EP0236190B1 - Multistage high-voltage transformer, particularly for a trichromatic cathode ray tube - Google Patents
Multistage high-voltage transformer, particularly for a trichromatic cathode ray tube Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0236190B1 EP0236190B1 EP87400244A EP87400244A EP0236190B1 EP 0236190 B1 EP0236190 B1 EP 0236190B1 EP 87400244 A EP87400244 A EP 87400244A EP 87400244 A EP87400244 A EP 87400244A EP 0236190 B1 EP0236190 B1 EP 0236190B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- transformer
- section
- point
- value
- voltage
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000000576 supplementary effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012771 pancakes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
- H01F38/42—Flyback transformers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F5/00—Coils
- H01F5/02—Coils wound on non-magnetic supports, e.g. formers
- H01F2005/022—Coils wound on non-magnetic supports, e.g. formers wound on formers with several winding chambers separated by flanges, e.g. for high voltage applications
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a high voltage transformer in fractional technology, in particular for trichrome cathode ray tube.
- a tap is taken on the midpoint of one of the sections to take the voltage necessary for the supply of the pre-focusing grids of the cathode ray tube whose anode is supplied by the very high voltage output of the transformer.
- a transformer is described in Japanese Abstract JP-A-59143477.
- this voltage taken from the midpoint is a corrugated DC voltage, the voltages at the terminals of the two half-windings of this section being asymmetrical because of the existence of different parasitic capacitances affecting these two half-windings.
- an additional capacitor can be placed in parallel on the winding with the lowest parasitic capacitance so as to symmetrical the waveforms produced by the two half-windings, but such a solution is not valid for mass production, since it is generally necessary to adapt the value of the additional capacitor to each transformer, the parasitic capacitances of the transformers not being constant for the same production series.
- the subject of the present invention is a high voltage transformer which, by means which are simple and easy to produce in mass production, has, at the point of connection of a secondary winding, a direct voltage practically free from ripples.
- the present invention also relates to such a high voltage transformer whose conductor starting from said socket point practically does not radiate any field, even if it is not shielded, and brings practically no stray capacity to the transformer.
- this tap is carried out at a point of said winding section dividing this section into two parts whose ratio of the number of winding turns is substantially equal to the value of the inverse ratio of the stray capacitances of the two halves of the transformer section.
- a resistor of high ohmic value preferably at least 1 megohm, is connected directly to this socket.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified front view of a secondary winding of conventional high voltage transformer winding
- FIG. 1 is an electrical diagram of the secondary winding of the transformer of Figure 1;
- FIG. 3 is a diagram of waveforms of the winding of FIG. 2, and
- FIG. 4 is a simplified front view of a secondary winding of high voltage transformer winding according to the invention.
- the high voltage transformer described below is intended to supply a three-color cathode ray tube for a television set, but it is understood that the invention can be applied to any high voltage transformer comprising at least one winding section at the "mid" point of which takes a voltage which should be continuous, without the use of rectifier and filter capacitors.
- the secondary winding 1 of the high voltage transformer shown in the drawing has two winding sections 2,3 physically distinct, arranged on a common support 4, one next to the other.
- section 3 The end 5 of section 2 furthest from section 3 is intended to be connected to ground, while its other end 6 is connected by a diode 7, fixed on the support 4, at end 8, the closer, from section 3.
- the other end 9 of section 3 is connected by a diode 10 to an output terminal 11 itself connected to the very high voltage (THT) output cable intended to be connected to the anode of a trichrome cathode ray tube (not shown).
- TAT very high voltage
- the capacitance presented by this cathode-ray tube has been symbolized by a capacitor 12 (FIG. 2), forming with the diode 10 a rectifying and smoothing circuit.
- the focusing voltage U f is taken at a point P located in the middle of section 3. If, for example as shown in the drawing, section 3 has six "wafers" of winding separated by insulating discs, point P is obviously located between the third and the fourth part.
- Terminals 8 and 9 have parasitic capacitances CP1 and CP2 with respect to the midpoint P respectively.
- values of 12pF and 6pF were found for CP1 and CP2 respectively.
- the modules UC1 and UC2 are influenced by different values of CP1 and CP2.
- FIG. 3 shows the patterns over time of the voltages U6, U8 and U9 at points 6, 8 and 9 respectively, relative to the mass (connected to point 5), the voltage U9 being shifted in time relative to the other two for clarity of the drawing.
- V o the mean value of the undulated DC voltage in P
- UR the modulus, compared to the mass, of U6.
- the value of the module of the DC voltage obtained in point 10 is equal to 2UR, and results from the composition of the three voltages U6, U8 and U9.
- the taking is carried out at a point 13 determined as follows.
- 3A be the second winding section (between points 8 and 9) of the secondary 1A comprising such a socket 13 and let 14, 15 be the parts of section 3A between points 8, 13 and 13, 9 respectively.
- N1 and N2 be the numbers of winding turns of parts 14 and 15 respectively.
- the parasitic capacities that one would have for the two half-windings between the points 8, P and P, 9 (the point P then being used only for the measurement of these parasitic capacities) being always referenced CP1 and CP2 respectively, the point 13 is such that:
- point 13 is located at the junction between the second and the third wafers , starting from point 8.
- a resistor 16 of high value of at least one megohm for example, is connected directly to point 13.
- This resistor 16 is arranged as close as possible to point 13, and can advantageously be included in the coating of the transformer winding.
- this resistor 16 prevents the unshielded connecting wire which is connected to it and which carries the focusing voltage V f to the potentiometric block, which can be removed from the transformer, from radiating and disturbing the television set which it team, since this resistance forms, with the parasitic capacities distributed downstream, a filtering circuit. Finally, by appropriately choosing the value of this resistance, one can easily preset the focusing voltage.
Description
La présente invention se rapporte à un transformateur haute tension en technologie fractionnée, en particulier pour tube cathodique trichrome.The present invention relates to a high voltage transformer in fractional technology, in particular for trichrome cathode ray tube.
Dans un transformateur haute tension en technologie fractionnée, c'est-à-dire du type à enroulement secondaire comportant deux ou plusieurs sections séparées par des diodes, on effectue une prise sur le point milieu d'une des sections pour prélever la tension nécessaire à l'alimentation des grilles de pré-focalisation du tube cathodique dont l'anode est alimentée par la sortie très haute tension du transformateur.Un tel transformateur est décrit dons le Japanese Abstract JP-A-59143477.In a high-voltage transformer in fractional technology, that is to say of the secondary winding type comprising two or more sections separated by diodes, a tap is taken on the midpoint of one of the sections to take the voltage necessary for the supply of the pre-focusing grids of the cathode ray tube whose anode is supplied by the very high voltage output of the transformer. Such a transformer is described in Japanese Abstract JP-A-59143477.
Cependant, cette tension prélevée au point milieu est une tension continue ondulée, les tensions aux bornes des deux demi-enroulements de cette section étant dissymétriques à cause de l'existence de capacités parasites différentes affectant ces deux demi-enroulements.However, this voltage taken from the midpoint is a corrugated DC voltage, the voltages at the terminals of the two half-windings of this section being asymmetrical because of the existence of different parasitic capacitances affecting these two half-windings.
Pour diminuer cette ondulation, on peut placer en parallèle sur l'enroulement présentant la capacité parasite la plus faible un condensateur additionnel de façon à symétriser les formes d'onde produites par les deux demi-enroulements, mais une telle solution n'est pas valable pour une production en grande série, car il faut, en général, adapter la valeur du condensateur additionnel à chaque transformateur, les capacités parasites des transformateurs n'étant pas constantes pour une même série de fabrication.To reduce this ripple, an additional capacitor can be placed in parallel on the winding with the lowest parasitic capacitance so as to symmetrical the waveforms produced by the two half-windings, but such a solution is not valid for mass production, since it is generally necessary to adapt the value of the additional capacitor to each transformer, the parasitic capacitances of the transformers not being constant for the same production series.
La présente invention a pour objet un transformateur haute tension qui, grâce à des moyens simples et faciles à réaliser dans une production en grande série, présente, au point de prise d'un enroulement secondaire, une tension continue pratiquement exempte d'ondulations.The subject of the present invention is a high voltage transformer which, by means which are simple and easy to produce in mass production, has, at the point of connection of a secondary winding, a direct voltage practically free from ripples.
La présente invention a également pour objet un tel transformateur haute tension dont le conducteur partant dudit point de prise ne rayonne pratiquement aucun champ, même s'il est non blindé, et n'apporte pratiquement aucune capacité parasite au transformateur.The present invention also relates to such a high voltage transformer whose conductor starting from said socket point practically does not radiate any field, even if it is not shielded, and brings practically no stray capacity to the transformer.
Dans le transformateur haute tension en technologie fractionnée conforme à l'invention, du type à enroulement secondaire ayant au moins une section de bobinage à prise destinée à fournir une tension continue sans l'aide de circuits de redressement, cette prise est effectuée en un point de ladite section de bobinage divisant cette section en deux parties dont le rapport du nombre de tours d'enroulement est sensiblement égal à la valeur du rapport inverse des capacités parasites des deux moitiés de la section du transformateur.In the high-voltage transformer in fractional technology according to the invention, of the secondary winding type having at least one tap winding section intended to supply a DC voltage without using rectifying circuits, this tap is carried out at a point of said winding section dividing this section into two parts whose ratio of the number of winding turns is substantially equal to the value of the inverse ratio of the stray capacitances of the two halves of the transformer section.
De façon avantageuse, on relie directement à cette prise une résistance de forte valeur ohmique, de préférence d'au moins 1mégohm.Advantageously, a resistor of high ohmic value, preferably at least 1 megohm, is connected directly to this socket.
La présente invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description détaillée d'un mode de réalisation, pris comme exemple non limitatif, et illustré par le dessin annexé, sur lequel :The present invention will be better understood on reading the detailed description of an embodiment, taken as a nonlimiting example, and illustrated by the appended drawing, in which:
- la figure 1 est une vue de face simplifiée d'un enroulement secondaire de bobinage de transformateur haute tension classique;- Figure 1 is a simplified front view of a secondary winding of conventional high voltage transformer winding;
- la figure 2 est un schéma électrique de l'enroulement secondaire du transformateur de la figure 1;- Figure 2 is an electrical diagram of the secondary winding of the transformer of Figure 1;
- la figure 3 est un diagramme de formes d'ondes de l'enroulement de la figure 2, etFIG. 3 is a diagram of waveforms of the winding of FIG. 2, and
- la figure 4 est une vue de face simplifiée d'un enroulement secondaire de bobinage de transformateur haute tension conforme à l'invention.- Figure 4 is a simplified front view of a secondary winding of high voltage transformer winding according to the invention.
Le transformateur haute tension décrit ci-dessous est destiné à alimenter un tube cathodique trichrome de téléviseur, mais il est bien entendu que l'invention peut s'appliquer à tout transformateur haute tension comportant au moins une section de bobinage au point "milieu" de laquelle on prélève une tension qui devrait être continue, sans l'utilisation de redresseur et de condensateurs de filtrage.The high voltage transformer described below is intended to supply a three-color cathode ray tube for a television set, but it is understood that the invention can be applied to any high voltage transformer comprising at least one winding section at the "mid" point of which takes a voltage which should be continuous, without the use of rectifier and filter capacitors.
L'enroulement secondaire 1 du transformateur haute tension représenté sur le dessin comporte deux sections de bobinage 2,3 physiquement distinctes, disposées sur un support commun 4, l'une à côté de l'autre.The
L'extrémité 5 de la section 2 la plus éloignée de la section 3 est destinée à être reliée à la masse, tandis que son autre extrémité 6 est reliée par une diode 7, fixée sur le support 4, à l'extrémité 8, la plus proche, de la section 3. L'autre extrémité 9 de la section 3 est reliée par une diode 10 à une borne de sortie 11 elle-même reliée au câble de sortie très haute tension (T.H.T.) destiné à être connecté à l'anode d'un tube cathodique trichrome (non représenté). On a symbolisé par un condensateur 12 (figure 2) la capacité présentée par ce tube cathodique, formant avec la diode 10 un circuit de redressement et de lissage. La tension de focalisation Uf est prélevée en un point P situé au milieu de la section 3. Si, par exemple comme représenté sur le dessin, la section 3 comporte six "galettes" de bobinage séparées par des disques isolants, le point P est évidemment situé entre la troisième et la quatrième partie.The
Les bornes 8 et 9 présentent par rapport au point milieu P des capacités parasites CP1 et CP2 respectivement. Soient Uc1 et Uc2 les modules des tensions aux bornes de CP1 et CP2 respectivement, et Uc le module de la tension entre le point 6 et la masse.
Dans un exemple de réalisation, on a trouvé des valeurs de 12pF et 6pF respectivement pour CP1 et CP2.In an exemplary embodiment, values of 12pF and 6pF were found for CP1 and CP2 respectively.
Bien que les deux demi-enroulements de la section 3 déterminés par le point milieu P aient une inductance pratiquement identique, les modules UC1 et UC2 subissent l'influence des valeurs différentes de CP1 et CP2. Plus la valeur de la capacité parasite est élevée, plus le module est réduit, comme on peut le déterminer facilement sur une représentation vectorielle des composantes de tensions inductives et capacitives. Par conséquent, la tension résultante au point P n'est pas une tension continue pure, mais une tension continue ondulée, ce qui est préjudiciable au bon fonctionnement des circuits branchés en aval du point P, comme précisé ci-dessus en préambule.Although the two half-windings of
On a représenté sur la figure 3 les allures dans le temps des tensions U6, U8 et U9 aux points 6, 8 et 9 respectivement, par rapport à la masse (reliée au point 5), la tension U9 étant décalée dans le temps par rapport aux deux autres pour la clarté du dessin. On a noté Vo la valeur moyenne de la tension continue ondulée en P, et UR le module, par rapport à la masse, de U6. La valeur du module de la tension continue obtenue au point 10 est égale à 2UR, et résulte de la composition des trois tensions U6, U8 et U9.FIG. 3 shows the patterns over time of the voltages U6, U8 and U9 at
Selon l'invention, plutôt que d'ajouter en parallèle sur CP2 un condensateur auxiliaire de capacité égale à CP1 - CP2, on modifie l'emplacement de la prise sur la section 3.According to the invention, rather than adding in parallel on CP2 an auxiliary capacitor with a capacity equal to CP1 - CP2, the location of the socket on
On effectue la prise en un point 13 déterminé de la façon suivante. Soient 3A la deuxième section d'enroulement (entre les points 8 et 9) du secondaire 1A comportant une telle prise 13 et soient 14, 15 les parties de la section 3A comprises entre les points 8, 13 et 13, 9 respectivement. Soient N1 et N2 les nombres de tours d'enroulement des parties 14 et 15 respectivement. Les capacités parasites que l'on aurait pour les deux demi-enroulements entre les points 8, P et P, 9 (le point P ne servant alors que pour la mesure de ces capacités parasites) étant toujours référencées CP1 et CP2 respectivement, le point 13 est tel que:
En reprenant l'exemple ci-dessus avec CP1 = 12pF et CP2 = 6pF, on a N1/N2 = 6/12 = ½, c'est-à-dire que le point 13 est placé au tiers de l'enroulement 3A à partir du point 8. Dans le cas illustré sur la figure 4, pour une section 3A comportant six "galettes" de bobinage séparées par les disques isolants et reliés en série, le point 13 est situé à la jonction entre la deuxième et la troisième galettes, en partant du point 8. Des essais ont montré que la position du point 13 n'était pas très critique, et que si, pour des raisons de simplification de fabrication, on le prenait à la jonction de deux "galettes" la plus proche du point théoriquement déterminé par la valeur du rapport N1/N2, la diminution de l'ondulation de la tension prélevée en ce point était sensible. En pratique, on fait la moyenne CP1m et CP2m des mesures de CP1 et CP2 effectuées sur plusieurs transformateurs d'une même série de fabrication, car ces valeurs varient d'un transformateur à l'autre dans la même série. Même si la diminution de l'ondulation n'est alors pas la plus forte possible pour certains des transformateurs de la série, la caractéristique de l'invention expliquée ci-dessous permet d'améliorer le résultat.By taking the example above with CP1 = 12pF and CP2 = 6pF, we have N1 / N2 = 6/12 = ½, that is to say that the
Selon cette autre caractéristique de l'invention, on relie directement au point 13 une résistance 16 de valeur élevée, d'au moins un mégohm par exemple. Cette résistance 16 est disposée le plus près possible du point 13, et peut être avantageusement incluse dans l'enrobage du bobinage du transformateur.According to this other characteristic of the invention, a
Grâce à cette résistance 16, on évite de rapporter au niveau du point 13 une capacité parasite supplémentaire qui risquerait de déséquilibrer la répartition des capacités parasites en ce point. En outre, cette résistance 16 évite que le fil de liaison, non blindé, qui lui est raccordé et qui véhicule la tension de focalisation Vf jusqu'au bloc potentiométrique, qui peut être éloigné du transformateur, rayonne et perturbe le téléviseur qu'il équipe, puisque cette résistance forme, avec les capacités parasites réparties en aval, un circuit de filtrage. Enfin, en choisissant de façon appropriée la valeur de cette résistance, on peut prérégler facilement la tension de focalisation.Thanks to this
Claims (6)
- A high-voltage transformer designed in subdivided technology, especially for three-colour cathode ray tubes, wherein a secondary winding has at least one tapped (P) coil section (3A) intended to provide a direct voltage without supplemen-tary rectification circuits besides those circuits comprised in the transformer, characterized in that said tapping is made at a point (13) of the coil section (3A) which divides said section into two parts (14, 15) whose ratio of the number (N1/N2) of winding turns is substantially equal to the value of the inverse ratio (CP2/CP1) of the parasitic capacitances of the two section halves of the transformer.
- A transformer according to claim 1, characterized in that the parasitic capacitances are determined in forming the mean value (CP1m and CP2m) of the measurements performed on several transformers of a same series of manufacture.
- A transformer according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising several coil "disks", characterized in that the tapping is performed at that junction of two disks which is nearest to the theoretical point.
- A transformer according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a resistor (16) of high ohmic value is directly connected to the tap.
- A transformer according to claim 4, characterized in that the resistor has a value of at least 1 megohm.
- A transformer according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the resistor is incorporated in the covering of the coil-assembly of the transformer.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8601526A FR2593961B1 (en) | 1986-02-04 | 1986-02-04 | HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER IN FRACTIONAL TECHNOLOGY, PARTICULARLY FOR TRICHROME CATHODE RAY TUBE |
| FR8601526 | 1986-02-04 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0236190A1 EP0236190A1 (en) | 1987-09-09 |
| EP0236190B1 true EP0236190B1 (en) | 1991-03-20 |
Family
ID=9331794
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP87400244A Expired - Lifetime EP0236190B1 (en) | 1986-02-04 | 1987-02-03 | Multistage high-voltage transformer, particularly for a trichromatic cathode ray tube |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4858098A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0236190B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2607434B2 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3768675D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2021376B3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2593961B1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3902219A1 (en) * | 1989-01-26 | 1990-08-02 | Electronic Werke Deutschland | Compartment coil former for the high-tension transformer of a television receiver |
| FR2682378B1 (en) * | 1991-10-10 | 1995-04-07 | Bellon Laboratoires | NOVEL DERIVATIVES OF FLUOROQUINOLEINE ACID CARBOXYLIC-3 AND THEIR PREPARATION. |
| DE4300624A1 (en) * | 1993-01-13 | 1994-07-14 | Thomson Brandt Gmbh | HV line transformer for TV receiver |
| US5631815A (en) * | 1995-12-12 | 1997-05-20 | Cross; James D. | High voltage power supply |
| DE19728875A1 (en) * | 1997-07-07 | 1999-01-14 | Thomson Brandt Gmbh | High voltage transformer |
| US6026004A (en) * | 1998-12-21 | 2000-02-15 | Ruanduff Electrical Limited | Modular high voltage power supply with integral flux leakage compensation |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1449646A (en) * | 1972-11-20 | 1976-09-15 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | High voltage generator for television apparatus |
| US3886434A (en) * | 1973-09-07 | 1975-05-27 | Warwick Electronics Inc | Flyback transformer |
| JPS601829B2 (en) * | 1978-01-19 | 1985-01-17 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | flyback transformer |
| DE2807283A1 (en) * | 1978-02-21 | 1979-08-30 | Blaupunkt Werke Gmbh | TRANSFORMER |
| US4229787A (en) * | 1978-11-30 | 1980-10-21 | Rca Corporation | Flyback transformer |
| NL7901280A (en) * | 1979-02-19 | 1980-08-21 | Philips Nv | DEVICE FOR GENERATING HIGH VOLTAGE. |
| US4247889A (en) * | 1979-02-23 | 1981-01-27 | Blaupunkt-Werke Gmbh | High-voltage-secondary transformer, particularly television line transformer |
| JPS622846Y2 (en) * | 1980-02-25 | 1987-01-22 | ||
| JPS59143477A (en) * | 1983-02-04 | 1984-08-17 | Victor Co Of Japan Ltd | Fly-back transformer |
| NL8403704A (en) * | 1984-12-06 | 1986-07-01 | Philips Nv | GENERATOR FOR GENERATING HIGH DC VOLTAGE. |
| US4638220A (en) * | 1985-03-04 | 1987-01-20 | General Electric Company | High voltage transformer |
-
1986
- 1986-02-04 FR FR8601526A patent/FR2593961B1/en not_active Expired
-
1987
- 1987-02-03 ES ES87400244T patent/ES2021376B3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-03 DE DE8787400244T patent/DE3768675D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-03 EP EP87400244A patent/EP0236190B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-04 JP JP62024413A patent/JP2607434B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1988
- 1988-10-21 US US07/262,218 patent/US4858098A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS62268365A (en) | 1987-11-20 |
| FR2593961A1 (en) | 1987-08-07 |
| JP2607434B2 (en) | 1997-05-07 |
| ES2021376B3 (en) | 1991-11-01 |
| DE3768675D1 (en) | 1991-04-25 |
| EP0236190A1 (en) | 1987-09-09 |
| FR2593961B1 (en) | 1988-04-15 |
| US4858098A (en) | 1989-08-15 |
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