EP0238879A2 - Internal-combustion engine cylinder head - Google Patents

Internal-combustion engine cylinder head Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0238879A2
EP0238879A2 EP87102694A EP87102694A EP0238879A2 EP 0238879 A2 EP0238879 A2 EP 0238879A2 EP 87102694 A EP87102694 A EP 87102694A EP 87102694 A EP87102694 A EP 87102694A EP 0238879 A2 EP0238879 A2 EP 0238879A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cylinder head
valve
space
cooling
combustion engine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP87102694A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0238879B1 (en
EP0238879A3 (en
Inventor
Lothar Bauer
Jürgen Wahnschaffe
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz AG
Original Assignee
Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz AG filed Critical Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz AG
Publication of EP0238879A2 publication Critical patent/EP0238879A2/en
Publication of EP0238879A3 publication Critical patent/EP0238879A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0238879B1 publication Critical patent/EP0238879B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/26—Cylinder heads having cooling means
    • F02F1/36—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling
    • F02F1/40—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling cylinder heads with means for directing, guiding, or distributing liquid stream 
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F2001/244—Arrangement of valve stems in cylinder heads
    • F02F2001/247—Arrangement of valve stems in cylinder heads the valve stems being orientated in parallel with the cylinder axis

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a cylinder head according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • DE-AS 19 36 022 describes a liquid-cooled internal combustion engine which has a cooling space surrounding the cylinder tube, the cooling space being connected in a liquid-carrying manner to cooling channels and cooling zones in the cylinder head.
  • a valve spring or rocker arm space is arranged above the outlet channel on the side facing away from the cooling space.
  • This room has a common wall with the hot exhaust duct. Lubricating oil is fed into the room to lubricate and cool the moving parts located there.
  • a disadvantage of this arrangement is that oil which comes into contact with the outer wall of the hot outlet channel cokes immediately.
  • the coked oil particles either stick or are fed into the lubricating oil circuit of the internal combustion engine by the lubricating oil. After prolonged operation of the internal combustion engine, malfunctions and premature wear or failure of certain parts can occur.
  • the object of the invention is to avoid coking of lubricating oil due to the hot outlet channel.
  • the cylinder head is advantageously made of gray cast iron and the air space is open at its ends and there is connected to the atmosphere.
  • a cooling air flow is led through the air space.
  • FIG. 1 and 2 show a cylinder head 2 with an adjacent cylinder tube 1, in which a liquid-carrying ring channel 3 is arranged, which is connected to a cooling chamber 4 in the cylinder head.
  • the cooling space 4 is arranged in the cylinder head base and is penetrated by an injection valve bore 8, an intake valve, not shown, and an exhaust port 5.
  • the cooling space 4 is on its two outer sides with a plug 6 opposite the atmosphere closed sphere.
  • An air space 10 is arranged adjacent to the cooling space 4 on the side facing away from the cylinder tube 1, which passes through the cylinder head 2 and which is open at both ends and communicates with the atmosphere.
  • the outlet duct 5 projects partially into the air space 10, but is not connected to the side of the air space 10 facing away from the cylinder tube 1.
  • a valve or rocker arm space 7, of which only a section is shown in the drawings, is arranged adjacent to the air space 10 on its side opposite the cooling space 4.
  • the bore 16 (FIG. 2) serves as a return for the oil from the valve or rocker arm space 7 into the lubricating oil circuit of the internal combustion engine and as a passage for a valve tappet.
  • the air space 10 is traversed by an outlet valve guide 17 (FIG. 2) and a connecting line 11 which connects the cooling space 4 to an oil collection gallery 9.
  • the connecting line 11 is arranged in the immediate vicinity of the exhaust valve guide 17, whereby an advantageous cooling effect for the exhaust valve guide 17 is achieved.
  • the oil collection gallery 9 is arranged between the valve or rocker arm space 7 and the air space 10.
  • a line 13 leads from the oil collection gallery 9 to a cylinder head cover, not shown, and into the valve or rocker arm space 7.
  • a rocker arm bracket is arranged in the valve or rocker arm space 7, the oil being used, among other things, for rocker arm bearing lubrication 11 and the line 13 created bag lines 15 are closed by plugs 12.
  • the cylinder head 2 is advantageously made of gray cast iron.
  • valve or rocker arm space 7 During operation of the internal combustion engine, the side of the outlet channel 5 facing the valve or rocker arm space 7 becomes very hot. Since the valve or rocker arm space 7 is thermally decoupled from the outlet channel 5 by the air space 10, oil dripping onto the floor 14 of the valve rocker arm space 7 cannot coke.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Lubrication Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

1. A cylinder head for a liquid-cooled internal combustion engine, wherein a valve-lever or valve-rocker housing (7), into which lubricating oil is arranged to be fed for the purpose of lubricating and cooling, is located above a discharge passage (5), characterized in that an air chamber (10) is arranged between the discharge passage (5) and the valve-lever or valve-rocker housing (7).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Zylinderkopf gemäß Oberbe­griff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a cylinder head according to the preamble of claim 1.

In der DE-AS 19 36 022 ist eine flüssigkeitsgekühlte Brennkraftmaschine beschrieben, die einen das Zylinderrohr umgebenden Kühlraum aufweist, wobei der Kühlraum mit Kühl­kanälen und Kühlzonen im Zylinderkopf flüssigkeitsführend verbunden ist. Oberhalb des Auslaßkanals ist auf der dem Kühlraum abgewandten Seite ein Ventilfeder- bzw. Kipphe­belraum angeordnet. Dieser Raum hat mit dem heißen Abgas­kanal eine gemeinsame Wand. Zur Schmierung und Kühlung der dort befindlichen beweglichen Teile wird Schmieröl in den Raum geleitet.DE-AS 19 36 022 describes a liquid-cooled internal combustion engine which has a cooling space surrounding the cylinder tube, the cooling space being connected in a liquid-carrying manner to cooling channels and cooling zones in the cylinder head. A valve spring or rocker arm space is arranged above the outlet channel on the side facing away from the cooling space. This room has a common wall with the hot exhaust duct. Lubricating oil is fed into the room to lubricate and cool the moving parts located there.

Nachteilig an dieser Anordnung ist, daß mit der Außenwand des heißen Auslaßkanals in Berührung kommendes Öl sofort verkokt. Die verkokten Ölpartikel bleiben entweder haften oder werden vom Schmieröl in den Schmierölkreislauf der Brennkraftmaschine eingeschleust. Nach längerem Betrieb der Brennkraftmaschine kann es dann zu Störungen und vor­zeitigem Verschleiß oder Ausfall bestimmter Teile kommen.A disadvantage of this arrangement is that oil which comes into contact with the outer wall of the hot outlet channel cokes immediately. The coked oil particles either stick or are fed into the lubricating oil circuit of the internal combustion engine by the lubricating oil. After prolonged operation of the internal combustion engine, malfunctions and premature wear or failure of certain parts can occur.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Verkoken von Schmieröl aufgrund des heißen Auslaßkanals zu vermeiden.The object of the invention is to avoid coking of lubricating oil due to the hot outlet channel.

Dadurch, daß zwischen dem Auslaßkanal und dem Ventil- bzw. Kipphebelraum ein Luftraum angeordnet ist, ist der Ven­til- bzw. Kipphebelraum vom Auslaßkanal thermisch ent­koppelt und ein Verkoken von Schmieröl aufgrund des heißen Auslaßkanals vermieden.Characterized in that an air space is arranged between the outlet channel and the valve or rocker arm space, the valve or rocker arm space is thermally decoupled from the outlet channel and coking of lubricating oil due to the hot outlet channel is avoided.

Vorteilhafterweise ist der Zylinderkopf aus Grauguß ge­fertigt und der Luftraum an seinen Enden offen und dort mit der Atmosphäre in Verbindung stehend.The cylinder head is advantageously made of gray cast iron and the air space is open at its ends and there is connected to the atmosphere.

In vorteilhafter Ausführung ist durch den Luftraum ein Kühlluftstrom geführt.In an advantageous embodiment, a cooling air flow is led through the air space.

Ferner ist es vorteilhaft, durch den Luftraum eine schmier­ölführende Verbindungsleitung zu führen, die in unmittel­barer Nachbarschaft einer Auslaßventilführung angeordnet ist. Dadurch wird die Auslaßventilführung vorteilhaft ge­kühlt.Furthermore, it is advantageous to lead a connecting line carrying lubricating oil through the air space, which is arranged in the immediate vicinity of an outlet valve guide. This advantageously cools the outlet valve guide.

Weitere Merkmale der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der Be­schreibung und den Zeichnungen, die in verschiedenen Schnitten durch einen Zylinderkopf mit angrenzendem Zylin­derrohr eine Ausführungsform der Erfindung zeigen und nachfolgend näher beschrieben sind.Further features of the invention will become apparent from the description and the drawings, which show an embodiment of the invention in various sections through a cylinder head with an adjoining cylinder tube and are described in more detail below.

Die Fig. 1 und 2 zeigen einen Zylinderkopf 2 mit angren­zendem Zylinderrohr 1, in dem ein flüssigkeitsführender Ringkanal 3 angeordnet ist, der mit einem Kühlraum 4 im Zylinderkopf in Verbindung steht. Der Kühlraum 4 ist im Zylinderkopfboden angeordnet und wird von einer Einspritz­ventilbohrung 8, einem nicht gezeigten Einlaßventil und einem Auslaßkanal 5 durchragt. Der Kühlraum 4 ist an sei­nen beiden Außenseiten mit Stopfen 6 gegenüber der Atmos­ phäre verschlossen. Dem Kühlraum 4 ist an der dem Zylin­derrohr 1 abgewandten Seite ein Luftraum 10 benachbart an­geordnet, der den Zylinderkopf 2 durchzieht und der an seinen beiden Enden offen ist und mit der Atmosphäre in Verbindung steht. Der Auslaßkanal 5 ragt teilweise in den Luftraum 10 hinein, steht jedoch mit der dem Zylinderrohr 1 abgewandten Seite des Luftraums 10 nicht in Verbindung.1 and 2 show a cylinder head 2 with an adjacent cylinder tube 1, in which a liquid-carrying ring channel 3 is arranged, which is connected to a cooling chamber 4 in the cylinder head. The cooling space 4 is arranged in the cylinder head base and is penetrated by an injection valve bore 8, an intake valve, not shown, and an exhaust port 5. The cooling space 4 is on its two outer sides with a plug 6 opposite the atmosphere closed sphere. An air space 10 is arranged adjacent to the cooling space 4 on the side facing away from the cylinder tube 1, which passes through the cylinder head 2 and which is open at both ends and communicates with the atmosphere. The outlet duct 5 projects partially into the air space 10, but is not connected to the side of the air space 10 facing away from the cylinder tube 1.

Dem Luftraum 10 ist an seiner dem Kühlraum 4 gegenüberlie­genden Seite benachbart ein Ventil- bzw. Kipphebelraum 7 angeordnet, von dem nur ein Ausschnitt in den Zeichnungen gezeigt ist. Die Bohrung 16 (Fig. 2) dient als Rückführung für das Öl aus dem Ventil- bzw. Kipphebelraum 7 in den Schmierölkreislauf der Brennkraftmaschine und als Durch­führung eines Ventilstößels.A valve or rocker arm space 7, of which only a section is shown in the drawings, is arranged adjacent to the air space 10 on its side opposite the cooling space 4. The bore 16 (FIG. 2) serves as a return for the oil from the valve or rocker arm space 7 into the lubricating oil circuit of the internal combustion engine and as a passage for a valve tappet.

Der Luftraum 10 ist von einer Auslaßventilführung 17 (Fig. 2) und einer Verbindungsleitung 11 durchzogen, die den Kühlraum 4 mit einer Ölsammelgalerie 9 verbindet. Die Verbindungsleitung 11 ist dabei in unmittelbarer Nachbar­schaft der Auslaßventilführung 17 angeordnet, wodurch ein vorteilhafter Kühlungseffekt für die Auslaßventilführung 17 erreicht ist. Die Ölsammelgalerie 9 ist zwischen dem Ventil- bzw. Kipphebelraum 7 und dem Luftraum 10 angeord­net. Von der Ölsammelgalerie 9 führt eine Leitung 13 zu einer nicht gezeigten Zylinderkopfhaube und in den Ven­til- bzw. Kipphebelraum 7. Im Ventil- bzw. Kipphebelraum 7 ist ein Kipphebelbock angeordnet, wobei das Öl unter ande­rem zur Kipphebellagerschmierung dient.Die bei der Bohrung der Verbindungsleitung 11 und der Leitung 13 geschaffenen Sackleitungen 15 werden durch Stopfen 12 verschlossen. Vorteilhafterweise ist der Zylinderkopf 2 aus Grauguß her­gestellt.The air space 10 is traversed by an outlet valve guide 17 (FIG. 2) and a connecting line 11 which connects the cooling space 4 to an oil collection gallery 9. The connecting line 11 is arranged in the immediate vicinity of the exhaust valve guide 17, whereby an advantageous cooling effect for the exhaust valve guide 17 is achieved. The oil collection gallery 9 is arranged between the valve or rocker arm space 7 and the air space 10. A line 13 leads from the oil collection gallery 9 to a cylinder head cover, not shown, and into the valve or rocker arm space 7. A rocker arm bracket is arranged in the valve or rocker arm space 7, the oil being used, among other things, for rocker arm bearing lubrication 11 and the line 13 created bag lines 15 are closed by plugs 12. The cylinder head 2 is advantageously made of gray cast iron.

Es ist von Vorteil, durch den Luftraum 10 einen Kühlluft­strom 18 zu führen. Dies kann zweckmäßigerweise unter Zu­hilfenahme einer am Motor vorhandenen Druckluftquelle, z.B. Lichtmaschinenlüfter, geschehen. Es ist demnach kein zusätzliches Kühlgebläse nötig.It is advantageous to lead a cooling air flow 18 through the air space 10. This can expediently be carried out with the aid of a compressed air source present on the engine, e.g. Alternator fan, happen. There is therefore no need for an additional cooling fan.

Im Betrieb der Brennkraftmaschine wird die zum Ventil- bzw. Kipphebelraum 7 gewandte Seite des Auslaßkanals 5 sehr heiß. Da der Ventil- bzw. Kipphebelraum 7 durch den Luft­raum 10 vom Auslaßkanal 5 thermisch entkoppelt ist, kann auf den Boden 14 des Ventil- Kipphebelraum 7 tropfendes Öl nicht verkoken.During operation of the internal combustion engine, the side of the outlet channel 5 facing the valve or rocker arm space 7 becomes very hot. Since the valve or rocker arm space 7 is thermally decoupled from the outlet channel 5 by the air space 10, oil dripping onto the floor 14 of the valve rocker arm space 7 cannot coke.

Claims (5)

1. Zylinderkopf für eine flüssigkeitsgekühlte Brenn­kraftmaschine, wobei oberhalb eines Auslaßkanals (5) ein Ventil- bzw. Kipphebelraum (7) angeordnet ist, in welchen Schmieröl zur Schmierung oder Kühlung eintritt,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwischen Auslaßkanal (5) und Ventil- bzw. Kipphebelraum (7) ein Luftraum (10) angeord­net ist.1. cylinder head for a liquid-cooled internal combustion engine, a valve or rocker arm space (7), in which lubricating oil enters for lubrication or cooling, being arranged above an outlet channel (5),
characterized in that an air space (10) is arranged between the outlet duct (5) and the valve or rocker arm space (7). 2. Zylinderkopf nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Zylinderkopf (2) aus Grau­guß gefertigt ist.2. Cylinder head according to claim 1,
characterized in that the cylinder head (2) is made of gray cast iron. 3. Zylinderkopf nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Luftraum (10) an seinen Enden offen ist und mit der Atmosphäre in Verbindung steht.3. Cylinder head according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized in that the air space (10) is open at its ends and communicates with the atmosphere. 4. Zylinderkopf nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß durch den Luftraum (10) ein Kühlluftstrom (18) geführt ist.4. Cylinder head according to one of claims 1 to 3,
characterized in that a cooling air flow (18) is guided through the air space (10). 5. Zylinderkopf nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, mit einer im Zylinderkopf angeordneten Auslaßventilführung (17),
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß durch den Luftraum (10) eine schmierölführende Verbindungsleitung (11) geführt ist, die in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft der Auslaßventilführung (17) angeordnet ist.5. Cylinder head according to one of claims 1 to 4, with an outlet valve guide (17) arranged in the cylinder head,
characterized in that a lubricating oil-carrying connecting line (11) is guided through the air space (10) and is arranged in the immediate vicinity of the outlet valve guide (17).
EP87102694A 1986-03-22 1987-02-25 Internal-combustion engine cylinder head Expired - Lifetime EP0238879B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19863609762 DE3609762A1 (en) 1986-03-22 1986-03-22 CYLINDER HEAD FOR AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
DE3609762 1986-03-22

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0238879A2 true EP0238879A2 (en) 1987-09-30
EP0238879A3 EP0238879A3 (en) 1988-10-05
EP0238879B1 EP0238879B1 (en) 1990-05-23

Family

ID=6297059

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87102694A Expired - Lifetime EP0238879B1 (en) 1986-03-22 1987-02-25 Internal-combustion engine cylinder head

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0238879B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS6325358A (en)
DE (2) DE3609762A1 (en)
HK (1) HK1146639A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0474216A1 (en) * 1990-09-04 1992-03-11 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Cylinder head cooling arrangement for a four-cycle internal combustion engine
EP0816662A1 (en) * 1996-06-26 1998-01-07 Cummins Engine Company, Inc. A method for making a liquid cooled cylinder head for an internal combustion engine
EP1510680A2 (en) * 2003-08-28 2005-03-02 DEUTZ Aktiengesellschaft Minimalized cast core for a cylinder head

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH233261A (en) * 1942-12-31 1944-07-15 Porsche Kg Cylinder head for air-cooled internal combustion engines.
DE2523077A1 (en) * 1975-05-24 1976-12-02 Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag Cylinder head for air cooled in-line engine - has air flow parallel to port ducts whose flange gaskets extend to guide air flow
JPS61185655A (en) * 1985-02-13 1986-08-19 Yanmar Diesel Engine Co Ltd Built-up type cylinder head

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT175747B (en) * 1952-09-25 1953-08-10 Graef & Stift Automobilfabrik Cylinder head for water-cooled internal combustion engines
DE2054594A1 (en) * 1970-11-06 1972-05-10 Maschf Augsburg Nuernberg Ag Cylinder covers for liquid-cooled internal combustion engines built using different materials
DE2839199C2 (en) * 1978-09-08 1983-01-05 Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, 8000 München Cylinder head for water-cooled internal combustion engines that can be manufactured using the die-casting process
DE3224945C1 (en) * 1982-07-03 1984-02-16 Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, 8000 München Cylinder head for liquid-cooled multi-cylinder internal combustion engines

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH233261A (en) * 1942-12-31 1944-07-15 Porsche Kg Cylinder head for air-cooled internal combustion engines.
DE2523077A1 (en) * 1975-05-24 1976-12-02 Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag Cylinder head for air cooled in-line engine - has air flow parallel to port ducts whose flange gaskets extend to guide air flow
JPS61185655A (en) * 1985-02-13 1986-08-19 Yanmar Diesel Engine Co Ltd Built-up type cylinder head

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, Band 11, Nr. 10 (M-552)[2457], 10. Januar 1987; & JP-A-61 185 655 (YANMAR DIESEL ENGINE CO., LTD) 19-08-1986 *

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0474216A1 (en) * 1990-09-04 1992-03-11 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Cylinder head cooling arrangement for a four-cycle internal combustion engine
EP0816662A1 (en) * 1996-06-26 1998-01-07 Cummins Engine Company, Inc. A method for making a liquid cooled cylinder head for an internal combustion engine
US5765282A (en) * 1996-06-26 1998-06-16 Cummins Engine Company, Inc. Internal combustion engine cylinder head method of manufacture
EP1510680A2 (en) * 2003-08-28 2005-03-02 DEUTZ Aktiengesellschaft Minimalized cast core for a cylinder head
EP1510680A3 (en) * 2003-08-28 2005-11-30 DEUTZ Aktiengesellschaft Minimalized cast core for a cylinder head

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3609762A1 (en) 1987-09-24
JPS6325358A (en) 1988-02-02
EP0238879B1 (en) 1990-05-23
EP0238879A3 (en) 1988-10-05
DE3762904D1 (en) 1990-06-28
HK1146639A1 (en) 2011-06-24

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