EP0216677B1 - Kessel mit zirkulierender Wirbelschicht - Google Patents

Kessel mit zirkulierender Wirbelschicht Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0216677B1
EP0216677B1 EP86401873A EP86401873A EP0216677B1 EP 0216677 B1 EP0216677 B1 EP 0216677B1 EP 86401873 A EP86401873 A EP 86401873A EP 86401873 A EP86401873 A EP 86401873A EP 0216677 B1 EP0216677 B1 EP 0216677B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
cyclone
fluidized bed
recirculation
solid materials
circulating
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Expired
Application number
EP86401873A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0216677A1 (de
Inventor
Jean-Xavier Morin
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Areva NP SAS
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Framatome SA
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Application filed by Framatome SA filed Critical Framatome SA
Priority to AT86401873T priority Critical patent/ATE39019T1/de
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/0007—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed
    • F22B31/0084—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed with recirculation of separated solids or with cooling of the bed particles outside the combustion bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C10/00—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
    • F23C10/02—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed
    • F23C10/04—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone
    • F23C10/08—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases
    • F23C10/10—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2206/00—Fluidised bed combustion
    • F23C2206/10—Circulating fluidised bed
    • F23C2206/101—Entrained or fast fluidised bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2206/00—Fluidised bed combustion
    • F23C2206/10—Circulating fluidised bed
    • F23C2206/103—Cooling recirculating particles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a circulating fluidized bed boiler using the heat produced by the combustion of circulating materials.
  • Such boilers generally comprise a main body constituting an elongated fluidization chamber arranged with its vertical axis, a recirculation cyclone in communication with the upper part of the fluidization chamber, a recirculation duct or leg bringing the lower part of the cyclone into communication with the lower part of the main body, as well as one or more heat exchanger elements in which the heating and vaporization of water are ensured by thermal contact with the gases and solid materials at high temperature circulating in the boiler.
  • Combustible materials and possibly non-combustible materials in the form of solid particles are introduced at the base of the fluidization chamber and are suspended in an oxidizing gas which is generally air flowing from bottom to top in this chamber, with a speed sufficient to drive a substantial part of the solid particles upwards from the fluidization chamber and from there into the recirculation cyclone.
  • Three main types of fluidized bed boilers are known, which differ mainly in the structure and the functions of the main body constituting in particular the fluidization chamber.
  • the main body has membrane walls constituting the heat exchanger and combustion develops in this main body, within a fluidized medium circulating at a speed of the order of 5 to 6 meters / second.
  • the inner walls of the main body which constitute the exchange surfaces directly collect the heat developed by the combustion which is regulated so as to operate in the optimal zone for the fuel desulphurization temperature, while operating with a reasonable excess of air.
  • a second type of circulating fluidized bed boiler comprises a main body, the internal wall of which is partially coated with refractory material and partially provided with membrane walls, in its upper part.
  • An external heat exchanger is associated with the boiler and receives solid particles taken from the recirculation leg, at the outlet of the cyclone and reinjected into the main body.
  • the removal of solids and their cooling at the level of the external exchanger ensure thermal equilibrium so as to operate in the optimum temperature zone for desulfurization of the fuel with a reasonable excess of air which is always around 20%.
  • the fluidization speeds in the main body are slightly higher than for the first type of boiler (6, at 8 m / s).
  • the density of suspended solids and the heat exchange coefficient in the upper part of the main body remain roughly identical to what they were in the case of boilers of the first type.
  • the exchange coefficient reaches a value of around 300 to 350 kcal / m 2 h ° C in the external exchanger which operates in a fluidized bed at low speed to limit the erosion of the exchanger tubes immersed in the fluidized bed.
  • a third type of boiler as described in the document “Power, Vol. 129, No. 2 February 1985, pages S1-S16, NY USA ” has a main body of small dimensions entirely coated on its internal surface with refractory material and in communication, as in other types of boilers, with a recirculating cyclone.
  • This type of boiler also includes an external exchanger, the exchange walls of which are brought into contact with particles taken from the recirculation leg, particles which are then reinjected into the main body.
  • the fluidization speed is very high (8 to 10 m / s) and the heat transfer takes place entirely outside the main circulation loop of the fluidized bed.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide a circulating fluidized bed boiler using the heat produced by the combustion of circulating materials and comprising an elongated fluidization chamber with vertical axis entirely coated, on its internal surface, with a layer of refractory material, at the base of which a combustible material and possibly a non-combustible solid material are introduced in the form of particles, as well as an oxidizing gas for suspending said solid materials circulating from bottom to top in the chamber, at least a recirculation cyclone with a vertical axis, in communication with the upper part of the fluidization chamber by a conduit disposed substantially tangentially with respect to the recirculation cyclone, a solids recycling conduit bringing the lower part of the cyclone into communication recirculation with the lower part of the fluidization chamber and at least one heat exchanger element eur in which circulates water to be heated and vaporized, the external exchange surface of which comes into contact with hot gases and solid matter in circulation, a boiler which makes it possible to obtain
  • At least one heat exchanger element is placed inside the recirculation cyclone, at least in its upper part which comprises on the one hand means ensuring the combustion of the gases and combustible solids circulating in this part of the cyclone and on the other hand a zone where its internal wall is coated with a refractory material, the fluidization chamber or column comprising, in its lower part, an enlarged zone into which the combustible material to be fluidized is introduced and the fluidizing air.
  • the recirculation cyclone comprises, at least in its upper part, means for injecting air into the circulating fluidized bed arranged in directions substantially tangential to the cyclone.
  • Fig. 1 the entire boiler is seen comprising a main body 1 of elongated shape with a vertical axis, a recirculation cyclone of cylindro-frustoconical shape 2 and a recirculation leg 3.
  • the upper part of the main body 1 is placed in communication with the upper part of the cyclone 2, by means of a duct 4 directed tangentially with respect to the cyclone 2, as can be seen in FIG. 2.
  • the components 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the boiler constitute the circulation loop of the fluidized bed.
  • the lower part of the main body 1 receives the solid materials which are introduced into the terminal chute 3a of the recirculation leg 3 through a pipe 7; these solid materials are constituted, for example, by particles of coal which constitute the fuel and particles of limestone which constitute a desulfurizing and heat-transferable material. These solid materials are received by a fluidization grid 5 placed at the lower end of the main body 1 under which opens a primary air injection pipe 8 carrying out the fluidization of the solid materials in the lower part of the main body 1 which constitutes the fluidization chamber of the boiler.
  • this lower part of the main body 1 has a square section enlarged with respect to the current rectangular section of the main body visible in FIG. 2.
  • this lower part 1a receives, in addition to the fluidization means 5, 8, the starting burner 9 of the boiler, a preheating burner 10, an ash discharge duct 12 and thermocouples 13 allowing the determination of the temperature in this area of the boiler, for process control.
  • the inner surface of the main body 1 constituting the fluidization chamber is entirely coated with a refractory material 14 ensuring the protection of its external metallic envelope on which is inserted an expansion joint 15 in the lower part.
  • Thermocouples 16 pass through the wall of the main body 1 in its upper part.
  • the main body 1 also includes a safety valve 18, at its upper end connected to the duct 4 for the tangential arrival of the bed circulating in the recirculation cyclone 2.
  • the cyclone 2 has an upper part 20 entirely coated with refractory material and in communication at its upper part with a chamber 21 for evacuating the fumes which are taken via a pipe 22 internally coated with refractory, to an installation for thermal recovery and dust removal of the type usually used, as for example in FR-A-2,527,478, in association with circulating bed boilers.
  • the recirculation cyclone 2 comprises, below its part 20 coated with a refractory, a part 24 of cylindrical shape, the inner wall of which carries a heat exchanger 25 in which circulates water, the entire inner wall of the part 24 of the cyclone constituting an exchange surface.
  • the smoke evacuation chamber 21 is placed in communication with the part 20 of the cyclone by means of a separator tube 27, the wall of which constitutes a heat exchanger wall in which water circulates.
  • the lower part 26 of cyclone 2, of frustoconical shape comprises over the greater part of its height, a membrane wall in which water circulates constituting a heat exchanger 28 and in its lower part, over a small height, a wall 29 covered internally with refractory material, this lower part being in direct communication with the recirculation leg 3 also covered with refractory material.
  • Lines 30 for introducing secondary air into the cyclone, in a direction substantially tangential with respect to the latter, are placed, both at the level of the upper part 20 and of the cylindrical upper part 24 of this cyclone.
  • Thermocouples 32 and 33 pass through the wall of the cyclone, at its part 20 and its part 24 respectively.
  • Support tabs 34 are welded to the outer surface of the frustoconical part 26 of the cyclone.
  • the lower part of the recirculation cyclone 2 is in communication with the recirculation leg 3, the shape of which is visible by referring to FIGS. 1 and 3.
  • This recirculation leg has a "J" shape which allows the formation of an airlock for the gas circulating in the lower part 1a of the fluidization chamber and thus avoiding the passage of this gas from the main body 1 to the cyclone 2, via the recirculation conduit 3.
  • the solid matter separated from the gases reaching a the lower part of the cyclone and consisting mainly of combustion ash and heat-transferable limestone particles pour into the vertical inlet part of the recirculation duct 3 and are then received on the horizontal bottom of this duct; the recirculation of these solid particles into particles is ensured by recirculation air injection nozzles 35 passing through the horizontal bottom of the recirculation leg 3.
  • the solid materials recirculated by the nozzles 35 inclined towards the outlet of the leg 3 go up in its vertical outlet part from which they flow into the chute 3a communicating with the part 1a of the fluidization chamber.
  • a part of the solids arriving in the recirculation leg 3 can be evacuated by a pipe 36 which is connected to a circuit on which there is an external heat exchanger, a valve for controlling the solids extraction flow rate allowing adjustment of this extraction.
  • the circuit of the external exchanger closes on the recirculation leg 3 through a pipe 37 for reinjection of the cooled solid materials.
  • coal and limestone in particulate form are introduced into the lower part 1a of the fluidization chamber and primary air is introduced under the grid 5 by through the conduits 8.
  • the primary air flowing from bottom to top in the fluidization chamber 1 carries the solid particles upwards from this chamber.
  • the enlarged part 1a at the base of this chamber 1 makes it possible to trap particles with a large particle size, the narrowing of the chamber prevents entrainment towards the upper part.
  • the start-up burner 9 makes it possible to raise the temperature in the enclosure, which then allows the introduction of the fuel which therefore undergoes prepyrolysis and gasification in zone 1a.
  • the process is carried out in a reducing regime in this zone 1a, the air introduced at the base of the chamber 1 being limited to the quantity of air necessary for the fluidization.
  • This mode of operation with a secondary reaction zone at the base of the chamber 1 makes it possible in particular to reduce the discharges of nitrogen oxide in the gases and to avoid the entrainment of large fuel particles towards the upper part of the cyclone where these particles could damage the refractory lining material. These particles with a large particle size can be fractured and converted inside the zone 1a.
  • This zone 1a also has the advantage of favoring the mixing between the fuel introduced and the solid matter recirculated by the leg 3.
  • chamber 1 in addition to the fluidization, a pyrolysis and a more or less complete gasification of the fuel are carried out, so that the fluidized bed arriving in the upper part of the cyclone is constituted by a mixture of gas and solid materials containing a high proportion of combustible materials.
  • This mixture undergoes a vortex movement upon entry of the cyclone and constitutes a vortex, which, with the combined action of the impact of the particles on the impact surface in refractory 20, considerably reduces the speed of vertical circulation of materials in the cyclone and increases the density of matter in the form of solid particles in the gases.
  • This vortex effect is increased by the staged and tangential injections of secondary air injected through the conduits 30.
  • the cooled solid materials then fall back into the recirculation duct 3 to be recycled inside the lower part 1a of the chamber 1.
  • the ash formed is periodically removed by the extraction duct 12.
  • the upper zone 20 of the cyclone coated with refractory material makes it possible to slow down the particles in circulation and therefore to reduce the erosion of the exchange walls located below the zone 20.
  • the constructive provisions adopted allow the pressurization of the equipment which, therefore, can be used in a direct cycle die, that is to say without external exchanger.
  • the invention is not limited to the embodiment which has been described. This is how the heat exchanger elements can be arranged in a different way from that which has been described; for example, these heat exchanger elements can be strictly limited to the cylindrical upper part of the recirculation cyclone. These heat exchangers can be produced in the form of membrane walls of any type comprising means for distributing water and recovering steam.
  • the installation can be carried out in modular form, a single main body constituting the fluidization column being connected for their supply to several recirculation cyclones containing heat exchangers.
  • Recirculation cyclones can be of any known type, from the moment they allow the provision of heat exchangers on their internal wall. In particular, they can be of the counter-current type as in the embodiment which has just been described or with streams of recovered gases and particles circulating in the same direction.
  • the size of these cyclones can be arbitrary since the effects of tangential gas circulation can be controlled by means of gas injections at different stepped locations in the cyclone.
  • the boiler according to the invention can be supplied with any fuel or other material in the form of particles, its pipe being particularly flexible, thanks to the internal means or to the annexed means available for adjusting. combustion and circulation of the fluidized bed.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)
  • Air Supply (AREA)

Claims (9)

1. Kessel mit zirkulierender Wirbelschicht, welcher die durch die Verbrennung von in Zirkulation befindlichen Stoffen erzeugte Wärme verwendet und. eine in vertikaler Achse langgestreckte Wirbelkammer (1) aufweist, die an ihrer inneren Oberfläche vollständig mit einer Schicht aus feuerfestem Material (14) bedeckt ist, wobei an ihrer Basis ein Brennstoff und evtl. ein nicht brennbarer Feststoff in Form von Partikeln und auch ein oxydierendes Gas eingeführt werden zur Versetzung der Feststoffe in Suspension, die von unten nach oben in der Kammer (1) zirkulieren, mit wenigstens einem Rezirkulationszyklon (2) mit vertikaler Achse, der in Verbindung steht mit dem oberen Bereich der Wirbelkammer (1) durch eine Leitung (4), die im wesentlichen tangential bezüglich des Rezirkulationszyklons (2) angeordnet ist, mit einer Rezirkulationsleitung (3) der Feststoffe, die den unteren Bereich des Rezirkulationszyklons (2) mit dem unteren Bereich der Wirbelkammer (1) in Verbindung setzt und mit wenigstens einem Wärmetauscherelement (25, 26. 27), in dem zu erwärmendes und zu verdampfendes Wasser zirkuliert, dessen äußere Tauscherfläche in Kontakt mit den Gasen und in Zirkulation befindlichen heißen Feststoffen kommt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß wenigstens ein Wärmetauscherelement (25, 26, 27) im Inneren des Rezirkulationszyklons (2) wenigstens in seinem oberen Bereich angeordnet ist, der einerseits Einrichtungen (30) aufweist, die die Verbrennung von Gasen und festen Brennstoffen in Zirkulation in diesem Bereich des zyklons (2) sicherstellt, und andererseits eine Zone aufweist, wo seine innere Seitenwand mit einem feuerfestem Material bedeckt ist, wobei die Wirbelkammer oder Wirbelkolonne (1) in ihrem oberen Bereich eine vergrößerte Zone (1a) aufweist, in die der zu verwirbelnde Brennstoff und Wirbelluft eingeführt werden.
2. Kessel mit Wirbelschicht nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Rezirkulationszyklon (2) wenigstens in seinem oberen Bereich (20, 24) Lufteinblaseinrichtungen (30) in die zirkulierende Wirbelschicht aufweist, die in im wesentlichen tangentialen Richtungen bezüglich des Zyklons (2) angeordnet sind.
3. Kessel mit Wirbelschicht nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die mit feuerfestem Material überdeckte Zone des Zyklons oberhalb der Wärmetauscherelemente (25, 26, 27) angeordnet ist, die in der Zyklone angeordnet sind, das Auftreffen der in Zirkulation befindlichen Feststoffpartikel aufnimmt und deren Verlangsamung sicherstellt.
4. Kessel mit Wirbelschicht nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die vergrößerte Zone (1a) mit dem üblichen Bereich der Wirbelkammer (1) von geringerem Querschnitt durch eine Verjüngung verbunden ist, die das Auffangen von Feststoffpartikeln großer Korngröße erlaubt, wobei die Vorpyrolyse und die Vergasung dieser Stoffe in der vergrößerten Zone (1a) vorgenommen wurde.
5. Kessel mit Wirbelschicht nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Rezirkulationsleitung (3) der Feststoffe an ihrem Ausgangsende in die vergrößerte Zone (1a) mündet, in der das Umrühren bzw. Vermischen der rezirkulierten Feststoffe und der neuen Feststoffe durchgeführt wird, die an der Basis der Wirbelkammer (1) eingeführt werden.
6. Kessel mit Wirbelschicht nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 2,3,4 oder 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er ein Trennrohr (27) aufweist, das in dem oberen Bereich des Rezirkulationszyklons (2) entsprechend dessen Achse ausgerichtet ist, wobei es mit einem Ende in den Zyklon und mit seinem anderen Ende in eine Rauchevakuisierungskammer (21) mündet, der von einer Tauscherseitenwand (27) gebildet ist, in der Wasser zirkuliert.
7. Kessel mit Wirbelschicht nach einem der Ansprüche 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die innere Seitenwand des unteren Bereiches (26) des Zyklons (2) von der Form eines Kegelstumpfes von einer Tauscherseitenwand (28) gebildet ist.
8. Kessel mit Wirbelschicht nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein äußerer Wärmetauscher auf einer Umgehungsleitung auf der Rezirkulationsleitung (3) der Feststoffe mittels Extraktions- und Wiedereinblasleitungen (36, 37) von Feststoffen zwischengeschaltet ist.
9. Kessel mit Wirbelschicht nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Lufteinblaseinrichtungen (30) stufenförmig in vertikaler Richtung oberen Bereich des Rezirkulationszyklons (2) angeordnet sind.
EP86401873A 1985-09-09 1986-08-26 Kessel mit zirkulierender Wirbelschicht Expired EP0216677B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT86401873T ATE39019T1 (de) 1985-09-09 1986-08-26 Kessel mit zirkulierender wirbelschicht.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8513355A FR2587090B1 (fr) 1985-09-09 1985-09-09 Chaudiere a lit fluidise circulant
FR8513355 1985-09-09

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0216677A1 EP0216677A1 (de) 1987-04-01
EP0216677B1 true EP0216677B1 (de) 1988-11-30

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US (1) US4683840A (de)
EP (1) EP0216677B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE39019T1 (de)
BR (1) BR8604281A (de)
DE (1) DE3661332D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2587090B1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA866811B (de)

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US4469050A (en) * 1981-12-17 1984-09-04 York-Shipley, Inc. Fast fluidized bed reactor and method of operating the reactor
US4457289A (en) * 1982-04-20 1984-07-03 York-Shipley, Inc. Fast fluidized bed reactor and method of operating the reactor
FR2527478A1 (fr) * 1982-05-26 1983-12-02 Creusot Loire Appareil de type cyclone pour le depoussierage de gaz chaud
US4442797A (en) * 1983-01-24 1984-04-17 Electrodyne Research Corporation Gas and particle separation means for a steam generator circulating fluidized bed firing system
US4579070A (en) * 1985-03-01 1986-04-01 The M. W. Kellogg Company Reducing mode circulating fluid bed combustion

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4683840A (en) 1987-08-04
FR2587090A1 (fr) 1987-03-13
ZA866811B (en) 1987-04-29
DE3661332D1 (en) 1989-01-05
EP0216677A1 (de) 1987-04-01
BR8604281A (pt) 1987-05-05
ATE39019T1 (de) 1988-12-15
FR2587090B1 (fr) 1987-12-04

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