EP0220342A1 - Procédé pour traiter un condensat aqueux - Google Patents

Procédé pour traiter un condensat aqueux Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0220342A1
EP0220342A1 EP85201775A EP85201775A EP0220342A1 EP 0220342 A1 EP0220342 A1 EP 0220342A1 EP 85201775 A EP85201775 A EP 85201775A EP 85201775 A EP85201775 A EP 85201775A EP 0220342 A1 EP0220342 A1 EP 0220342A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion
fluidized bed
gasification
condensate
gas
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP85201775A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jakob Ergezinger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
GEA Group AG
Original Assignee
Metallgesellschaft AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Metallgesellschaft AG filed Critical Metallgesellschaft AG
Priority to EP85201775A priority Critical patent/EP0220342A1/fr
Priority to ES8602867A priority patent/ES2003449A6/es
Priority to US06/925,881 priority patent/US4731099A/en
Priority to ZA868318A priority patent/ZA868318B/xx
Publication of EP0220342A1 publication Critical patent/EP0220342A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/82—Gas withdrawal means
    • C10J3/84—Gas withdrawal means with means for removing dust or tar from the gas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
    • C10J3/20—Apparatus; Plants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • C10J3/54—Gasification of granular or pulverulent fuels by the Winkler technique, i.e. by fluidisation
    • C10J3/56—Apparatus; Plants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/721—Multistage gasification, e.g. plural parallel or serial gasification stages
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/78—High-pressure apparatus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/093—Coal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0956—Air or oxygen enriched air
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0959—Oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0969—Carbon dioxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0973—Water
    • C10J2300/0976—Water as steam
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0983—Additives
    • C10J2300/0996—Calcium-containing inorganic materials, e.g. lime
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1807—Recycle loops, e.g. gas, solids, heating medium, water
    • C10J2300/1823—Recycle loops, e.g. gas, solids, heating medium, water for synthesis gas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1884—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being synthesis gas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1892—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being water/steam

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for treating water-containing condensate from the cooling of the raw gas of the gasification of solid fuels with gasifying agents containing oxygen, water vapor and carbon dioxide under a pressure of 5 to 100 bar, the fuels forming a fixed bed which slowly moves down and under which the incombustible mineral components of the fuel are extracted as solid ash or liquid slag.
  • the relaxation steam becomes one Combustion chamber fed and burned at temperatures above 800 ° C. Part of the liquid phase must be removed from the process and worked up, because otherwise the concentration of the impurities in the gas or in the condensate would increase to impermissible values. However, the processing and cleaning of liquids causes considerable costs.
  • the invention has for its object to eliminate the portion of the condensate that can not be returned to the gasification or reused in the treatment of the raw gas in a simple and economical manner.
  • this is done according to the invention in that the condensate is at least partially burned in a fluidized bed combustion at temperatures in the range from about 750 to 1000 ° C. and the combustion gas containing water vapor is passed from the combustion into the gasification. There is no need to clean a condensate component and the combustion gas serves as a gasifying agent in the gasification.
  • a further development of the invention consists in that the condensate obtained during the cooling of the raw gas is at least partially freed of dust and tar in a separator before the condensate is fed to the fluidized bed combustion. Dust and tar are returned to the gasification in a known manner.
  • Part of the combustion gas is expediently returned to the fluidized bed combustion, the gas serving as the fluidization medium.
  • the process also offers the advantageous possibility of sulfur compounds and from the raw gas after cooling Remove carbon dioxide and give up these substances of fluidized bed combustion together with calcium compounds.
  • the CO2 is retained in the gasification process and reduces coal consumption.
  • the sulfur compounds, in particular H2S, are converted to SO2 in the fluidized bed combustion and combine with the calcium compounds, in particular limestone or milk of lime, to form calcium sulfate. Calcium sulfate is then drawn off with the combustion axis and can be deposited without any problems.
  • An advantageous embodiment of the method consists in operating the fluidized bed combustion at a pressure which is at least 2 bar higher than the pressure of the gasification. As a result, the combustion gas can be introduced into the gasification without additional compression.
  • the classic fluidized bed or, preferably, the circulating fluidized bed can be used, for which details are described in German specification 25 39 546 and the corresponding US Pat. No. 4,165,717.
  • the speeds of the fluidizing gas are considerably higher than in the classic fluidized bed, so that large amounts of solids are continuously discharged from the fluidized bed reactor, separated from the gas and fed back into the fluidized bed reactor.
  • the gasification 1 is fed granular coal with a grain area of about 3 to 60 mm through the line 2.
  • lock devices are not shown in the drawing.
  • Gasifying agents come from line 3, they consist of a combustion gas to which oxygen is added through line 4.
  • the incombustible residue of the gasification, which is solid ash or liquid slag, is discharged in line 5.
  • the raw gas of the gasification passes in line 6 to a washer cooler 7, in which water or condensate consisting predominantly of water is fed through line 8.
  • a washer cooler 7 in which water or condensate consisting predominantly of water is fed through line 8.
  • further cooling takes place, so that the raw gas in line 11 is drawn off at temperatures in the range from 120 to 180 ° C. and in the bottom of waste heat boiler 10 a condensate is also obtained at temperatures of from 120 to 180 ° C.
  • This condensate is fed to a separator 13 in line 12.
  • the pressure in the separator 13 is only about 1 to 5 bar lower than in the gasification 1.
  • the gravitational separation of various components of the condensate takes place in a manner known per se.
  • a heavy phase which is rich in dust and tar, is drawn off in line 14, it being advisable to also feed this phase to gasification 1.
  • a water-rich phase which is usually referred to as gas water, is drawn off in the line 15 and, under the action of the pump 16, is given up to a fluidized bed combustion 17. If necessary, make-up water is introduced in line 9.
  • the fluidized bed combustion 17 is also supplied with an exhaust gas from the line 18, which is sucked in by the fan 19 from a gas cleaning device 20.
  • the raw gas from the line 11 is treated, sulfur compounds, in particular H2S, and also partly CO2 being removed by known processes. CO2 and these sulfur compounds are contained in the exhaust gas of line 18.
  • the cleaned gas which now mainly consists of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, is available for further use in line 21.
  • the fluidized bed combustion 17 is supplied with fine coal with a grain size of up to 10 mm through line 22 and ground limestone, dolomite or milk of lime through line 23 as fuel. These calcium compounds are converted in the combustion 17 at the prevailing temperatures of 750 to 1000 ° C and preferably 800 to 900 ° C to CaO, which binds the SO2 formed from the sulfur compounds as calcium sulfate.
  • the combustion 17 uses a partial flow of the combustion gases which is returned in line 25 and to which oxygen, air or also oxygen-enriched air is mixed in line 26.
  • this gas is introduced through line 34 Water sprayed in, which can also be condensate or gas water.
  • the combustion gas enriched with water vapor is then partly returned to the combustion 17 via the blower 35 and the line 25 in the manner already described, the remaining combustion gas is fed to the gasification 1 in line 3.
  • the gasification is given 1 1000 kg of coal (free of water and ash).
  • the coal which has a grain size range of 5 to 40 mm, contains 51 kg moisture, 126 kg ash and 21 kg sulfur.
  • Combustion gas which consists of the following gas components, is brought in through line 3 as the gasifying agent: CO2 107 Nm3 O2 7 Nm3 N2 2 Nm3 and that contains 323 kg of water vapor.
  • the temperature of the gas is 400 ° C. 477 Nm3 of oxygen from line 4 are mixed into the combustion gas.
  • the pressure in gasification 1 is 30 bar and in combustion 17 is 32 bar.
EP85201775A 1985-11-01 1985-11-01 Procédé pour traiter un condensat aqueux Withdrawn EP0220342A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP85201775A EP0220342A1 (fr) 1985-11-01 1985-11-01 Procédé pour traiter un condensat aqueux
ES8602867A ES2003449A6 (es) 1985-11-01 1986-10-31 Procedimiento para el tratamiento de condensado hidratado
US06/925,881 US4731099A (en) 1985-11-01 1986-10-31 Process for treating aqueous condensate
ZA868318A ZA868318B (en) 1985-11-01 1986-10-31 Process of treating aqueous condensate

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP85201775A EP0220342A1 (fr) 1985-11-01 1985-11-01 Procédé pour traiter un condensat aqueux

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0220342A1 true EP0220342A1 (fr) 1987-05-06

Family

ID=8194075

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85201775A Withdrawn EP0220342A1 (fr) 1985-11-01 1985-11-01 Procédé pour traiter un condensat aqueux

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4731099A (fr)
EP (1) EP0220342A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2003449A6 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA868318B (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5213587A (en) * 1987-10-02 1993-05-25 Studsvik Ab Refining of raw gas
FR2694566A1 (fr) * 1992-08-06 1994-02-11 Schwarze Pumpe Energiewerke Ag Procédé combiné pour la gazéification de matières résiduelles et/ou de matières de rejet solides, pâteuses et liquides.
WO2009108737A2 (fr) * 2008-02-27 2009-09-03 Alstom Technology Ltd Générateurs de vapeur à lit fluidisé circulant avec combustion dans l’air, adaptés à la capture du co2
US9895687B2 (en) 2014-12-15 2018-02-20 Haldor Topsoe A/S Process for regeneration of tar reformer catalyst

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3926575A1 (de) * 1989-08-11 1991-02-14 Metallgesellschaft Ag Verfahren zum reinigen von rohbrenngas aus der vergasung fester brennstoffe
DE3929926A1 (de) * 1989-09-08 1991-03-21 Metallgesellschaft Ag Verfahren zum behandeln der gase aus der vergasung fester, feinkoerniger brennstoffe
US6505567B1 (en) * 2001-11-26 2003-01-14 Alstom (Switzerland) Ltd Oxygen fired circulating fluidized bed steam generator
US7954458B2 (en) * 2007-11-14 2011-06-07 Alstom Technology Ltd Boiler having an integrated oxygen producing device

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1027830B (de) * 1955-07-04 1958-04-10 Kollergeneratoren Und Ofenbau Verfahren zur Beseitigung des bei der Brennstoffvergasung anfallenden Phenolwassers
DE2729764A1 (de) * 1977-07-01 1979-01-04 Davy Bamag Gmbh Verfahren zur vergasung von kohlenstoffhaltigem material
US4175929A (en) * 1978-08-29 1979-11-27 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Process for control of pollutants generated during coal gasification
GB2145425A (en) * 1983-07-08 1985-03-27 Humphreys & Glasgow Ltd Gasifying process

Family Cites Families (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1384711A (en) * 1971-03-19 1975-02-19 Exxon Research Engineering Co Production of combustible gases
US3971639A (en) * 1974-12-23 1976-07-27 Gulf Oil Corporation Fluid bed coal gasification
DE2543532C3 (de) * 1975-09-30 1980-10-30 Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Verfahren zur Schwerkrafttrennung eines wäßrigen teerhaltigen Kondensats
US4211540A (en) * 1978-12-29 1980-07-08 Fluor Corporation Process for the manufacture of fuel gas
DE3113993A1 (de) * 1981-04-07 1982-11-11 Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen erzeugung von brenngas und prozesswaerme aus kohlenstoffhaltigen materialien
DE3138124A1 (de) * 1981-09-25 1983-04-14 Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Verfahren zum vergasen fester brennstoffe
GB8322899D0 (en) * 1983-08-25 1983-09-28 British Gas Corp Coal gasification process

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1027830B (de) * 1955-07-04 1958-04-10 Kollergeneratoren Und Ofenbau Verfahren zur Beseitigung des bei der Brennstoffvergasung anfallenden Phenolwassers
DE2729764A1 (de) * 1977-07-01 1979-01-04 Davy Bamag Gmbh Verfahren zur vergasung von kohlenstoffhaltigem material
US4175929A (en) * 1978-08-29 1979-11-27 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Process for control of pollutants generated during coal gasification
GB2145425A (en) * 1983-07-08 1985-03-27 Humphreys & Glasgow Ltd Gasifying process

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5213587A (en) * 1987-10-02 1993-05-25 Studsvik Ab Refining of raw gas
FR2694566A1 (fr) * 1992-08-06 1994-02-11 Schwarze Pumpe Energiewerke Ag Procédé combiné pour la gazéification de matières résiduelles et/ou de matières de rejet solides, pâteuses et liquides.
WO2009108737A2 (fr) * 2008-02-27 2009-09-03 Alstom Technology Ltd Générateurs de vapeur à lit fluidisé circulant avec combustion dans l’air, adaptés à la capture du co2
WO2009108737A3 (fr) * 2008-02-27 2010-04-22 Alstom Technology Ltd Générateurs de vapeur à lit fluidisé circulant avec combustion dans l’air, adaptés à la capture du co2
JP2011513689A (ja) * 2008-02-27 2011-04-28 アルストム テクノロジー リミテッド Ｃｏ２捕捉対応の空気燃焼循環流動層蒸気発生器
US8230796B2 (en) 2008-02-27 2012-07-31 Andrus Jr Herbert E Air-fired CO2 capture ready circulating fluidized bed steam generators
CN102159888B (zh) * 2008-02-27 2013-08-28 阿尔斯托姆科技有限公司 燃烧空气的作好co2捕集准备的循环流化床蒸汽发生器
US9895687B2 (en) 2014-12-15 2018-02-20 Haldor Topsoe A/S Process for regeneration of tar reformer catalyst

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4731099A (en) 1988-03-15
ZA868318B (en) 1988-07-27
ES2003449A6 (es) 1988-11-01

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