EP0241387A1 - Casting mould for the regulation of the free surface level of the molten metal contacting the mould during vertical casting - Google Patents

Casting mould for the regulation of the free surface level of the molten metal contacting the mould during vertical casting Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0241387A1
EP0241387A1 EP87420070A EP87420070A EP0241387A1 EP 0241387 A1 EP0241387 A1 EP 0241387A1 EP 87420070 A EP87420070 A EP 87420070A EP 87420070 A EP87420070 A EP 87420070A EP 0241387 A1 EP0241387 A1 EP 0241387A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
ingot mold
metal
mould
casting
mold according
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EP87420070A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0241387B1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Riquet
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Cegedur Societe de Transformation de lAluminium Pechiney SA
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Cegedur Societe de Transformation de lAluminium Pechiney SA
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Priority to AT87420070T priority Critical patent/ATE39332T1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
    • B22D11/059—Mould materials or platings

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an ingot mold for adjusting the level at which it is in contact with the free surface of the metal in a vertical casting.
  • French patent 1,398,526 teaches the use of a strip of fiberfrax bonded to the ingot mold so as to reduce the height of metal in contact with the ingot mold, and therefore to reduce the effects due to indirect cooling.
  • this reduction in height cannot be fixed once and for all, since it depends in particular on the speed of casting.
  • this parameter varies, it is necessary either to change the ingot mold, or at least to modify the height of the strip. Which gives a lack of flexibility to a solution which ultimately provides only a partial elimination of heterogeneities.
  • Another solution consists in using molds with a striated interior surface by means of which the thickness of the cortical layer is reduced by more than 30% when aluminum 1050 is poured for example.
  • molds with a striated interior surface by means of which the thickness of the cortical layer is reduced by more than 30% when aluminum 1050 is poured for example.
  • HAT TOP loaded casting with enhancement
  • French patent 2,417,357 has claimed a process in which the axial length of the part of the ingot mold in contact with the liquid metal is varied by using a cuff sliding on the inner wall of the ingot mold.
  • Such a system has the disadvantage during untimely solidification of the metal that it leads to adhesion between the ingot mold and the cuff, thus causing the parts present to be torn off when the sliding movement is carried out.
  • the plaintiff started with the following observations: -
  • the start of the casting is all the easier the higher the level of metal in the mold.
  • the glass cloth filter which regulates the level and the metal supply of the ingot mold approaches the solidification front and risks, for semi-finished products of small dimensions, to be blocked by untimely solidification of the metal and no longer being able to ensure its function.
  • the cambering phenomenon which manifests itself with large semi-finished products also prevents starting at a low level.
  • This means consists in applying to the liquid in the course of solidification a periodic magnetic field of variable intensity and direction substantially parallel to the axis of the ingot mold and of adapting its intensity as a function of the desired level.
  • the advantage of such a method is therefore to allow the metal-ingot contact height and consequently the thickness of the cortical layer to be reduced at will simply with a coil supplied by a current of industrial frequency 50 or 60 Hz knowing that any electrical failure will only have the effect of varying the height of metal in the ingot mold, that is to say that any risk of leakage of liquid metal will be eliminated, which is not the case in casting electromagnetic.
  • the presence of an ingot mold while limiting the possibility of oxidation of the liquid metal at the meniscus, prevents, by the contact it has with the metal, any displacement of the oxide film towards the side wall. and therefore any risk of tingling on the surface of the semi-finished product.
  • the field applied to the metal also has the effect of creating forces inside the liquid which homogenize the cooling and tend to cause a refinement of the pouring grain.
  • the solution of surrounding the mold with a coil annular if it has the great advantage of not modifying in any way the conventional assembly of the casting looms, it has the drawback on the other hand of causing a significant consumption of electrical energy.
  • the mold absorbs part of the magnetic field representing approximately 15 to 30% of the total energy consumed.
  • the coil must be away from the liquid metal; however, as the intensity of the magnetic field decreases all the more as this distance is great, this results in an additional loss of energy.
  • an ingot mold characterized in that it consists at least in its lower part by a metal, that it is coated internally with a film of electrically insulating material, that it has, along at least one generator, over its entire height and over its entire thickness, an insert made of electrically insulating material, which it is provided externally at said lower part with two terminals placed on either side of said insert and connected to an alternating current source.
  • the ingot mold is constructed of metal and preferably a metal having a low electrical resistivity such as copper or aluminum and their alloys. This poses no problem since the molds are traditionally made killed by such metals.
  • the mold it is not necessary for the mold to be entirely made of metal and it is even preferable to use composite molds in which the use of such a material is limited to the lower part and the upper part is provided with the flange with a material that is otherwise insulating, at least a poor conductor of electricity such as stainless steel, for example. Indeed, we will see later that by limiting the passage height of the current in the mold, we get better results.
  • the ingot mold according to the invention is characterized in particular in that it is coated internally with a film of electrically insulating material in order to avoid the passage of current from the ingot mold to the cast metal.
  • This film must completely cover the internal surface of the mold from the bottom up. It is desirable that this film is not a good thermal insulator because it would disturb the heat exchanges between mold and metal and would have unfortunate repercussions on the quality of the products obtained. This is why the applicant has been led to study this problem closely and has found after numerous tests that only certain films are applicable.
  • enamel film Another type of coating with the same advantages as oxide is the enamel film, the production of which uses techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • Another interesting solution consists in separating the film from the cast metal by a layer of graphite a few millimeters thick, which also avoids the need for a lubricating agent.
  • the invention is also characterized in that the ingot mold has, according to at least one generator, over its entire height and over its entire thickness, an insert made of electrically insulating material. It is indeed necessary for the mold to perform a function similar to that of the coil, that it allows the current flowing through it to flow in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the mold. This is obtained by slitting the mold over its entire height, by inserting into this slot an electrical insulator and by supplying the mold with alternating current from two terminals placed on its outer wall on either side of said insert, and at the level of the metallic lower part.
  • This insulator can be any material known to those skilled in the art, such as mica for example, including the materials constituting the film and in particular in the case of an aluminum ingot mold or one of its alloys, oxide obtained by anodization; the two terminals for connection to the electrical network are of any known type.
  • FIG. 1 there is a supply nozzle (1) made of liquid metal, a stopper (2) for level regulation, an ingot mold (3) cooled directly by a fluid (4) which then cools the metal (5) directly at point (6).
  • the right half-mold is equipped with a coil (7) which is supplied with an alternating voltage (8) in order to create the magnetic field of direction (9) and to cause the level of the contact line to drop.
  • an aluminum ingot mold (15) is seen internally coated with an oxide film (16) obtained by anodization having on one of its generators a slot (17) whose facing faces have also been anodized and two terminals (18) which are connected to an alternating current source, not shown.
  • a composite ingot mold is seen formed from an upper part (19) of stainless steel and a lower part (20) of aluminum.
  • the assembly is internally coated with a film (21) of fluorocarbon resin.
  • two terminals (22) connected to a source of alternating current not shown.
  • the invention can be illustrated by means of the following application examples which compare, for 3 types of ingot molds, the intensity necessary to lower the level of the line of contact of the metal with the ingot mold respectively by 15, 30 and 40 mm in an aluminum ingot mold section 1100 x 300 mm and in which the metal level in the center was fixed at 60 mm from the base of the ingot mold.
  • the present invention finds its application in the casting of metallurgical semi-products, in particular aluminum and its alloys such as, for example, lithium alloys and in which it is desired to obtain both a cortical zone of practically zero thickness, a grain end without prior addition of refining agents such as AT5B and the absence of pins.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Dental Prosthetics (AREA)
  • Mold Materials And Core Materials (AREA)
  • Moulds, Cores, Or Mandrels (AREA)
  • Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Levels Of Liquids Or Fluent Solid Materials (AREA)
  • Casting Devices For Molds (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a mould for vertical casting of molten metal and including a means for regulating the level at which the inner surface of the mould contacts the free surface of the metal being cast. The mould is formed at least in its lower part of metal, and the means for regulating the level comprises an electrically insulating material intentionally coated onto the inner surface of the mould, an insert of electrically insulating material disposed along at least one generatrix of the mould, over the entire height and thickness of the mould, and two terminals for connection to a source of alternating current provided on the outer surface of the mould at its lower part, with one terminal provided on each side of the insert. The mould finds application in the casting of metallurgical semi-finished products, in particular of aluminum and aluminum alloys.

Description

L'invention concerne une lingotière permettant de régler le niveau sui­vant lequel elle est en contact avec la surface libre du métal dans une coulée verticale.The invention relates to an ingot mold for adjusting the level at which it is in contact with the free surface of the metal in a vertical casting.

Lors de la fabrication de semi-produits métallurgiques par coulée de mé­taux ferreux ou légers comme l'aluminium et ses alliages, l'homme de l'art cherche à obtenir des lingots, des billettes, des plaques, etc... ayant la meilleure homogénéité physique et chimique possible, ceci afin d'éviter l'apparition de certains défauts lors de la transformation ul­térieure de ces produits en feuilles, fils, etc...During the manufacture of metallurgical semi-products by casting ferrous or light metals such as aluminum and its alloys, those skilled in the art seek to obtain ingots, billets, plates, etc. having the best physical and chemical homogeneity possible, this in order to avoid the appearance of certain defects during the subsequent transformation of these products into sheets, threads, etc.

Or, la plupart des procédés de coulée utilisés actuellement dans l'indus­trie donnent lieu, lors du passage du métal de l'état liquide à l'état solide, à la formation de défauts d'homogénéité plus ou moins importants, dus essentiellement à des conditions de refroidissement différentes d'un point à l'autre des produits coulés. C'est ainsi que dans la coulée en lingotière à passage vertical où le métal est successivement refroidi indirectement par l'intermédiaire de la lingotière, puis directement par une lame d'eau, on constate la présence sur les semi-produits d'une cou­che externe dite "couche corticale primaire". Cette couche dont la struc­ture et la composition diffèrent de celles de la partie interne du semi-­produit, résulte du refroidissement indirect du métal au contact de la lingotière. Par ailleurs, d'autres hétérogénéités, beaucoup moins pronon­cées, mais toutes aussi gênantes, peuvent apparaître, telles que les "pi­cots" ou petites piqûres dues notamment à une dispersion dans la masse métallique de la couche d'oxyde qui se forme à la surface du métal liqui­de en contact avec l'atmosphère.However, most of the casting methods currently used in industry give rise, when the metal passes from the liquid state to the solid state, to the formation of more or less significant homogeneity defects, essentially due to different cooling conditions from one point to another of the cast products. Thus in the casting in a vertical passage mold where the metal is successively cooled indirectly through the mold, then directly by a water slide, we find the presence on the semi-finished products of a layer external called "primary cortical layer". This layer, the structure and composition of which differ from that of the internal part of the semi-finished product, results from the indirect cooling of the metal in contact with the ingot mold. In addition, other heterogeneities, much less pronounced, but all equally troublesome, may appear, such as "spikes" or small pitting due in particular to a dispersion in the metallic mass of the oxide layer which forms on the surface. liquid metal in contact with the atmosphere.

Certes, l'homme de l'art n'est pas resté inactif devant ces problèmes et il a apporté un certain nombre de solutions plus ou moins satisfaisantes visant à supprimer ou tout au moins à diminuer l'importance de ces hété­rogénéités.Admittedly, the person skilled in the art did not remain inactive before these problems and he brought a certain number of more or less satisfactory solutions aiming at eliminating or at least reducing the importance of these heterogeneities.

C'est ainsi que dans le brevet français 1 509 962, l'homme de l'art a préconisé l'utilisation de la coulée électromagnétique, technique déjà traditionelle dans laquelle, grâce au confinement du métal à l'aide de forces d'origine électromagnétique, on peut supprimer la lingotière et éviter ainsi l'apparition de la couche corticale puisqu'il n'y a plus de refroidissement indirect.Thus in French patent 1 509 962, the skilled person has recommended the use of electromagnetic casting, an already traditional technique in which, thanks to the confinement of the metal using forces of electromagnetic origin, the ingot mold can be eliminated and thus the appearance of the cortical layer is avoided since it there is more indirect cooling.

On arrive ainsi à améliorer l'homogénéité des semi-produits.We thus manage to improve the homogeneity of semi-finished products.

Toutefois, cette technique présente les inconvénients suivants :
- il faut équiper le métier de coulée avec une installation électrique relativement complexe et chère à cause de la nécessité de disposer de courants de fréquence non industrielle (500 à 4000 Hz) pour créer un champ de confinement convenable;
- le risque d'hétérogénéité par picots est accru en raison, d'une part de l'absence de lingotière et donc de l'augmentation de la surface de métal liquide susceptible d'être oxydé, d'autre part du phénomène de brassage de la masse liquide causé par le champ de confinement qui con­tribue fortement à la dislocation du film d'oxyde et à sa dispersion dans le métal;
- il est souvent difficile de créer un confinement convenable lors du démarrage de la coulée électromagnétique;
- la sécurité du personnel peut être mise en cause quand on coule l'alu­minium et ses alliages car en cas de défaillance électrique, le métal liquide n'étant plus confiné se répand à l'extérieur de la lingotière et peut entrer en contact avec le fluide de refroidissement direct en pro­voquant une explosion.However, this technique has the following drawbacks:
- it is necessary to equip the casting loom with a relatively complex and expensive electrical installation because of the need to have currents of non-industrial frequency (500 to 4000 Hz) to create a suitable confinement field;
the risk of heterogeneity by pins is increased due, on the one hand, to the absence of an ingot mold and therefore to the increase in the surface area of liquid metal capable of being oxidized, on the other hand to the phenomenon of mixing the liquid mass caused by the confinement field which greatly contributes to the dislocation of the oxide film and to its dispersion in the metal;
- it is often difficult to create a suitable containment when starting electromagnetic casting;
- personnel safety can be jeopardized when casting aluminum and its alloys because in the event of an electrical failure, the liquid metal, which is no longer confined, spreads outside the mold and can come into contact with the direct coolant causing an explosion.

D'autres solutions plus simples ont également été proposées pour diminuer l'épaisseur de la couche corticale. Par exemple, le brevet français 1 398 526 enseigne l'emploi d'une bande de fiberfrax collée sur la lingo­tière de façon à réduire la hauteur de métal en contact avec la lingo­tière, et donc de réduire les effets dus au refroidissement indirect. Cependant, cette réduction de hauteur ne peut être fixée une fois pour toutes, car elle dépend notamment de la vitesse de coulée. Ainsi, quand ce paramètre varie, il faut soit changer de lingotière, soit tout au moins modifier la hauteur de la bande. Ce qui confère un manque de souplesse à une solution n'apportant en définitive qu'une suppression partielle des hétérogénéités.Other simpler solutions have also been proposed to reduce the thickness of the cortical layer. For example, French patent 1,398,526 teaches the use of a strip of fiberfrax bonded to the ingot mold so as to reduce the height of metal in contact with the ingot mold, and therefore to reduce the effects due to indirect cooling. However, this reduction in height cannot be fixed once and for all, since it depends in particular on the speed of casting. Thus, when this parameter varies, it is necessary either to change the ingot mold, or at least to modify the height of the strip. Which gives a lack of flexibility to a solution which ultimately provides only a partial elimination of heterogeneities.

Dans le brevet français 1 496 241, on supprime les inconvénients du re­froidissement indirect en utilisant une lingotière en graphite non re­froidie, mais on se heurte alors à des problèmes d'entretien et de chan­gement fréquent de la lingotière dus à la fragilité de ce matériau.In French patent 1 496 241, the drawbacks of indirect cooling are eliminated by using an uncooled graphite ingot mold, but we then come up against problems of maintenance and frequent change of the ingot mold due to the brittleness of this material.

Une autre solution consiste à mettre en oeuvre des lingotières à surface intérieure striée au moyen desquelles on réduit de plus de 30 % l'épais­seur de la couche corticale quand on coule de l'aluminium 1050 par exemp­le. Toutefois, outre l'usinage de ces lingotières qui en augmente sen­siblement le prix, on retrouve les inconvénients dus à l'adaptation de la lingotière, et ici des stries, à chaque vitesse de coulée.Another solution consists in using molds with a striated interior surface by means of which the thickness of the cortical layer is reduced by more than 30% when aluminum 1050 is poured for example. However, in addition to the machining of these molds which significantly increases the price, there are drawbacks due to the adaptation of the mold, and here streaks, at each casting speed.

On connaît encore la coulée en charge avec rehausse, dite "HOT TOP", mais elle a aussi l'inconvénient à la fois de conduire à une solidification périodique du ménisque, cause de petits replis à la surface des semi-­produits, et de s'accompagner de difficultés lors du démarrage.We still know the loaded casting with enhancement, called "HOT TOP", but it also has the disadvantage of both leading to a periodic solidification of the meniscus, cause of small folds on the surface of semi-finished products, and s '' accompany difficulties during start-up.

Enfin, plus récemment, le brevet français 2 417 357 a revendiqué un pro­cédé dans lequel on fait varier la longueur axiale de la partie de la lingotière en contact avec le métal liquide en mettant en oeuvre une manchette glissant sur la paroi intérieure de la lingotière. Un tel sys­tème a l'inconvénient lors d'une solidification intempestive du métal de conduire à une adhérence entre la lingotière et la manchette provo­quant ainsi un arrachement des pièces en présence au moment où l'on pro­cède au mouvement de glissement.Finally, more recently, French patent 2,417,357 has claimed a process in which the axial length of the part of the ingot mold in contact with the liquid metal is varied by using a cuff sliding on the inner wall of the ingot mold. Such a system has the disadvantage during untimely solidification of the metal that it leads to adhesion between the ingot mold and the cuff, thus causing the parts present to be torn off when the sliding movement is carried out.

C'est pourquoi la demanderesse consciente des problèmes posés par ces techniques a, dans le but d'obtenir des semi-produits homogènes dans lesquels l'épaisseur de la couche corticale est pratiquement nulle, le grain est affiné et la peau est exempte de picots, cherché et mis au point un procédé qui présente par rapport à ceux de l'art antérieur, les avantages suivants :
- utilisation d'installations électriques moins compliquées que celles imposées par la coulée électromagnétique traditionnelle;
- passage aisé de la phase de démarrage de la coulée au régime de croi­sière;
- adaptation facile à des variations de paramètres tels que la vitesse de coulée puisque le procédé ne nécessite aucune modification du matérial tel que le changement de lingotière;
- application à n'importe quel type de lingotière classique;
- absence de tout dispositif dans lequel on met des pièces en mouvement;
- risques d'explosion par fuite du métal liquide moins grands qu'avec la coulée électromagnétique traditionnelle.This is why the Applicant, aware of the problems posed by these techniques, has, in order to obtain homogeneous semi-products in which the thickness of the cortical layer is practically zero, the grain is refined and the skin is free of dots. , sought and developed a method which has, compared to those of the prior art, the following advantages:
- use of electrical installations less complicated than those imposed by traditional electromagnetic casting;
- easy transition from the start of casting phase to cruising speed;
- easy adaptation to variations in parameters such as the casting speed since the process does not require any modification of the material such as changing the mold;
- application to any type of conventional ingot mold;
- absence of any device in which moving parts are put;
- lower risk of explosion by leakage of liquid metal than with traditional electromagnetic casting.

Pour parvenir à ce résultat, la demanderesse est partie des observations suivantes :
- d'une part, le démarrage de la coulée est d'autant plus facile que le niveau de métal dans la lingotière est haut. En effet, avec un niveau bas, le filtre en tissu de verre qui régularise le niveau et l'alimenta­tion en métal de la lingotière se rapproche du front de solidification et risque, pour des semi-produits de petites dimensions, d'être bloqué par une solidification intempestive du métal et de ne plus pouvoir assurer sa fonction. De même, le phénomène de cambrure qui se manifeste avec les semi-­produits de grande largeur interdit également un démarrage au niveau bas.
- d'autre part, en régime de croisière, il est préférable de couler avec une hauteur de métal dans la lingotière la plus faible possible car on limite ainsi la hauteur de contact de métal avec la paroi de la lingo­tière et de ce fait on réduit l'épaisseur de la zone corticale qui, com­me on l'a vu plus haut, est essentiellement due au refroidissement du métal par l'intermédiaire de la lingotière.To achieve this result, the plaintiff started with the following observations:
- On the one hand, the start of the casting is all the easier the higher the level of metal in the mold. Indeed, with a low level, the glass cloth filter which regulates the level and the metal supply of the ingot mold approaches the solidification front and risks, for semi-finished products of small dimensions, to be blocked by untimely solidification of the metal and no longer being able to ensure its function. Likewise, the cambering phenomenon which manifests itself with large semi-finished products also prevents starting at a low level.
- on the other hand, in cruising mode, it is preferable to sink with a metal height in the ingot mold as low as possible, thereby limiting the height of metal contact with the wall of the ingot mold and thereby reducing the thickness of the cortical zone which, as we saw above, is essentially due to the cooling of the metal through the ingot mold.

Il fallait donc, partant d'une lingotière classique avec ses contingen­ces, c'est-à-dire tout en gardant dans la lingotière une hauteur de métal constante puisque fixée par la position du flotteur et suffisante pour ne pas gêner le fonctionnement du filtre, pouvoir limiter le plus pos­sible la hauteur de contact du métal avec la surface de la lingotière ce qui revenait en somme à trouver un moyen de régler le niveau de la ligne de contact de la surface libre du métal liquide avec la paroi de la lin­gotière.It was therefore necessary, starting from a conventional ingot mold with its contingencies, that is to say while keeping in the ingot mold a constant height of metal since fixed by the position of the float and sufficient to not interfere with the operation of the filter, being able to limit as much as possible the height of contact of the metal with the surface of the ingot mold which amounted, in short, to finding a means of adjusting the level of the line of contact of the free surface of the liquid metal with the wall of the ingot mold.

Ce moyen consiste à appliquer au liquide en cours de solidification un champ magnétique périodique d'intensité variable et de direction sensi­blement parallèle à l'axe de la lingotière et à adapter son intensité en fonction du niveau souhaité.This means consists in applying to the liquid in the course of solidification a periodic magnetic field of variable intensity and direction substantially parallel to the axis of the ingot mold and of adapting its intensity as a function of the desired level.

En effet, il a été constaté qu'en plaçant autour de la lingotière une bobine circulaire constituée par un circuit électrique formé d'un ou de plusieurs enroulements, et en l'alimentant avec un courant alternatif de tension industrielle suffisante, on parvenait à modifier le profil du ménisque métallique et notamment à faire varier le niveau de cette ligne de contact du métal avec la lingotière et ce d'autant plus que les variations de la tension d'alimentation et corrélativement de l'intensi­té du champ créé étaient grandes.In fact, it has been observed that by placing around the ingot mold a circular coil constituted by an electrical circuit formed by one or more windings, and by supplying it with an alternating current of sufficient industrial voltage, it was possible to modify the profile of the metal meniscus and in particular to vary the level of this line of contact of the metal with the ingot mold and this all the more so as the variations in the supply voltage and correlatively in the intensity of the field created were large.

Ainsi, en faisant croître l'intensité du champ, on pouvait abaisser le niveau et par suite diminuer la hauteur de la zone de contact métal-­lingotière ou au contraire en la faisant décroître, on pouvait élever ce niveau et par suite augmenter cette hauteur.Thus, by increasing the intensity of the field, one could lower the level and consequently decrease the height of the metal-ingot contact zone or on the contrary by making it decrease, one could raise this level and consequently increase this height.

L'intérêt d'un tel procédé est donc de permettre de réduire à volonté la hauteur de contact métal-lingotière et par suite l'épaisseur de la couche corticale simplement avec une bobine alimentée par un courant de fréquence industrielle 50 ou 60 Hz en sachant que toute défaillance électrique n'au­ra pour répercussion que de faire varier la hauteur de métal dans la lin­gotière, c'est-à-dire que tout risque de fuite de métal liquide sera écarté,ce qui n'est pas le cas dans la coulée électromagnétique.The advantage of such a method is therefore to allow the metal-ingot contact height and consequently the thickness of the cortical layer to be reduced at will simply with a coil supplied by a current of industrial frequency 50 or 60 Hz knowing that any electrical failure will only have the effect of varying the height of metal in the ingot mold, that is to say that any risk of leakage of liquid metal will be eliminated, which is not the case in casting electromagnetic.

De plus, la présence d'une lingotière, tout en limitant la possibilité d'oxydation du métal liquide au niveau du ménisque, empêche, par le con­tact qu'elle a avec le métal, tout déplacement du film d'oxyde vers la paroi latérale et donc tout risque de picot à la surface du semi-produit.In addition, the presence of an ingot mold, while limiting the possibility of oxidation of the liquid metal at the meniscus, prevents, by the contact it has with the metal, any displacement of the oxide film towards the side wall. and therefore any risk of tingling on the surface of the semi-finished product.

De plus, le champ appliqué au métal a également pour effet de créer des forces à l'intérieur du liquide qui homogénéisent le refroidissement et tendent à provoquer un affinage du grain de coulée.In addition, the field applied to the metal also has the effect of creating forces inside the liquid which homogenize the cooling and tend to cause a refinement of the pouring grain.

Toutefois, la solution consistant à entourer la lingotière par une bobine annulaire, si elle a le gros avantage de ne modifier en rien le montage classique des métiers de coulée, elle a par contre l'inconvénient d'en­traîner une consommation importante d'énergie électrique. En effet, la lingotière absorbe une partie du champ magnétique représentant environ 15 à 30 % de l'énergie totale consomée. De plus, à cause de la présence de la lingotière, la bobine doit être éloignée du métal liquide; or, comme l'intensité du champ magnétique diminue d'autant plus que cet éloi­gnement est grand, il en résulte une perte d'énergie supplémentaire.However, the solution of surrounding the mold with a coil annular, if it has the great advantage of not modifying in any way the conventional assembly of the casting looms, it has the drawback on the other hand of causing a significant consumption of electrical energy. In fact, the mold absorbs part of the magnetic field representing approximately 15 to 30% of the total energy consumed. In addition, because of the presence of the mold, the coil must be away from the liquid metal; however, as the intensity of the magnetic field decreases all the more as this distance is great, this results in an additional loss of energy.

C'est pourquoi, soucieuse d'économiser l'énergie et consciente du fait que le coût des installations électriques augmente rapidement en fonction de l'intensité à débiter, la demanderesse a cherché le moyen de diminuer l'intensité électrique nécessaire au fonctionnement de ce type de procé­dé.This is why, anxious to save energy and aware of the fact that the cost of electrical installations increases rapidly as a function of the intensity to be charged, the applicant has sought the means of reducing the electrical intensity necessary for the operation of this type of process.

Ses travaux ont abouti à la création d'une lingotière caractérisée en ce qu'elle est constituée au moins dans sa partie inférieure par un mé­tal, qu'elle est revêtue intérieurement d'un film en matériau isolant de l'électricité , qu'elle présente suivant au moins une génératrice, sur toute sa hauteur et sur toute son épaisseur, un insert en matériau iso­lant de l'électricité, qu'elle est munie extérieurement au niveau de la­dite partie inférieure de deux bornes placées de part et d'autre dudit insert et reliées à une source de courant alternatif.His work resulted in the creation of an ingot mold characterized in that it consists at least in its lower part by a metal, that it is coated internally with a film of electrically insulating material, that it has, along at least one generator, over its entire height and over its entire thickness, an insert made of electrically insulating material, which it is provided externally at said lower part with two terminals placed on either side of said insert and connected to an alternating current source.

La demanderesse a en effet constaté qu'une telle lingotière jouait exac­tement le rôle de la bobine car elle permettait de créer un champ magné­tique ayant pour effet de modifier le profil du ménisque du métal coulé et de faire varier le niveau de la ligne de contact du métal avec la lin­gotière. Il résulte de cette invention qu'on peut supprimer la bobine et tous ses inconvénients notamment celui de sa forte consommation en énergie électrique.The Applicant has in fact found that such an ingot mold plays exactly the role of the coil because it makes it possible to create a magnetic field having the effect of modifying the profile of the meniscus of the cast metal and of varying the level of the contact line of the metal with the mold. It follows from this invention that the coil and all of its drawbacks can be eliminated, in particular that of its high consumption of electrical energy.

Etant donné que le courant nécessaire à la création du champ est relati­vement intense, il est nécessaire que la lingotière soit construite en métal et de préférence un métal présentant une faible résistivité élec­trique comme le cuivre ou l'aluminium et leurs alliages. Ceci ne pose aucun problème puisque les lingotières sont traditionnellement consti­ tuées par de tels métaux.Since the current necessary for the creation of the field is relatively intense, it is necessary that the ingot mold is constructed of metal and preferably a metal having a low electrical resistivity such as copper or aluminum and their alloys. This poses no problem since the molds are traditionally made killed by such metals.

Cependant, il n'est pas nécessaire que la lingotière soit entièrement en métal et il est même préférable d'utiliser des lingotières composites dans lesquelles on limite l'utilisation d'un tel matériau à la partie inférieure et on réalise la partie supérieure comportant la collerette avec un matériau sinon isolant, du moins mauvais conducteur de l'élec­tricité comme un acier inoxydable, par exemple. En effet, on verra par la suite qu'en limitant ainsi la hauteur de passage du courant dans la lingotière, on obtient de meilleurs résultats.However, it is not necessary for the mold to be entirely made of metal and it is even preferable to use composite molds in which the use of such a material is limited to the lower part and the upper part is provided with the flange with a material that is otherwise insulating, at least a poor conductor of electricity such as stainless steel, for example. Indeed, we will see later that by limiting the passage height of the current in the mold, we get better results.

Ces lingotières composites sont construites en utilisant des moyens d'as­semblage bien connus de l'homme de l'art.These composite ingot molds are constructed using assembly means well known to those skilled in the art.

La lingotière selon l'invention est caractérisée notamment en ce qu'elle est revêtue intérieurement d'un film en matériau isolant de l'électrici­té afin d'éviter le passage du courant de la lingotière vers le métal coulé. Ce film doit couvrir complètement de bas en haut la surface inter­ne de la lingotière. Il est souhaitable que ce film ne soit pas un bon isolant thermique car il perturberait les échanges thermiques lingotière-­métal et aurait des répercussions fâcheuses sur la qualité des produits obtenus. C'est pourquoi la demanderesse a été amenée à étudier de près ce problème et a trouvé après de nombreux essais que certains films seule­ment étaient applicables.The ingot mold according to the invention is characterized in particular in that it is coated internally with a film of electrically insulating material in order to avoid the passage of current from the ingot mold to the cast metal. This film must completely cover the internal surface of the mold from the bottom up. It is desirable that this film is not a good thermal insulator because it would disturb the heat exchanges between mold and metal and would have unfortunate repercussions on the quality of the products obtained. This is why the applicant has been led to study this problem closely and has found after numerous tests that only certain films are applicable.

Il s'agit en particulier lorsque la lingotière est en aluminium ou un de ses alliages d'un film d'oxyde d'aluminium obtenu par anodisation. En effet, ce film quel que soit le type d'anodisation mis en oeuvre, forme un revêtement continu, relativement résistant au passage du courant, et bon conducteur de la chaleur puisque de épaisseurs aussi faibles que 1 µm permettent l'application de tensions voisines de 100 volts. En ou­tre, ce type de revêtement est très résistant à l'abrasion, et peut être imprégné d'un agent lubrifiant (graisse à chaud) pour faciliter la coulée. De plus, cet oxyde se prête facilement à la coloration ce qui permet de détecter toute détérioration du revêtement en cours d'élaboration.It is in particular when the ingot mold is made of aluminum or one of its alloys of an aluminum oxide film obtained by anodization. This film, whatever the type of anodization used, forms a continuous coating, relatively resistant to the passage of current, and a good conductor of heat since thicknesses as small as 1 µm allow the application of neighboring voltages. 100 volts. In addition, this type of coating is very resistant to abrasion, and can be impregnated with a lubricating agent (hot grease) to facilitate casting. In addition, this oxide easily lends itself to coloring, which makes it possible to detect any deterioration of the coating being produced.

Un autre type de revêtement présentant les mêmes avantages que l'oxyde est le film d'émail dont la réalisation fait appel aux techniques con­nues de l'homme de l'art.Another type of coating with the same advantages as oxide is the enamel film, the production of which uses techniques known to those skilled in the art.

On peut citer également les films en résine fluorocarbonée pour lesquels les résultats sont également excellents et dont la fragilité est large­ment compensée par ses excellentes propriétés de frottement qui permet­tent d'éliminer toute utilisation d'agent lubrifiant.Mention may also be made of films of fluorocarbon resin for which the results are also excellent and whose fragility is largely compensated by its excellent friction properties which make it possible to eliminate any use of lubricating agent.

Une autre solution intéressante consiste à séparer le film du métal cou­lé par une couche de graphite de quelques milimètres d'épaisseur ce qui évite également de recourir à un agent lubrifiant.Another interesting solution consists in separating the film from the cast metal by a layer of graphite a few millimeters thick, which also avoids the need for a lubricating agent.

L'invention est aussi caractérisée en ce que la lingotière présente sui­vant au moins une génératrice, sur toute sa hauteur et sur toute son épaisseur, un insert en matériau isolant de l'électricité. Il faut en effet pour que la lingotière assure une fonction analogue à celle de la bobine, qu'elle permette au courant qui la traverse de circuler dans une direction perpendiculaire à l'axe de la lingotière. Ceci est obtenu en fendant la lingotière sur toute sa hauteur, en insérant dans cette fente un isolant électrique et en alimentant la lingotière en courant alterna­tif à partir de deux bornes placées sur sa paroi externe de part et d'autre dudit insert, et au niveau de la partie inférieure métallique. Cet isolant peut être tout matériau connu de l'homme de l'art, tel que le mica par exemple, y compris les matériaux constituant le film et notam­ment dans le cas d'une lingotière en aluminium ou en un de ses alliages, l'oxyde obtenu par anodisation; les deux bornes de raccordement au ré­seau électrique sont de n'importe quel type connu.The invention is also characterized in that the ingot mold has, according to at least one generator, over its entire height and over its entire thickness, an insert made of electrically insulating material. It is indeed necessary for the mold to perform a function similar to that of the coil, that it allows the current flowing through it to flow in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the mold. This is obtained by slitting the mold over its entire height, by inserting into this slot an electrical insulator and by supplying the mold with alternating current from two terminals placed on its outer wall on either side of said insert, and at the level of the metallic lower part. This insulator can be any material known to those skilled in the art, such as mica for example, including the materials constituting the film and in particular in the case of an aluminum ingot mold or one of its alloys, oxide obtained by anodization; the two terminals for connection to the electrical network are of any known type.

L'invention sea mieux comprise à l'aide des figures jointes qui repré­sentent :

  • . Figure 1 : une coupe verticale de deux demi-lingotières dont celle de gauche est utilisée sans réglage de niveau et celle de droite qui est équipée d'une bobine annulaire permettant ledit réglage;
  • . figure 2 : une vue en perspective d'une lingotière monométallique sui­vant l'invention;
  • . figure 3 : une vue en perspective d'une lingotière composite suivant l'invention.
The invention is better understood using the attached figures which represent:
  • . Figure 1: a vertical section of two half-molds, the left one is used without level adjustment and the right one which is equipped with an annular coil allowing said adjustment;
  • . Figure 2: a perspective view of a single metal ingot mold according to the invention;
  • . Figure 3: a perspective view of a composite ingot mold according to the invention.

Sur la figure 1, on distingue une busette d'alimentation (1) en métal li­quide, une quenouille (2) de régulation de niveau, une lingotière (3) re­froidie directement par un fluide (4) qui refroidit ensuite le métal (5) directement au point (6). La demi-lingotière de droite est équipée d'une bobine (7) qui est alimentée sous une tension alternative (8) afin de créer le champ magnétique de direction (9) et de provoquer l'abaissement du niveau de la ligne de contact de la surface du métal avec la lingo­tière d'un point (10) dans la coulée de l'art antérieur au point (11) suivant le procédé , point qui est situé au niveau de l'intersection (12) du front de solidification (13) résultant du refroidissement indirect et du front (14) résultant du refroidissement direct. On voit ainsi qu'on a réduit la hauteur de contact du métal avec la lingotière d'une hauteur h₁ à une hauteur h₂ extrèmement petite qu'on peut assimiler au point (11).In FIG. 1, there is a supply nozzle (1) made of liquid metal, a stopper (2) for level regulation, an ingot mold (3) cooled directly by a fluid (4) which then cools the metal (5) directly at point (6). The right half-mold is equipped with a coil (7) which is supplied with an alternating voltage (8) in order to create the magnetic field of direction (9) and to cause the level of the contact line to drop. the surface of the metal with the ingot mold of a point (10) in the casting of the prior art at point (11) according to the method, point which is located at the intersection (12) of the solidification front (13 ) resulting from indirect cooling and the front (14) resulting from direct cooling. It can thus be seen that the contact height of the metal with the ingot mold has been reduced from a height h une to an extremely small height h₂ which can be assimilated to point (11).

Sur la figure 2, on voit une lingotière (15) en aluminium revêtue inté­rieurement d'un film (16) d'oxyde obtenu par anodisation présentant sur une de ses génératrices une fente (17) dont les faces en regard ont éga­lement été anodisées et deux bornes (18) qui sont reliées à une source de courant alternatif non représentée.In FIG. 2, an aluminum ingot mold (15) is seen internally coated with an oxide film (16) obtained by anodization having on one of its generators a slot (17) whose facing faces have also been anodized and two terminals (18) which are connected to an alternating current source, not shown.

Sur la figure 3, on voit une lingotière composite formée d'une partie supérieure (19) en acier inoxydable et une partie inférieure (20) en alu­minium. L'ensemble est revêtu intérieurement d'un film (21) en résine fluorocarbonée. Sur la partie inférieure de la lingotière et à l'extérieur sont placées deux bornes (22) reliées à une source de courant alternatif non représentée.In FIG. 3, a composite ingot mold is seen formed from an upper part (19) of stainless steel and a lower part (20) of aluminum. The assembly is internally coated with a film (21) of fluorocarbon resin. On the lower part of the ingot mold and outside are placed two terminals (22) connected to a source of alternating current not shown.

L'invention peut être illustrée à l'aide des exemples d'application sui­vants qui comparent, pour 3 types de lingotières, l'intensité nécessaire pour abaisser le niveau de la ligne de contact du métal avec la lingo­tière respectivement de 15, 30 et 40 mm dans une lingotière en aluminium de section 1100 x 300 mm et dans lesquelles le niveau de métal au centre était fixé à 60 mm à partir de la base de la lingotière.The invention can be illustrated by means of the following application examples which compare, for 3 types of ingot molds, the intensity necessary to lower the level of the line of contact of the metal with the ingot mold respectively by 15, 30 and 40 mm in an aluminum ingot mold section 1100 x 300 mm and in which the metal level in the center was fixed at 60 mm from the base of the ingot mold.

Les types de lingotières suivants ont été considérés :

  • - type 1 : une lingotière en aluminium anodisé intérieurement suivant l'invention et de hauteur 104 mm
  • - type 2 : une lingotière composite suivant l'invention en aluminium ano­disé pour la partie inférieure d'une hauteur de 60 mm, et en matériau isolant pour la partie supérieure d'une hauteur de 44 mm
  • - type 3 : une lingotière en aluminium de même hauteur totale, utilisée suivant l'art antérieur c'est-à-dire sans revêtement intérieur, ni insert et le champ étant créé par une bobine annulaire.
The following types of ingot molds have been considered:
  • - type 1: an ingot mold made of anodized aluminum internally according to the invention and of height 104 mm
  • - type 2: a composite ingot mold according to the invention in anodized aluminum for the lower part with a height of 60 mm, and in insulating material for the upper part with a height of 44 mm
  • - type 3: an aluminum ingot mold of the same total height, used according to the prior art, that is to say without internal coating or insert, and the field being created by an annular coil.

Les résultats figurent dans le tableau suivant :

Figure imgb0001
The results are shown in the following table:
Figure imgb0001

On constate que quel que soit l'abaissement du niveau, c'est la lingo­tière composite (type 2) qui conduit à l'intensité la plus faible, c'est-­à-dire celle qui permet de minimiser le plus le coût du dispositif. Comp­te tenu des pertes électriques dans les amenées de courant, c'est aussi celle qui globalement consomme le moins d'énergie électrique. Le type 1, bien que moins performant, constitue néanmoins un progrès très important par rapport aux lingotières de l'art antérieur puisque l'intensité est pratiquement divisée par 2It can be seen that whatever the level is lowered, it is the composite ingot mold (type 2) which leads to the lowest intensity, that is to say the one which minimizes the cost of the device the most. . Given the electrical losses in the current leads, it is also the one which overall consumes the least electrical energy. The type 1, although less efficient, nevertheless constitutes a very significant progress compared to the ingot molds of the prior art since the intensity is practically divided by 2

La présente invention trouve son application dans la coulée de semi-pro­duits métallurgiques notamment en aluminium et ses alliages tels que, par exemple, les alliages au lithium et dans lesquels on veut obtenir à la fois une zone corticale d'épaisseur pratiquement nulle, un grain fin sans ajout préalable d'agents d'affinage comme l'AT5B et une absence de pi­cots.The present invention finds its application in the casting of metallurgical semi-products, in particular aluminum and its alloys such as, for example, lithium alloys and in which it is desired to obtain both a cortical zone of practically zero thickness, a grain end without prior addition of refining agents such as AT5B and the absence of pins.

Claims (11)

1. Lingotière (15) permettant de régler le niveau suivant lequel elle est en contact avec la surface libre du métal dans une coulée verticale, caractérisée en ce qu'elle est constituée au moins dans sa partie infé­rieure par un métal, qu'elle est revêtue intérieurement d'un film (16) en matériau isolant de l'électricité, qu'elle présente, suivant au moins une génératrice, sur toute sa hauteur et sur toute son épaisseur, un in­sert (17) en matériau isolant de l'électricité, qu'elle est munie exté­rieurement au niveau de ladite partie inférieure de deux bornes (18) placées de part et d'autre dudit insert et reliées à une source de cou­rant alternatif.1. Ingot mold (15) making it possible to adjust the level according to which it is in contact with the free surface of the metal in a vertical casting, characterized in that it is constituted at least in its lower part by a metal, that it is internally coated with a film (16) of electrically insulating material, which it has, along at least one generator, over its entire height and over its entire thickness, an insert (17) made of electrically insulating material , that it is provided externally at said lower part with two terminals (18) placed on either side of said insert and connected to an alternating current source. 2. Lingotière selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le métal qui la constitue a une faible résistivité électrique.2. Ingot mold according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal which constitutes it has a low electrical resistivity. 3. Lingotière selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'elle com­prend une partie supérieure (19) constituée par un matériau isolant ou médiocrement conducteur de l'électricité.3. Ingot mold according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises an upper part (19) consisting of an insulating material or poorly conductive of electricity. 4. Lingotière selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le métal qui la constitue appartient au groupe formé par le cuivre, l'aluminium et leurs alliages.4. Ingot mold according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal which constitutes it belongs to the group formed by copper, aluminum and their alloys. 5. Lingotière selon la revendication 4, caractérisée en ce que lorsque le métal est l'aluminium et ses alliages, le revêtement intérieur est un film d'oxyde d'aluminium obtenu par anodisation.5. Ingot mold according to claim 4, characterized in that when the metal is aluminum and its alloys, the internal coating is an aluminum oxide film obtained by anodization. 6. Lingotière selon la revendication 5, caractérisée en ce que le film est coloré.6. Ingot mold according to claim 5, characterized in that the film is colored. 7. Lingotière selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le revê­tement intérieur est un film d'émail.7. Ingot mold according to claim 1, characterized in that the internal coating is an enamel film. 8. Lingotière selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le revê­tement intérieur est un film de résine fluorocarbonée.8. Ingot mold according to claim 1, characterized in that the internal coating is a film of fluorocarbon resin. 9. Lingotière, selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le revê­tement intérieur est recouvert d'un agent lubrifiant.9. Mold, according to claim 1, characterized in that the inner coating is covered with a lubricating agent. 10. Lingotière selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le film est séparé du métal coulé par une couche de graphite.10. Ingot mold according to claim 1, characterized in that the film is separated from the cast metal by a layer of graphite. 11. Lingotière selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que l'insert est en un matériau de même composition que celle du film.11. Ingot mold according to claim 1, characterized in that the insert is made of a material of the same composition as that of the film.
EP87420070A 1986-03-13 1987-03-11 Casting mould for the regulation of the free surface level of the molten metal contacting the mould during vertical casting Expired EP0241387B1 (en)

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AT87420070T ATE39332T1 (en) 1986-03-13 1987-03-11 MOLD THAT ALLOWS THE REGULATION OF THE HEIGHT OF THE FREE SURFACE OF METAL METAL TO CONTACT WITH THE MOLD DURING VERTICAL CASTING.

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FR8604117 1986-03-13
FR8604117A FR2595596B1 (en) 1986-03-13 1986-03-13 LINGOTIERE FOR ADJUSTING THE NEXT LEVEL IN WHICH IT IS IN CONTACT WITH THE FREE METAL SURFACE IN A VERTICAL CAST

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FR2609656B1 (en) * 1987-01-15 1989-03-24 Cegedur METHOD OF ADJUSTING THE CONTACT LINE OF THE FREE METAL SURFACE WITH THE LINGOTIERE IN A VERTICAL CAST OF PRODUCTS OF ANY SECTION
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AU579567B2 (en) 1988-11-24
DE3760022D1 (en) 1989-01-26
KR870008644A (en) 1987-10-19
GR3000001T3 (en) 1989-09-29
CN87101863A (en) 1987-09-23
US4735255A (en) 1988-04-05
NZ219581A (en) 1988-04-29
ES2005055B3 (en) 1990-11-16
JPH0137224B2 (en) 1989-08-04
FR2595596A1 (en) 1987-09-18
EP0241387B1 (en) 1988-12-21
AU6995487A (en) 1987-09-17
FR2595596B1 (en) 1988-04-29
ATE39332T1 (en) 1989-01-15
JPS62227553A (en) 1987-10-06

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