EP0264360B1 - Detecting device for the spatial orientation of unacceptably heated spots - Google Patents

Detecting device for the spatial orientation of unacceptably heated spots Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0264360B1
EP0264360B1 EP87890225A EP87890225A EP0264360B1 EP 0264360 B1 EP0264360 B1 EP 0264360B1 EP 87890225 A EP87890225 A EP 87890225A EP 87890225 A EP87890225 A EP 87890225A EP 0264360 B1 EP0264360 B1 EP 0264360B1
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Prior art keywords
mirror
heat radiation
periodically
radiation detector
rays
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EP87890225A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0264360A3 (en
EP0264360A2 (en
Inventor
Jens Dipl.-Ing. Dührkoop
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Voestalpine Railway Systems GmbH
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Voestalpine VAE GmbH
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61RAILWAYS
    • B61KAUXILIARY EQUIPMENT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR RAILWAYS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B61K9/00Railway vehicle profile gauges; Detecting or indicating overheating of components; Apparatus on locomotives or cars to indicate bad track sections; General design of track recording vehicles
    • B61K9/12Measuring or surveying wheel-rims
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61RAILWAYS
    • B61KAUXILIARY EQUIPMENT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR RAILWAYS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B61K9/00Railway vehicle profile gauges; Detecting or indicating overheating of components; Apparatus on locomotives or cars to indicate bad track sections; General design of track recording vehicles
    • B61K9/04Detectors for indicating the overheating of axle bearings and the like, e.g. associated with the brake system for applying the brakes in case of a fault

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for detecting the spatial orientation of inadmissibly heated points of wheel bearings and / or wheel treads of rail vehicles with a heat radiation sensor, in which in a beam path from the measuring point to the heat radiation sensor a periodically changing deflection device with at least one mirror and imaging optics is arranged.
  • a radiation scanning device that can be used in laboratory operation has become known, which can be thermostatted and adjusted accordingly.
  • an additional swivel mirror is provided, which supplies a synchronization signal.
  • an optical system with image field scanning which can be used in laboratory operation, has also become known, a swivel mirror being used for scanning.
  • completely different framework conditions apply in general compared to a locally installed device of the type mentioned, in particular with regard to environmental influences, thermostatting and synchronization.
  • EP-A 0 217 692 shows a device with which an automatic adjustment in an optical system for monitoring and evaluating infrared images can be achieved.
  • an autocollimation system is provided for calibration, which enables the cooled detector to be self-mapped.
  • thermal detectors e.g. bolometers
  • HgCd HgTe, InSb, PbSe or combinations of such semiconductors.
  • Such semiconductor detectors respond to changes by thermal excitation of free charge carriers and are able to resolve radiation of a high pulse train, but are for the continuous detection of a certain temperature level without additional devices, such as, for example, modulators or deflection devices which interrupt the incident beam cyclically, or to other temperature levels direct, not suitable.
  • Devices of this type are usually arranged in the track area and the measuring beam reaches the generally cooled detector either vertically or in a direction deviating from the vertical through a window of the device and corresponding deflection devices.
  • DE-OS 23 43 904 shows an embodiment of a device mentioned in the introduction, in which a reference source was accommodated in a pivotable cover, which could be swiveled into the beam path after all the wheels had passed, and in this way an additional reference signal Detector provided.
  • the standard radiator was in the waiting position of the system in the beam path, whereas the signals from the standard radiator could not be taken into account during the measuring time, since the cover, which carried the standard radiator, had to be pivoted aside for the measurement.
  • the known devices only ever detected a certain measuring point and a temperature profile over a preferred direction of the measuring section could not be measured in any way.
  • the invention according to claim 1 now aims to provide information about the location of the temperature maximum and to provide a particularly simple device with which the processing of device-internal temperature reference signals in addition to the information about the inadmissible heating of measuring points of wheel bearings and / or wheel treads is made possible.
  • a device for detecting the spatial orientation of inadmissibly heated points of wheel bearings and / or wheel treads of rail vehicles with a heat radiation sensor in which in a beam path from the measuring point to the heat radiation sensor a periodically changing deflection device with at least one mirror and an imaging optical system is arranged, the autocollimation mirror surfaces facing the radiation path coming from the heat radiation sensor being provided, which, in at least one periodically recurring position of the periodically changing deflection device, essentially throw back the rays arriving from the heat radiation sensor, which at the reversal points of the movement of the rays reflected by the mirror
  • Heat radiation sensors are fixedly arranged facing and which are arranged at a distance from the imaging optics, which corresponds to the focal length of the imaging optics, the fixed autocollimation mirror surfaces being arranged at the edges of an image field lens and being curved for autocollimation with a radius corresponding to the focal length of the imaging optics.
  • an autocollimation mirror element is periodically provided in the beam path coming from the heat radiation sensor and a self-image of the heat radiation sensor results, a clearly different reference signal is periodically reflected on the heat radiation sensor, which represents the temperature of the cooled detector, whereby on the one hand an automatic calibration as well as a Reduction of the background noise and thus a more precise signal evaluation are made possible.
  • the deflection device in particular a mirror, which changes periodically in inclination, the cone of vision can be moved over the measuring point and in this way scan the measuring point along a preferred direction and take into account a plurality of consecutive measured values in real-time measurements. In this way, a temperature profile corrected with the aid of the periodically measured reference signal can be created directly, and with such a device, the errors which are possible due to the sinusoidal running of the wheels when measuring wheel bearings are eliminated.
  • the arrangement is made in a simple manner such that fixed autocollimation mirror surfaces facing the thermal radiation sensor are arranged at the reversal points of the movement of the rays reflected by the mirror.
  • Such autocollimation mirror surfaces arranged at the reversal points of the movement of the scanning beam reflect the temperature of the cooled detector back to the detector in a structurally particularly simple manner, so that in this way a reference signal which is clearly different from the measured value can be achieved, which can also be used to reduce the background noise in a particularly advantageous manner.
  • the design is such that the fixed autocollimation mirror surfaces are arranged at a distance from the imaging optics which corresponds to the focal length of the imaging optics, thereby ensuring that a precise reference value for the temperature at which the detector is located is generated.
  • such an autocollimation for the purpose of calibrating the device is further designed in such a way that the fixed autocollimation mirror surface (s) are located on the edges of a field lens arranged in the image plane and are curved with a corresponding radius for autocollimation .
  • afocal systems can be interposed, which result in a parallel beam path with a reduced beam cross-section in the area of the mirror surfaces.
  • the periodically variable deflection device can be designed as an oscillating mirror and can be pivoted about an axis parallel to the mirror plane and / or lying in the mirror plane.
  • Such an oscillating mirror can be excited to achieve a scanning speed adapted to the vehicle speed with frequencies of a few kHz, in order in this way to give a scanning frequency which, in the relatively short time available for measuring a bearing, actually has a bearing on several Can capture jobs.
  • the subsequent evaluation electronics or amplifier circuit only has to make the requirement that the electronic bandwidth is designed in such a way that the rise time of the amplifier for evaluation even with only one oscillation train the full amplitude is sufficient. Relatively broadband amplifiers are therefore to be used.
  • the design can alternatively be such that an autocollimation mirror surface facing the beam path coming from the heat radiation sensor is provided, which in at least one periodically recurring position of the periodically variable deflection device Rays coming from the heat radiation sensor essentially in itself and that the mirror of the periodically variable deflection device is formed by inclined surfaces of a rotating disc, the inclination of which is periodically different in the circumferential direction of the disc to the plane of rotation, and that the autocollimation mirror surface is arranged on the circumference of the disc.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first schematically illustrated Arrangement of the beam path with an oscillating mirror and autocollimation through mirrored surfaces of a field lens
  • Fig. 2 a modified design with planar autocollimation mirrors
  • Fig. 3 a rotating mirror as a replacement for the oscillating mirror according to Fig. 1 in axial section
  • Fig. 4 a view of a rotating one 3 in the axial direction and the Fig. 5, 6 and 7 sections along the lines VV, VI-VI and VII-VII of Fig. 4.
  • the measuring beam 1 passes through a focusing optical element 2 onto a deflecting mirror 3 and subsequently arrives at an oscillating mirror 5 with the interposition of an image field lens 4, which oscillating mirror 5 scans the image on the image field lens 4 via a infrared optics 6 a detector or heat radiation sensor 7 supplies.
  • the oscillating mirror 5 oscillates in the direction of the double arrow 8 and can be excited piezoelectrically via oscillating crystals or electromagnetically in order to exert this oscillation.
  • the field lens 4 has a radius of curvature on its side facing the mirror, which corresponds to the refractive power of the converging lens (s) of the infrared optics 6. Due to the pivoting movement of the mirror 5, a viewing area corresponding to the double arrow 9 is now partly detected and, on the other hand, the image of the detector 7 designed by the converging lens of the infrared optics 6 reaches the mirrored areas 10 provided in the marginal area of the converging lens with a correspondingly wide deflection the image of the detector 7 is reflected and a reference signal for the temperature of the detector element 7, which can be thermoelectrically cooled in a simple manner, is thus provided in these edge regions.
  • the autocollimation is achieved by the reflectively vaporized areas of the field lens 4, which are designated by 10.
  • the lens can also be arranged slightly outside the photo. In the present case, however, only a slight additional modulation can occur due to the deflected beam, even with inhomogeneities, which is insignificant for the reference formation.
  • an afocal system consisting of a diverging lens 11 and a converging lens 12 is provided between the optics 2 on the input side and the infrared optics 6 in front of the detector 7, the refractive powers of which cancel each other out , so that the focus is shifted from the lens.
  • the deflection mirror is again designated 3. Since in the region between the diverging lens 11 and the converging lens 12 the beam path runs parallel with a reduced bundle cross section, an autocollimation mirror with a flat surface can be arranged outside the diverging lens 11. This autocollimation mirror with a flat surface is designated by 13.
  • the widening of the field of view in the sense of the double arrow 9 is in turn realized by the oscillating movement of the mirror 5 in the sense of the double arrow 8.
  • a rotating disk corresponding to FIG. 3, can also be used, which has mirror surfaces 14 inclined on its outer circumference.
  • the rotating disk is denoted by 15 and can be set in rotation in the direction of arrow 16 about the axis of rotation denoted by 17.
  • a light barrier 23 is provided, which can provide synchronization signals to the subsequent evaluation electronics.
  • the mirror surface indicated by 19 in FIG. 3 runs in the plane of rotation 22 of the disc 15, as is shown in detail in FIG. 5, and serves as the autocollimation mirror surface of the disc 15, which periodically comes into contact with the heat radiation sensor 7 when the disc 15 rotates Beam path occurs and a periodic self-imaging of the detector 7 results in the generation of a periodic reference signal.
  • FIGS. 4 to 7 The design of the outer circumference of the rotating disk is shown in detail in FIGS. 4 to 7.
  • successive mirror surfaces 20 and 21 are arranged in the circumferential direction 18 according to FIG. 4 with different inclinations to the plane of rotation of the disk.
  • the change in inclination is carried out incrementally, but it is easily possible to implement a continuous change in inclination, which, however, should have at least one point of discontinuity over the circumference.
  • the different inclinations of the individual mirror surfaces 20 and 21 can be seen in FIGS. 6 and 7 and are illustrated by the angles ⁇ and ⁇ to the plane of rotation 22.

Abstract

In the case of a device for detecting the spatial orientation of excessively heated points of wheel bearings and/or wheel running treads of rail vehicles, it is suggested that a deflecting device, such as an oscillating mirror 5, that can be varied periodically in its slope, be inserted into the path of the rays from a measuring point to a heat radiation sensor 7. The ray that is deflected when the slope of the deflecting device is changed can in this way also arrive on reflecting surfaces 10 for the purpose of autocollimation, thereby enabling an improvement in measuring precision. Radiation emitted from the detector is periodically reflected back onto the detector to provide a reference signal.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Einrichtung zum Erfassen der räumlichen Orientierung von unzulässig erwärmten Stellen von Radlagern und/oder Radlaufflächen von Schienenfahrzeugen mit einem Wärmestrahlungsfühler, in welcher in einen Strahlengang von der Meßstelle zum Wärmestrahlungsfühler eine in ihrer Neigung periodisch veränderliche Ablenkeinrichtung mit wenigstens einem Spiegel und eine Abbildungsoptik angeordnet ist.The invention relates to a device for detecting the spatial orientation of inadmissibly heated points of wheel bearings and / or wheel treads of rail vehicles with a heat radiation sensor, in which in a beam path from the measuring point to the heat radiation sensor a periodically changing deflection device with at least one mirror and imaging optics is arranged.

Aus der GB-A 1 582 625 ist eine im Laborbetrieb einsetzbare Strahlungs-Scan-Einrichtung bekanntgeworden, welche entsprechend thermostatiert und justiert werden kann. Dabei ist neben der von einem rotierenden Polygon gebildeten Abtasteinrichtung ein zusätzlicher Schwenkspiegel vorgesehen, welcher ein Synchronisationssignal liefert. Aus der DE-A 2 204 498 ist ebenfalls ein im Laborbetrieb einsetzbares optisches System mit Bildfeldabtastung bekannt geworden, wobei zum Abtasten ein Schwenkspiegel Verwendung findet. Für im Laborbetrieb einsetzbare Geräte bzw. Systeme gelten jedoch im allgemeinen gegenüber einer vor Ort eingebauten Einrichtung der eingangs genannten Art vollkommen unterschiedliche Rahmenbedingungen, insbesondere in bezug auf Umwelteinflüsse, eine Thermostatisierung und eine Synchronisierung.From GB-A 1 582 625 a radiation scanning device that can be used in laboratory operation has become known, which can be thermostatted and adjusted accordingly. In addition to the scanning device formed by a rotating polygon, an additional swivel mirror is provided, which supplies a synchronization signal. From DE-A 2 204 498 an optical system with image field scanning, which can be used in laboratory operation, has also become known, a swivel mirror being used for scanning. For devices or systems that can be used in laboratory operation, however, completely different framework conditions apply in general compared to a locally installed device of the type mentioned, in particular with regard to environmental influences, thermostatting and synchronization.

Der EP-A 0 217 692 (Veröffentlichungstag : 08.04.87) ist eine Einrichtung zu entnehmen, mit welcher eine automatische Justierung in einem optischen System zur Überwachung und Auswertung von Infrarotbildern gelingt. Zur Kalibrierung ist bei dieser bekannten Ausbildung ein Autokollimationssytem vorgesehen, welches eine Selbstabbildung des gekühlten Detektors ermöglicht.EP-A 0 217 692 (publication date: April 8, 1987) shows a device with which an automatic adjustment in an optical system for monitoring and evaluating infrared images can be achieved. In this known design, an autocollimation system is provided for calibration, which enables the cooled detector to be self-mapped.

Es sind weiters bereits eine Reihe von Einrichtungen zur Erfassung bzw. Ortung des Heißlaufes von Radlagern bekannt, welche im Gleisbereich angeordnet wurden. Eine derartige Einrichtung kann beispielsweise der DE-OS 29 07 945 entnommen werden. Als Wärmestrahlungsfühler werden in derartigen Einrichtungen gekühlte Detektoren eingesetzt.Furthermore, a number of devices for detecting or locating the hot running of wheel bearings, which have been arranged in the track area, are already known. Such a device can be found, for example, in DE-OS 29 07 945. Cooled detectors are used as heat radiation sensors in such devices.

Neben den als Detektor üblicherweise verwendeten thermischen Detektoren (z.B.Bolometern) gibt es eine Gruppe von rasch ansprechenden Wärmestrahlungsfühlern, wie beispielsweise HgCd : HgTe, InSb, PbSe oder Kombinationen derartiger Halbleiter. Derartige Halbleiter-Detektoren sprechen durch thermische Anregung freier Ladungsträger auf Änderungen an und vermögen Strahlung hoher Impulsfolge aufzulösen, sind jedoch für die kontinuierliche Erfassung eines bestimmten Temperaturniveaus ohne zusätzliche Einrichtungen, wie beispielsweise Modulatoren oder Ablenkeinrichtungen, welche den einfallenden Strahl zyklisch unterbrechen, oder auf andere Temperaturniveaus lenken, nicht geeignet.In addition to the thermal detectors (e.g. bolometers) commonly used as detectors, there is a group of rapidly responding heat radiation sensors such as HgCd: HgTe, InSb, PbSe or combinations of such semiconductors. Such semiconductor detectors respond to changes by thermal excitation of free charge carriers and are able to resolve radiation of a high pulse train, but are for the continuous detection of a certain temperature level without additional devices, such as, for example, modulators or deflection devices which interrupt the incident beam cyclically, or to other temperature levels direct, not suitable.

Derartige Einrichtungen werden üblicherweise im Gleisbereich angeordnet und der Meßstrahl gelangt entweder vertikal oder unter einer von der Vertikalen abweichenden Richtung durch ein Fenster der Einrichtung und entsprechende Umlenkeinrichtungen auf den im allgemeinen gekühlten Detektor.Devices of this type are usually arranged in the track area and the measuring beam reaches the generally cooled detector either vertically or in a direction deviating from the vertical through a window of the device and corresponding deflection devices.

Zur besseren Kalibrierung derartiger Einrichtungen wurde bereits vorgeschlagen, das jeweilige Signal der unbekannten Quelle mit einer Referenzquelle zu vergleichen. So ist beispielsweise der DE-OS 23 43 904 eine Ausbildung einer eingangs genannten Einrichtung zu entnehmen, bei welcher in einem schwenkbaren Deckel eine Referenzquelle untergebracht war, welche nach dem Durchlauf sämtlicher Räder in den Strahlengang eingeschwenkt werden konnte und auf diese Weise ein zusätzliches Referenzsignal dem Detektor zur Verfügung stellte. Der Normstrahler befand sich bei dieser bekannten Einrichtung in der Wartestellung der Anlage im Strahlengang, wohingegen während der Meßzeit die Signale des Normstrahlers nicht berücksichtigt werden konnten, da der Deckel, welcher den Normstrahler trug, für die Messung zur Seite geschwenkt werden mußte.For better calibration of such devices, it has already been proposed to compare the respective signal from the unknown source with a reference source. For example, DE-OS 23 43 904 shows an embodiment of a device mentioned in the introduction, in which a reference source was accommodated in a pivotable cover, which could be swiveled into the beam path after all the wheels had passed, and in this way an additional reference signal Detector provided. In this known device, the standard radiator was in the waiting position of the system in the beam path, whereas the signals from the standard radiator could not be taken into account during the measuring time, since the cover, which carried the standard radiator, had to be pivoted aside for the measurement.

Aus der US-PS 2 978 895 ist es bereits bekannt geworden, eine Normstrahlung intermittierend mit der Strahlung einer unbekannten Quelle einem Detektor zur Verfügung zu stellen. Bei dieser bekannten Einrichtung ist ein rotierender scheibenförmiger Modulator vorgesehen, dessen Rotationsachse zur Strahlenachse eines unbekannten Strahlers und zur Strahlenachse eines Normstrahlers geneigt angeordnet ist. Bei einer derartigen Anordnung kann bei Verwendung einer Schlitzscheibe immer dann, wenn der Schlitz den Strahlengang zur Meßstelle freigibt, die Temperatur der Meßstelle erfaßt werden und immer dann, wenn ein Flügel der Modulatorscheibe diesen Strahlengang abdeckt, durch Reflexion eine Normstrahlungsquelle auf den Detektor geleitet werden.From US Pat. No. 2,978,895 it has already become known to intermittently emit a standard radiation with the radiation of an unknown one To provide the source to a detector. In this known device, a rotating disk-shaped modulator is provided, the axis of rotation of which is arranged inclined to the beam axis of an unknown radiator and to the beam axis of a standard radiator. With such an arrangement, when a slit disc is used, the temperature of the measuring point can be detected whenever the slit clears the beam path to the measuring point, and whenever a wing of the modulator disc covers this beam path, a standard radiation source can be guided onto the detector by reflection.

Die bekannten Einrichtungen haben in jedem Fall aber immer nur einen bestimmten Meßpunkt erfaßt und es konnte ein Temperaturprofil über eine Vorzugsrichtung der Meßstrecke in keiner Weise gemessen werden.In any case, the known devices only ever detected a certain measuring point and a temperature profile over a preferred direction of the measuring section could not be measured in any way.

Die Erfindung gemäß Anspruch 1 zielt nun darauf ab, neben der Information über die unzulässige Erwärmung von Meßstellen von Radlagern und/oder Radlaufflächen auch eine Aussage über die örtliche Lage des Temperaturmaximums zu treffen und eine besonders einfache Einrichtung zu schaffen, mit welcher die Verarbeitung geräteinterner Temperaturreferenzsignale ermöglicht wird. Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird eine Einrichtung zum Erfassen der räumlichen Orientierung von unzulässig erwärmten Stellen von Radlagern und/oder Radlaufflächen von Schienenfahrzeugen mit einem Wärmestrahlungsfühler, in welcher in einen Strahlengang von der Meßstelle zum Wärmestrahlungsfühler eine in ihrer Neigung periodisch veränderliche Ablenkeinrichtung mit wenigstens einem Spiegel und eine Abbildungsoptik angeordnet ist, wobei dem vom Wärmestrahlungsfühler kommenden Strahlengang zugewendete Autokollimationsspiegelflächen vorgesehen sind, welche in wenigstens einer periodisch wiederkehrenden Stellung der periodisch veränderlichen Ablenkeinrichtung die vom Wärmestrahlungsfühler ankommenden Strahlen im wesentlichen in sich zurückwerfen, welche an den Umkehrpunkten der Bewegung der vom Spiegel reflektierten Strahlen dem Wärmestrahlungsfühler zugewandt feststehend angeordnet sind und welche in einem Abstand von der Abbildungsoptik angeordnet sind,, welcher der Brennweite der Abbildungsoptik entspricht, wobei die feststehenden Autokollimationsspiegelflächen an den Rändern einer Bildfeldlinse angeordnet sind und mit einem der Brennweite der Abbildungsoptik entsprechenden Radius zur Autokollimation gewölbt ausgebildet sind. Dadurch, daß ein Autokollimationsspiegelelement periodisch wiederkehrend im vom Wärmestrahlungsfühler kommenden Strahlengang vorgesehen ist und eine Selbstabbildung des Wärmestrahlungsfühlers ergibt, wird ein deutlich vom Meßwert verschiedenes Referenzsignal periodisch auf den Wärmestrahlungsfühler reflektiert, welches die Temperatur des gekühlten Detektors darstellt, wodurch einerseits eine selbsttätige Kalibrierung als auch eine Herabsetzung des Untergrundrauschens und somit eine präzisiere Signalauswertung ermöglicht werden. Durch die in ihrer Neigung periodisch veränderliche Ablenkeinrichtung, insbesondere Spiegel, kann der Sehkegel über die Meßstelle bewegt werden und auf diese Weise die Meßstelle längs einer Vorzugsrichtung abtasten und eine Mehrzahl von konsekutiven Meßwerten bei Echtzeitmessungen berücksichtigen. Es läßt sich auf diese Weise unmittelbar ein mit Hilfe des periodisch gemessenen Referenzsignals korrigiertes Temperaturprofil erstellen und es kann mit einer derartigen Einrichtung auch der durch den Sinuslauf der Räder im Fall der Anmessung von Radlagern mögliche Fehler eliminiert werden.The invention according to claim 1 now aims to provide information about the location of the temperature maximum and to provide a particularly simple device with which the processing of device-internal temperature reference signals in addition to the information about the inadmissible heating of measuring points of wheel bearings and / or wheel treads is made possible. To solve this problem, a device for detecting the spatial orientation of inadmissibly heated points of wheel bearings and / or wheel treads of rail vehicles with a heat radiation sensor, in which in a beam path from the measuring point to the heat radiation sensor a periodically changing deflection device with at least one mirror and an imaging optical system is arranged, the autocollimation mirror surfaces facing the radiation path coming from the heat radiation sensor being provided, which, in at least one periodically recurring position of the periodically changing deflection device, essentially throw back the rays arriving from the heat radiation sensor, which at the reversal points of the movement of the rays reflected by the mirror Heat radiation sensors are fixedly arranged facing and which are arranged at a distance from the imaging optics, which corresponds to the focal length of the imaging optics, the fixed autocollimation mirror surfaces being arranged at the edges of an image field lens and being curved for autocollimation with a radius corresponding to the focal length of the imaging optics. Due to the fact that an autocollimation mirror element is periodically provided in the beam path coming from the heat radiation sensor and a self-image of the heat radiation sensor results, a clearly different reference signal is periodically reflected on the heat radiation sensor, which represents the temperature of the cooled detector, whereby on the one hand an automatic calibration as well as a Reduction of the background noise and thus a more precise signal evaluation are made possible. Due to the deflection device, in particular a mirror, which changes periodically in inclination, the cone of vision can be moved over the measuring point and in this way scan the measuring point along a preferred direction and take into account a plurality of consecutive measured values in real-time measurements. In this way, a temperature profile corrected with the aid of the periodically measured reference signal can be created directly, and with such a device, the errors which are possible due to the sinusoidal running of the wheels when measuring wheel bearings are eliminated.

In einfacher Weise wird erfindungsgemäß die Anordnung so getroffen, daß an den Umkehrpunkten der Bewegung der vom Spiegel reflektierten Strahlen dem Wärmestrahlungsfühler zugewandte feststehende Autokollimationsspiegelflächen angeordnet sind. Derartige an den Umkehrpunkten der Bewegung des Abtaststrahles angeordnete Autokollimationsspiegelflächen reflektieren hiebei in konstruktiv besonders einfacher Weise die Temperatur des gekühlten Detektors auf den Detektor zurück, so daß auf diese Weise ein deutlich vom Meßwert verschiedenes Referenzsignal erzielt werden kann, welches auch zur Herabsetzung des Untergrundrauschens in besonders vorteilhafter Weise herangezogen werden kann. Die Ausbildung ist erfindungsgemäß so getroffen, daß die feststehenden Autokollimationsspiegelflächen in einem Abstand von der Abbildungsoptik angeordnet sind, welcher der Brennweite der Abbildungsoptik entspricht, wodurch sichergestellt wird, daß ein präziser Referenzwert für die Temperatur, auf welcher sich der Detektor selbst befindet, generiert wird.According to the invention, the arrangement is made in a simple manner such that fixed autocollimation mirror surfaces facing the thermal radiation sensor are arranged at the reversal points of the movement of the rays reflected by the mirror. Such autocollimation mirror surfaces arranged at the reversal points of the movement of the scanning beam reflect the temperature of the cooled detector back to the detector in a structurally particularly simple manner, so that in this way a reference signal which is clearly different from the measured value can be achieved, which can also be used to reduce the background noise in a particularly advantageous manner. The design is such that the fixed autocollimation mirror surfaces are arranged at a distance from the imaging optics which corresponds to the focal length of the imaging optics, thereby ensuring that a precise reference value for the temperature at which the detector is located is generated.

In besonders einfacher Weise ist erfindungsgemäß eine derartige Autokollimation zum Zwecke der Kalibrierung der Vorrichtung weiters so ausgebildet, daß die feststehende(n) Autokollimationsspiegelfläche(n) sich an den Rändern einer in der Bildebene angeordneten Feldlinse befinden und mit einem entsprechenden Radius zur Autokollimation gewölbt ausgebildet sind. Um den nötigen Platz für die Unterbringung rotierender oder schwingender Spiegel innerhalb der Optik sicherzustellen, können afokale Systeme zwischengeschaltet werden, welche im Bereich der Spiegelflächen einen parallelen Strahlengang mit reduziertem Bündelquerschnitt ergeben.In a particularly simple manner, such an autocollimation for the purpose of calibrating the device is further designed in such a way that the fixed autocollimation mirror surface (s) are located on the edges of a field lens arranged in the image plane and are curved with a corresponding radius for autocollimation . In order to ensure the necessary space for accommodating rotating or oscillating mirrors within the optics, afocal systems can be interposed, which result in a parallel beam path with a reduced beam cross-section in the area of the mirror surfaces.

In besonders einfacher Weise kann hiebei die periodisch veränderliche Ablenkeinrichtung als Schwingspiegel ausgebildet sein und um eine zur Spiegelebene parallele und/oder in der Spiegelebene liegende Achse schwenkbar sein. Ein derartiger Schwingspiegel kann zur Erzielung einer an die Fahrzeuggeschwindigkeit angepaßten Abtastgeschwindigkeit mit Frequenzen von einigen kHz erregt werden, um auf diese Weise eine Abtastfrequenz zu ergeben, welche in der relativ kurzen, für die Messung eines Lagers zur Verfügung stehenden Zeit, tatsächlich ein Lager an mehreren Stellen erfassen kann. An die nachgeschaltete Auswerteelektronik bzw. Verstärkerschaltung ist hiebei lediglich die Anforderung zu stellen, daß die elektronische Bandbreite so gestaltet wird, daß selbst bei nur einem Schwingungszug die Anstiegszeit des Verstärkers zur Auswertung der vollen Amplitude ausreicht. Es sind somit relativ breitbandige Verstärker zu verwenden.In a particularly simple manner, the periodically variable deflection device can be designed as an oscillating mirror and can be pivoted about an axis parallel to the mirror plane and / or lying in the mirror plane. Such an oscillating mirror can be excited to achieve a scanning speed adapted to the vehicle speed with frequencies of a few kHz, in order in this way to give a scanning frequency which, in the relatively short time available for measuring a bearing, actually has a bearing on several Can capture jobs. The subsequent evaluation electronics or amplifier circuit only has to make the requirement that the electronic bandwidth is designed in such a way that the rise time of the amplifier for evaluation even with only one oscillation train the full amplitude is sufficient. Relatively broadband amplifiers are therefore to be used.

Anstelle eines schwingenden Abtastspiegels, welcher den Sehkegel zeilenförmig über das abzutastende Objekt bewegt, kann gemäß Anspruch 3 alternativ die Ausbildung so getroffen sein, daß eine dem vom Wärmestrahlungsfühler kommenden Strahlengang zugewendete Autokollimationsspiegelfläche vorgesehen ist, welche in wenigstens einer periodisch wiederkehrenden Stellung der periodisch veränderlichen Ablenkeinrichtung die vom Wärmestrahlungsfühler ankommenden Strahlen im wesentlichen in sich zurückwirft und daß der Spiegel der periodisch veränderlichen Ablenkeinrichtung von geneigten Flächen einer rotierenden Scheibe gebildet ist, deren Neigung in Umfangsrichtung der Scheibe zur Rotationsebene periodisch verschieden ist, und daß die Autokollimationsspiegelfläche am Umfang der Scheibe angeordnet ist. Mit einer derartigen Einrichtung lassen sich auf besonders einfache Weise inkrementelle Veränderungen der Neigung der Spiegelebene mit hoher Frequenz realisieren, wobei eine kontinuierliche Veränderung dann möglich wäre, wenn die Neigung der spiegelnden Umfangsfläche zur Rotationsebene kontinuierlich geändert wird. Wesentlich einfacher ist jedoch die Änderung der Neigung in Inkrementen durch Nebeneinanderreihen von verschieden geneigten Flächen, wodurch ein bestimmter Abtastraster vorgegeben werden kann und die Meßgenauigkeit erhöht werden kann.Instead of a vibrating scanning mirror, which moves the cone in a line over the object to be scanned, the design can alternatively be such that an autocollimation mirror surface facing the beam path coming from the heat radiation sensor is provided, which in at least one periodically recurring position of the periodically variable deflection device Rays coming from the heat radiation sensor essentially in itself and that the mirror of the periodically variable deflection device is formed by inclined surfaces of a rotating disc, the inclination of which is periodically different in the circumferential direction of the disc to the plane of rotation, and that the autocollimation mirror surface is arranged on the circumference of the disc. With such a device, incremental changes in the inclination of the mirror plane can be implemented at a high frequency in a particularly simple manner, a continuous change being possible if the inclination of the reflecting peripheral surface with respect to the rotation plane is continuously changed. However, it is much easier to change the inclination in increments by juxtaposing differently inclined surfaces, as a result of which a specific scanning pattern can be specified and the measuring accuracy can be increased.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend an Hand von in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert. In dieser zeigen Fig.1 eine erste schematisch dargestellte Anordnung des Strahlenganges mit einem Schwingspiegel und Autokollimation durch verspiegelte Flächen einer Feldlinse, Fig.2 eine abgewandelte Ausbildung mit planaren Autokollimationsspiegeln, Fig.3 einen rotierenden Spiegel als Ersatz für den Schwingspiegel nach Fig.1 im Axialschnitt, Fig.4 eine Ansicht auf einen rotierenden Spiegel nach Fig.3 in Achsrichtung und die Fig.5, 6 und 7 Schnitte nach den Linien V-V, VI-VI und VII-VII der Fig.4.The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments shown in the drawing. 1 shows a first schematically illustrated Arrangement of the beam path with an oscillating mirror and autocollimation through mirrored surfaces of a field lens, Fig. 2 a modified design with planar autocollimation mirrors, Fig. 3 a rotating mirror as a replacement for the oscillating mirror according to Fig. 1 in axial section, Fig. 4 a view of a rotating one 3 in the axial direction and the Fig. 5, 6 and 7 sections along the lines VV, VI-VI and VII-VII of Fig. 4.

Bei der Ausbildung nach Fig.1 tritt der Meßstrahl 1 über ein fokussierendes optisches Element 2 auf einen Umlenkspiegel 3 und gelangt in der Folge unter Zwischenschaltung einer Bildfeldlinse 4 auf einen Schwingspiegel 5, welcher das an der Bildfeldlinse 4 abgetastete Bild über eine Infrarotoptik 6 einem Detektor bzw. Wärmestrahlungsfühler 7 zuleitet. Der Schwingspiegel 5 schwingt hiebei in Richtung des Doppelpfeiles 8 und kann zur Ausübung dieser Schwingung piezoelektrisch über Schwingquarze oder elektromagnetisch erregt sein.In the embodiment according to FIG. 1, the measuring beam 1 passes through a focusing optical element 2 onto a deflecting mirror 3 and subsequently arrives at an oscillating mirror 5 with the interposition of an image field lens 4, which oscillating mirror 5 scans the image on the image field lens 4 via a infrared optics 6 a detector or heat radiation sensor 7 supplies. The oscillating mirror 5 oscillates in the direction of the double arrow 8 and can be excited piezoelectrically via oscillating crystals or electromagnetically in order to exert this oscillation.

Die Feldlinse 4 weist einen Krümmungsradius an ihrer dem Spiegel zugewandten Seite auf, welcher der Brechkraft der Sammellinse(n) der Infrarotoptik 6 entspricht. Durch die Schwenkbewegung des Spiegels 5 wird nun einesteils ein entsprechend dem Doppelpfeil 9 überstrichener Sehbereich erfaßt und andererseits gelangt die durch die Sammellinse der Infrarotoptik 6 entworfenen Abbildung des Detektors 7 bei entsprechend weiter Auslenkung auf im Randbereich der Sammellinse vorgesehene verspiegelte Bereiche 10. In diesen Randbereichen wird das Bild des Detektors 7 reflektiert und in diesen Randbereichen wird somit ein Referenzsignal für die Temperatur des Detektorelementes 7, welches in einfacher Weise thermoelektrisch gekühlt sein kann, zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Autokollimation wird hiebei durch die reflektierend bedampften Bereiche der Feldlinse 4, welche mit 10 bezeichnet sind, erzielt. Da kleine Abbildungen auf Linsenflächen wegen möglicher Inhomogenitäten bekanntermaßen kritisch sind, kann die Linse auch etwas außerhalb des Fotos angeordnet sein. Im vorliegenden Fall kann jedoch durch den abgelenkten Strahl auch bei Inhomogenitäten lediglich eine geringe zusätzliche Modulation auftreten, die für die Referenzbildung unwesentlich ist.The field lens 4 has a radius of curvature on its side facing the mirror, which corresponds to the refractive power of the converging lens (s) of the infrared optics 6. Due to the pivoting movement of the mirror 5, a viewing area corresponding to the double arrow 9 is now partly detected and, on the other hand, the image of the detector 7 designed by the converging lens of the infrared optics 6 reaches the mirrored areas 10 provided in the marginal area of the converging lens with a correspondingly wide deflection the image of the detector 7 is reflected and a reference signal for the temperature of the detector element 7, which can be thermoelectrically cooled in a simple manner, is thus provided in these edge regions. The autocollimation is achieved by the reflectively vaporized areas of the field lens 4, which are designated by 10. As is well known, small images on lens surfaces due to possible inhomogeneities are critical, the lens can also be arranged slightly outside the photo. In the present case, however, only a slight additional modulation can occur due to the deflected beam, even with inhomogeneities, which is insignificant for the reference formation.

Bei der Ausführung nach Fig.2, welche nicht im Schutzbeveich der Ansprüche enthalten ist, ist zwischen der eingangsseitigen Optik 2 und der Infrarotoptik 6 vor dem Detektor 7 ein afokales System, bestehend aus einer Zerstreuungslinse 11 und einer Sammellinse 12 vorgesehen, deren Brechkräfte einander aufheben, so daß eine Verlagerung des Brennpunktes vom Objektiv erfolgt. Diese Verlagerung ermöglicht es, die optische Anordnung in die Länge zu ziehen und schafft den erforderlichen Raum für die Anbringung eines Schwingspiegels 5. Der Umlenkspiegel ist hiebei wiederum mit 3 bezeichnet. Da im Bereich zwischen der Zerstreuungslinse 11 und der Sammellinse 12 der Strahlengang parallel mit reduziertem Bündelquerschnitt verläuft, kann ein Autokollimationsspiegel mit planer Oberfläche außerhalb der Zerstreuungslinse 11 angeordnet werden. Dieser Autokollimationsspiegel mit planer Oberfläche ist mit 13 bezeichnet. Durch Schwingbewegung des Spiegels 5 im Sinne des Doppelpfeiles 8 wird wiederum die Sehfeldverbreiterung im Sinne des Doppelpfeiles 9 verwirklicht.In the embodiment according to FIG. 2, which is not included in the scope of the claims, an afocal system consisting of a diverging lens 11 and a converging lens 12 is provided between the optics 2 on the input side and the infrared optics 6 in front of the detector 7, the refractive powers of which cancel each other out , so that the focus is shifted from the lens. This shift enables the optical arrangement to be drawn out in length and creates the necessary space for the attachment of an oscillating mirror 5. The deflection mirror is again designated 3. Since in the region between the diverging lens 11 and the converging lens 12 the beam path runs parallel with a reduced bundle cross section, an autocollimation mirror with a flat surface can be arranged outside the diverging lens 11. This autocollimation mirror with a flat surface is designated by 13. The widening of the field of view in the sense of the double arrow 9 is in turn realized by the oscillating movement of the mirror 5 in the sense of the double arrow 8.

Anstelle des Schwingspiegels 5 in der Ausbildung nach Fig.1 kann auch eine rotierende Scheibe, entsprechend Fig.3, eingesetzt werden, welchen an ihrem Außenumfang geneigte Spiegelflächen 14 trägt. Die rotierende Scheibe ist mit 15 bezeichnet und kann im Sinne des Pfeiles 16 um die mit 17 bezeichnete Rotationsachse in Rotation versetzt werden. Bei der Darstellung nach Fig.3 ist eine Lichtschranke 23 vorgesehen, welche Synchronisierungssignale an die nachfolgende Auswerteelektronik zur Verfügung stellen kann.Instead of the oscillating mirror 5 in the configuration according to FIG. 1, a rotating disk, corresponding to FIG. 3, can also be used, which has mirror surfaces 14 inclined on its outer circumference. The rotating disk is denoted by 15 and can be set in rotation in the direction of arrow 16 about the axis of rotation denoted by 17. 3, a light barrier 23 is provided, which can provide synchronization signals to the subsequent evaluation electronics.

Die in Fig.3 mit 19 angedeutete Spiegelfläche verläuft dabei in der Rotationsebene 22 der Scheibe 15, wie dies in Fig.5 im Detail dargestellt ist und dient als Autokollimationsspiegelfläche der Scheibe 15, welche periodisch bei Rotation der Scheibe 15 in den vom Wärmestrahlungsfühler 7 kommenden Strahlengang eintritt und eine periodische Selbstabbildung des Detektors 7 zur Erzeugung eines periodischen Referenzsignales ergibt.The mirror surface indicated by 19 in FIG. 3 runs in the plane of rotation 22 of the disc 15, as is shown in detail in FIG. 5, and serves as the autocollimation mirror surface of the disc 15, which periodically comes into contact with the heat radiation sensor 7 when the disc 15 rotates Beam path occurs and a periodic self-imaging of the detector 7 results in the generation of a periodic reference signal.

Die Ausbildung des Außenumfanges der rotierenden Scheibe ist in den Fig.4 bis 7 detailliert dargestellt. Um eine zyklische Veränderung der Neigung des Spiegels und damit eine einem Schwingspiegel vergleichbare Situation zu schaffen, sind in Umfangsrichtung 18 entsprechend der Fig.4 aufeinanderfolgende Spiegelflächen 20 und 21 mit unterschiedlicher Neigung zur Rotationsebene der Scheibe angeordnet. Die Änderung der Neigung erfolgt hiebei inkrementell, jedoch ist es ohne weiteres möglich eine kontinuierliche Änderung der Neigung zu realisieren, welche über den Umfang gesehen allerdings mindestens eine Unstetigkeitsstelle aufweisen müßte. Die unterschiedlichen Neigungen der einzelnen Spiegelflächen 20 und 21 sind in den Fig.6 und 7 ersichtlich und durch die Winkel ß und γ zur Rotationsebene 22 veranschaulicht.The design of the outer circumference of the rotating disk is shown in detail in FIGS. 4 to 7. In order to create a cyclical change in the inclination of the mirror and thus a situation comparable to an oscillating mirror, successive mirror surfaces 20 and 21 are arranged in the circumferential direction 18 according to FIG. 4 with different inclinations to the plane of rotation of the disk. The change in inclination is carried out incrementally, but it is easily possible to implement a continuous change in inclination, which, however, should have at least one point of discontinuity over the circumference. The different inclinations of the individual mirror surfaces 20 and 21 can be seen in FIGS. 6 and 7 and are illustrated by the angles β and γ to the plane of rotation 22.

Für eine genauere Untersuchung können naturgemäß mehrere Spiegelflächen mit unterschiedlicher Neigung zur Rotationsebene 15 periodisch wiederkehrend am Umfang der Scheibe 15 angeordnet sein, wobei sich eine Annäherung an eine kontinuierliche Änderung der Neigung im gewünschten Ausmaß durch Verwendung einer entsprechenden Anzahl von Spiegelflächen unterschiedlicher Neigung erzielen läβt.For a more precise examination, naturally several mirror surfaces with different inclinations to the plane of rotation 15 can be arranged periodically recurring on the circumference of the disk 15, whereby an approximation to a continuous change in the inclination to the desired extent can be achieved by using a corresponding number of mirror surfaces with different inclinations.

Claims (3)

  1. An arrangement for detecting the spacial orientation of inadmissibly heated spots of wheel bearings and/or wheel housing surfaces of rail vehicles, comprising a heat radiation detector (7), a projection lense (6), a field lense (4) and a deflection means periodically changeable in inclination and including at least one mirror (5), which are arranged in a path of rays extending from the measuring site to the heat radiation detector (7), wherein autocollimator reflection surfaces (10) are provided in the path of rays departing from the heat radiation detector (7), which reflect substantially in se the rays arriving from the heat radiation detector (7) in at least one periodically returning position of the periodically changeable deflection means, which are arranged on the mirror points of the movement of the rays reflected by the mirror (5) in a fixed manner so as to face the heat radiation sensor (7) and which are arranged at a distance from the projection lense (6) corresponding to the focal depth of the projection lense, characterized in that the fixed autocollimator reflection surfaces (10) are provided on the edges of the field lense (4) and are designed to be curved at a radius corresponding to the focal depth of the projection lense (6) for autocollimation.
  2. An arrangement according to claim 1, characterized in that the periodically changeable deflection means is designed as an oscillating mirror (5) and is pivotable about an axis extending parallel to the mirror plane and/or located within the mirror plane.
  3. An arrangement for detecting the spacial orientation of inadmissibly heated points of wheel bearings and/or wheel housing surfaces of rail vehicles, comprising a heat radiation detector (7), a projection lense (6), a field lense (4) and a deflection means periodically changeable in inclination and including at least one mirror (5), which are arranged in a path of rays extending from the measuring site to the heat radiation detector (7), wherein an autocollimator reflection surface (19) arranged in the path of rays departing from the heat radiation detector (7) is provided, reflecting substantially in se the rays arriving from the heat radiation detector (7) in at least one periodically returning position of the periodically changeable deflection means, characterized in that the mirror (5) of the periodically changeable deflection means is formed by inclined surfaces (14, 20, 21) of a rotating disc (15) whose inclination is periodically different relative to the plane of rotation in the circumferential direction of the disc (15) and that the autocollimator reflection surface (19) is provided on the circumference of the disc.
EP87890225A 1986-10-17 1987-10-12 Detecting device for the spatial orientation of unacceptably heated spots Expired - Lifetime EP0264360B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT2773/86 1986-10-17
AT0277386A AT395571B (en) 1986-10-17 1986-10-17 DEVICE FOR DETECTING THE SPATIAL ORIENTATION OF INADWALLY WARMED POINTS OF WHEEL BEARINGS AND / OR WHEEL RUNNINGS OF RAIL VEHICLES

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EP0264360A2 EP0264360A2 (en) 1988-04-20
EP0264360A3 EP0264360A3 (en) 1990-08-08
EP0264360B1 true EP0264360B1 (en) 1996-01-03

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AT398413B (en) * 1990-05-18 1994-12-27 Voest Alpine Eisenbahnsysteme METHOD FOR MEASURING AXLE OR STORAGE TEMPERATURES FOR LOCATING HOT RUNNERS
AT400989B (en) * 1992-12-21 1996-05-28 Vae Ag DEVICE FOR DETECTING INADMISSIBLY HEATED COMPONENTS OR. POSITION ON MOVING OBJECTS
EP0851221A1 (en) * 1996-12-23 1998-07-01 European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) Measuring head for use in radiant energy flash measuring of the thermal diffusivity of heterogeneous samples
AT408092B (en) 1999-10-19 2001-08-27 Vae Ag DEVICE FOR MEASURING AXLE OR STORAGE TEMPERATURES FOR LOCATING HOT RUNNERS OR OVERHEATED BRAKES IN ROLLING RAILWAY TRAFFIC
US7290070B2 (en) * 2003-05-12 2007-10-30 International Business Machines Corporation Multiple logical input/output subsystem facility
US7277968B2 (en) * 2004-01-23 2007-10-02 International Business Machines Corporation Managing sets of input/output communications subadapters of an input/output subsystem
DE102008033856B3 (en) 2008-07-19 2009-07-09 Sst Signal & System Technik Gmbh Temperature measuring device for axle box of driving rail vehicle, has lens and radiation deflector forming measuring points on infrared radiation detector, where detector is formed of hetero-structure based semiconductor-detector material
DE102009029891A1 (en) 2009-06-23 2010-12-30 Sst Signal & System Technik Gmbh Control device for controlling e.g. hot-box detector immovably fixed in track in place, has radar sensors designed as transmission and receiving devices and as evaluation device for measuring running time of waves

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EP0264360A3 (en) 1990-08-08
DE3751663D1 (en) 1996-02-15
ATA277386A (en) 1992-06-15
EP0264360A2 (en) 1988-04-20
ATE132634T1 (en) 1996-01-15
US4853541A (en) 1989-08-01
AT395571B (en) 1993-01-25

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