09-25 1986-09-25 Fatty acid compsn. for mfg. candles - contg. stearic-palmitic acid and crystal modifier and opt. another fatty acid or deriv.
NL8602415 1986-09-25
NL8700211 1987-01-28
NL8700211A NL8700211A (en) 1987-01-28 1987-01-28 Fatty acid compsn. for mfg. candles - contg. stearic-palmitic acid and crystal modifier and opt. another fatty acid or deriv.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0265976A1 true EP0265976A1 (en) 1988-05-04
EP0265976B1 EP0265976B1 (en) 1990-03-14

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EP87201801A Expired - Lifetime EP0265976B1 (en) 1986-09-25 1987-09-21 Fatty acid composition suitable for candle pressing

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4813975A (en)
EP (1) EP0265976B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE51016T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3761907D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2014464B3 (en)
GR (1) GR3000417T3 (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1380638A1 (en) 2002-07-12 2004-01-14 Xin Lu Colored flame candle and manufacture thereof
EP1887077A1 (en) * 2006-08-09 2008-02-13 HB-Feinmechanik GmbH & Co.KG Cooling apparatus and method of cooling
CN103173295A (en) * 2013-04-18 2013-06-26 青岛百事德工艺礼品有限公司 Smokeless environment-friendly birthday candle with color flame
EP3653690A1 (en) 2018-11-15 2020-05-20 Mueller Fabryka Swiec S.A. The method of manufacturing a combustible candle

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US6099877A (en) * 1992-04-10 2000-08-08 Schuppan; Robert L. Food product that maintains a flame
US20030061760A1 (en) * 2001-03-08 2003-04-03 Bernard Tao Vegetable lipid-based composition and candle
US6284007B1 (en) 1998-08-12 2001-09-04 Indiana Soybean Board, Inc. Vegetable lipid-based composition and candle
US6852140B1 (en) 1999-09-24 2005-02-08 Cleanwax, Llc Low-soot, low-smoke renewable resource candle
US6758869B2 (en) 2000-02-02 2004-07-06 Cleanwax, Llp Non sooting paraffin containing candle
US6645261B2 (en) 2000-03-06 2003-11-11 Cargill, Inc. Triacylglycerol-based alternative to paraffin wax
US6824572B2 (en) * 2001-03-06 2004-11-30 Cargill, Incorporated Vegetable oil based wax compositions
US6503285B1 (en) * 2001-05-11 2003-01-07 Cargill, Inc. Triacylglycerol based candle wax
US20030046860A1 (en) * 2001-08-02 2003-03-13 Archer Daniels Midland Co. Vegetable fat-based candles
US7128766B2 (en) * 2001-09-25 2006-10-31 Cargill, Incorporated Triacylglycerol based wax compositions
US6730137B2 (en) * 2001-11-14 2004-05-04 Bath & Body Works, Inc. Vegetable oil candle
US6773469B2 (en) * 2002-11-12 2004-08-10 Cargill, Incorporated Triacylglycerol based wax for use in candles
US6797020B2 (en) * 2002-11-12 2004-09-28 Cargill, Incorporated Triacylglycerol based wax for use in container candles
US7192457B2 (en) * 2003-05-08 2007-03-20 Cargill, Incorporated Wax and wax-based products
US20050158679A1 (en) * 2004-01-17 2005-07-21 Qin Chen Compression-molded vegetable wax-based candle
US7510584B2 (en) * 2004-10-13 2009-03-31 Daniel S. Cap Acetylated wax compositions and articles containing them
AU2006205023C1 (en) 2005-01-10 2012-05-24 Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. Candle and candle wax containing metathesis and metathesis-like products
US7588607B1 (en) 2005-03-16 2009-09-15 Daniel S. Cap Candlewax compositions with improved scent-throw
WO2008008420A1 (en) * 2006-07-12 2008-01-17 Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. Hot melt adhesive compositions comprising metathesized unsaturated polyol ester wax
US20080172930A1 (en) * 2007-01-19 2008-07-24 Breuer Thomas E Hydrocarbon-free, non-polymeric formulations and articles
WO2008103289A1 (en) 2007-02-16 2008-08-28 Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. Wax compositions and methods of preparing wax compositions
MX2009013053A (en) * 2007-05-30 2010-01-18 Elevance Renewable Sciences Prilled waxes comprising small particles and smooth-sided compression candles made therefrom.
WO2008157436A1 (en) 2007-06-15 2008-12-24 Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. Hybrid wax compositions for use in compression molded wax articles such as candles
DK2545151T3 (en) * 2010-03-10 2014-02-17 Elevance Renewable Sciences Lipid-based wax composition substantially free of fat bloom and method of preparation
EP2569379B8 (en) 2010-05-12 2018-09-19 Cargill, Incorporated Natural oil based marking compositions and their methods of making
WO2012006324A1 (en) 2010-07-09 2012-01-12 Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. Waxes derived from metathesized natural oils and amines and methods of making
WO2012071306A1 (en) 2010-11-23 2012-05-31 Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. Lipid-based wax compositions substantially free of fat bloom and methods of making
US9139801B2 (en) 2011-07-10 2015-09-22 Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. Metallic soap compositions for various applications
US10342886B2 (en) 2016-01-26 2019-07-09 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Extruded wax melt and method of producing same
US10010638B2 (en) 2016-06-14 2018-07-03 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Wax melt with filler

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1380638A1 (en) 2002-07-12 2004-01-14 Xin Lu Colored flame candle and manufacture thereof
EP1887077A1 (en) * 2006-08-09 2008-02-13 HB-Feinmechanik GmbH & Co.KG Cooling apparatus and method of cooling
CN103173295A (en) * 2013-04-18 2013-06-26 青岛百事德工艺礼品有限公司 Smokeless environment-friendly birthday candle with color flame
CN103173295B (en) * 2013-04-18 2014-06-25 青岛百事德工艺礼品有限公司 Smokeless environment-friendly birthday candle with color flame
EP3653690A1 (en) 2018-11-15 2020-05-20 Mueller Fabryka Swiec S.A. The method of manufacturing a combustible candle

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GR3000417T3 (en) 1991-06-28
US4813975A (en) 1989-03-21
EP0265976B1 (en) 1990-03-14
DE3761907D1 (en) 1990-04-19
ATE51016T1 (en) 1990-03-15
ES2014464B3 (en) 1990-07-16

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