EP0206160B1 - Current supply for an electrostatic filter - Google Patents
Current supply for an electrostatic filter Download PDFInfo
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- EP0206160B1 EP0206160B1 EP86108075A EP86108075A EP0206160B1 EP 0206160 B1 EP0206160 B1 EP 0206160B1 EP 86108075 A EP86108075 A EP 86108075A EP 86108075 A EP86108075 A EP 86108075A EP 0206160 B1 EP0206160 B1 EP 0206160B1
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- Prior art keywords
- current
- voltage
- filter
- power supply
- supply according
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
- B03C3/66—Applications of electricity supply techniques
- B03C3/68—Control systems therefor
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S323/00—Electricity: power supply or regulation systems
- Y10S323/903—Precipitators
Definitions
- the invention relates to a power supply for an electrostatic filter with the features of the preamble of claim 1 (DE-AS 19 23 952).
- electrostatic filters are often used, the plates and spray wires of which are supplied with such a high DC voltage that in the medium passed between the plates and spray wires ionization of the foreign substances contained and their separation on the plates occurs.
- the DC voltage (supply voltage) of the plates and spray wires is chosen to be as high as possible.
- ionization processes also take place in the gas itself, which lead to a constant discharge of the filter up to a corona discharge on the spray wires.
- the filter discharges via short breakdowns or even voltage breakdowns up to a stationary arc if the direct current supplied by the voltage supply is not interrupted. No significant foreign matter separation is then possible until the subsequent reconstruction of a high DC voltage. In addition, these processes cause wear on the filter, in particular its spray wires, and short downtimes of the entire device.
- the ionization processes and thus the limit value of the supply voltage mentioned depend on the distribution of the electric field strength between the plates of the electrostatic filter. Insulating layers of foreign substances deposited on the plates must be knocked off, collected and removed at certain intervals - if necessary with the supply voltage switched off for as short a time as possible. Furthermore, ionization forms space charges with strong distortions in the potential course between the plates, whereby the voltage gradient and the spray direction can even be reversed between plates and space charges.
- the limit value mentioned is therefore not constant during operation.
- the supply voltage of the filter should be kept as close as possible to this practically uncontrollably changing limit value.
- electrostatic precipitators contain a voltage supply that is connected to two phases of a three-phase network and takes an alternating current from the network via an electronic steepener.
- the output voltage of the actuator is controlled by the firing angle and supplies a line-frequency alternating current which is phase-shifted with respect to the input voltage and which then feeds the electrostatic filter as a pulsating continuous current after step-up and rectification.
- DE-AS 19 23 952 To approximate the optimal working conditions of the filter it is proposed in DE-AS 19 23 952 to start up the voltage on the electrostatic precipitator after the start-up control via the cut control in the actuator until the limit value corresponding to the current state of the filter is reached and there is a voltage breakdown or a similar sudden discharge of the filter occurs.
- the AC power controller must first be blocked after a breakdown in order to avoid an arc and to wait for the deionization of the plasma formed.
- the currentless minimum pause is determined by the frequency of the actuator, i.e. the mains frequency.
- the result of this is that the filter is fed by a direct current which flows practically without gap with a ripple corresponding to the mains frequency and which is interrupted after a breakdown.
- the filter voltage fed by this current results in an undulating course which rises until it breaks down.
- Electrostatic precipitators have also been proposed in which the filter is not supplied with such a practically seamless direct current which is taken from the supply network by a mains-frequency alternating current regulator, is highly transformed and rectified. Rather, the filter is charged by a sequence of individual voltage or direct current pulses.
- the frequency and / or duration of the individual pulses are specified in such a way that the average current intensity of these isolated direct current pulses assumes a filter current setpoint value that is adapted to the respective filter condition. This creates a filter voltage that is rippled in accordance with the pulse repetition frequency, the value of which is as far as possible below the breakdown limit.
- a combination is currently striven for as an optimal method in which the filter is initially biased via a rectifier with an already relatively high, practically constant basic DC voltage, which is then superimposed on an AC voltage or isolated individual voltage pulses in order to generate a rippled filter voltage.
- the height of the filter is said to be considerably above the breakdown voltage of the filter, but a very short pulse duration means that no arc is formed when the filter is discharged.
- the duration, shape and pulse repetition frequency of these isolated individual pulses are adapted to the respective load condition of the filter.
- insulated current pulses are fed to the filter biased to the constant basic DC voltage, the maximum amplitude of which is controlled in accordance with a setpoint value for the filter current so that the filter is thereby pulsed to a maximum voltage below the breakdown voltage.
- These current pulses are taken from an intermediate circuit fed by a rectifier by means of a resonant circuit converter dimensioned to the desired pulse width or a frequency-controlled converter with forced quenching and are transformed up.
- the ripple of the filter voltage is also ensured in that a diode suppresses one polarity of the highly transformed current impulse.
- DE-OS 27 13 675 proposes a simple power supply in which the basic voltage is supplied by a gate-controlled AC power controller connected to two phases of a three-phase network with a transformer and rectifier connected downstream.
- the electrodes supplied with the basic direct voltage are connected to the secondary winding of a high-voltage transformer via a coupling capacitor, the primary winding of which is fed by a controllable rectifier device via an inverter in the center point circuit.
- the DC link makes it possible to adapt the power consumption from the grid to the requirements of the grid largely independently of the operation of the inverter and to shield it from the commutation perturbations of the inverter.
- the inverter can be operated at high frequency, which results in a favorable design of the power unit on the one hand, and an optimal adaptation to the deposition process on the other hand.
- F denotes the electrostatic filter, between the plates of which the medium represented by an arrow M (for example flue gas or another exhaust gas) is passed and which has a voltage U, which is detected by a measuring element MU, from a supply network N.
- M for example flue gas or another exhaust gas
- U which is detected by a measuring element MU
- the intermediate circuit of a converter is fed by the voltage of the supply network N with a network-side controllable rectifier arrangement and a filter-side inverter with a controllable freewheeling path for the intermediate circuit current.
- WP denotes the primary winding of a high-voltage transformer connected to the AC (or three-phase) output of the converter, the secondary winding WS of which feeds the electrodes of the filter F via a high-voltage rectifier GRH, preferably an uncontrolled rectifier bridge.
- the controlled rectifier arrangement is, as shown in FIG. 1, an uncontrolled rectifier GR which is followed by a current actuator for the intermediate circuit direct current I which can be measured by means of a measuring element MI.
- a DC regulator containing a free-wheeling diode FD with the control valve ST and a high-frequency operating frequency, preferably about 5 kHz, is used as the actuator, the downstream intermediate circuit choke ZI (together with an intermediate circuit capacitor ZK) need only be matched to the smoothing of this high frequency and decouples this Network N connected to the rectifier GR from possible repercussions of the inverter and the filter.
- there is practically only a symmetrical three-phase active load (cos ⁇ 1).
- the intermediate circuit current which can be regulated by a current controller IR and the control set SSt of the actuator ST to a setpoint l *, flows through the choke ZI - with the valve ST ignited from the mains and with the valve blocked via the freewheeling diode FD - practically constant, regardless of the switching state of the inverter.
- Such a circuit is customary as a pulse-controlled inverter, which connects a DC voltage impressed via correspondingly large DC link capacitors within a half cycle of a sinusoidal, low-frequency target output voltage in the form of sinusoidally pulse-width-modulated, high-frequency voltage pulses with alternating signs to the AC voltage outputs.
- a pulse-controlled inverter which connects a DC voltage impressed via correspondingly large DC link capacitors within a half cycle of a sinusoidal, low-frequency target output voltage in the form of sinusoidally pulse-width-modulated, high-frequency voltage pulses with alternating signs to the AC voltage outputs.
- this known circuit is operated here for the direct current impressed by the choke ZI and the controller IR in order to generate a high-frequency alternating current (working cycle preferably 1 to 3 kHz) by alternating switching of the direct current to the alternating current outputs.
- valves Tr1 and Tr4 or Tr2 and Tr3 are simultaneously fired after a half cycle, current pulses flow through the connected winding WP, the length of which is equal to the half cycle and the amplitude is equal to the direct current.
- Such "cross firings”, which temporarily release the freewheeling path of the direct current, are carried out according to FIG. 1 at least whenever a breakdown in the filter is detected. This can e.g. recognize a threshold value element SG from a breakdown of the filter voltage U. At the same time, the normal ignition pulses are blocked via the control rate WSt of the inverter.
- a program part "program” controls the re-enabling of the inverter, in addition the ramping up of the AC amplitude and / or the inverter frequency itself, e.g. depending on the penetration frequency. and on the foreign matter content of the inflowing and outflowing medium can be controlled by the program part.
- the current flowing into the transformer is always limited to the impressed direct current, even if there is a breakdown in the filter, but is also maintained during an inverter lock, so that the inverter feed into the transformer can be resumed as quickly as desired.
- the transformer itself has to be tuned to the high frequency of the inverter and is therefore very inexpensive.
- an additional voltage limitation control is preferably provided, which limits the filter voltage to the filter voltage setpoint belonging to the specified operating point.
- the voltage setpoint U * set in the setpoint generator SS is compared with the actual voltage value U measured by the voltage measuring element MU and fed via a limiting regulator BR to a limiting circuit BG at the input of the current regulator IR.
- the foreign substance raw gas content (content of the inflowing medium of foreign substances) and / or foreign substance pure gas content (foreign substance content of the outflowing medium) can be used as input signals.
- the supply voltage and / or supply current of the filter can be optimized, in particular they can be controlled according to a predefined voltage / current characteristic. This characteristic can be dependent on the raw material gas content, i.e. the load state of the filter.
- the controller can react very quickly to any voltage drop and to the start and end of a knocking process and the ripple of the voltage, i.e. the fluctuation of the voltage between an upper and lower limit value can be specified and optimized.
- controllable rectifier arrangement is shown schematically as a controllable three-phase rectifier bridge DR, which already contains the necessary means to change the intermediate circuit current I (measuring element MI) of an intermediate circuit converter and thus the amplitude of the high-frequency actuator output current with a certain control behavior regulate.
- the intermediate circuit contains an intermediate circuit choke ZI, which is designed to smooth the intermediate circuit current and is optionally supplemented by an intermediate circuit capacitor.
- the downstream inverter AR generates the high-frequency alternating current.
- the suitable inverter shown in FIG. 2 is known as an inverter with "phase sequence deletion".
- a two-phase bridge is sufficient, although in principle three-phase and multi-phase bridges can also be possible and possibly also advantageous in order to obtain a direct current that is as complete as possible after step-up transformation and rectification.
- valves ignite in the normal phase sequence TH1 and TH4 and the valves TH2 and TH3 each simultaneously and delete the previously ignited valves by reloading the commutation capacitors K1 and K2.
- the transverse thyristor TQ is provided as a means for cross-ignition.
- the specified intermediate circuit current continues to flow through the choke ZI, but is passed via the freewheeling path TQ past the primary winding WP, which therefore quickly de-energizes in every phase position of the inverter and, after blocking any number of converter clock pulses, is excited again with the full intermediate circuit current can be. After a breakdown, the required separation voltage can be quickly built up again.
- cross-firings can also be carried out by firing valves in series. They can also be provided in order to shorten the current carrying time of the valves fired in the normal clock sequence compared to a half period of the inverter output current. The impressed intermediate circuit current itself is practically not affected by these switching operations.
- the operating point of the power supply is determined in that a setpoint generator SS specifies a setpoint I for the intermediate circuit current or the amplitude of the alternating output current, the control deviation of which controls the control rate SDR for the controlling means of the controllable rectifier arrangement via a current controller SR.
- the setpoint I * can in particular be determined on the basis of a current / voltage characteristic stored in the setpoint generator SS, to which the value for the optimum voltage U * is specified by a current control program part PS.
- U * can be changed periodically, for example as a function of the foreign substance content measured on a flue gas probe RG, in order to generate the aforementioned ripple in the filter supply voltage.
- the optimal basic level for U * can be determined by a flue gas probe EG depending on the raw material gas content or can be changed in an iterative search procedure so that on the one hand a high degree of separation, on the other hand a low frequency of breakdowns and voltage dips occur on the measuring element MU.
- limiting the voltage to the predetermined value U * is advantageous.
- the setpoint / actual value difference of the supply voltage U is applied to a limit controller BR, which operates on a limit circuit BG which limits the current setpoint.
- a ramp generator HG is provided at the setpoint input of the limiting controller PR, the final value (for example depending on the frequency of the voltage breakdowns detected on the voltage measuring element MU) can be changed by a pulse program part PI.
- the pulse program part PI also has the task of specifying the AC output frequency and thus the high frequency of the inverter AR by means of a corresponding, operationally dependent control signal for the inverter tax rate WSt. It also generates the switching signal for the freewheeling path (valve TQ) and the temporary stopping and restarting of the inverter after a breakdown.
- the DC current drawn from the high-voltage rectifier GRH can be interrupted by periodic blocking ("packet formation") and thus a voltage ripple on the filter can also be forced.
- the coupling capacitor KK shown in FIG. 2 also facilitates the additional connection of such pulses which can be applied to the corresponding input terminals HFI of the filter.
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Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Stromversorgung für ein Elektrofilters mit den Merkmalen des Oberbegriffs des Anspruchs 1 (DE-AS 19 23 952).The invention relates to a power supply for an electrostatic filter with the features of the preamble of claim 1 (DE-AS 19 23 952).
Zur Abgasreinigung oder allgemeiner zur Abscheidung von Fremdstoffen aus einem strömenden Medium werden häufig Elektrofilter verwendet, deren Platten und Sprühdrähte mit einer so hohen Gleichspannung versorgt werden, daß in dem zwischen den Platten und Sprühdrähten hindurchgeführten Medium eine Ionisierung der enthaltenen Fremdstoffe und deren Abscheidung an den Platten auftritt. Im Interesse eines hohen Abscheidegrades wird die Gleichspannung (Versorgungsspannung) der Platten und Sprühdrähte möglichst hoch gewählt. Andererseits laufen bei einer hohen Versorgungsspannung auch im Gas selbst lonisierungsvorgänge ab, die zu einer ständigen Entladung des Filters bis hin zu einer Korona-Entladung an den Sprühdrähten führen.For the purification of exhaust gases or more generally for the separation of foreign substances from a flowing medium, electrostatic filters are often used, the plates and spray wires of which are supplied with such a high DC voltage that in the medium passed between the plates and spray wires ionization of the foreign substances contained and their separation on the plates occurs. In the interest of a high degree of separation, the DC voltage (supply voltage) of the plates and spray wires is chosen to be as high as possible. On the other hand, with a high supply voltage, ionization processes also take place in the gas itself, which lead to a constant discharge of the filter up to a corona discharge on the spray wires.
Steigt die Versorgungsspannung über einen Grenzwert an, so entlädt sich das Filter über kurze Durchschläge oder sogar über Spannungsdurchbrüche bis hin zu einem stationären Lichtbogen, falls der von der Spannungsversorgung gelieferte Gleichstrom nicht unterbrochen wird. Bis zum anschließenden Wiederaufbau einer hohen Gleichspannung ist dann keine nennenswerte Fremdstoff-Abscheidung möglich. Außerdem verursachen diese Vorgänge einen Verschleiß des Filters, insbesondere seiner Sprühdrähte, und geringe Standzeiten der ganzen Vorrichtung.If the supply voltage rises above a limit value, the filter discharges via short breakdowns or even voltage breakdowns up to a stationary arc if the direct current supplied by the voltage supply is not interrupted. No significant foreign matter separation is then possible until the subsequent reconstruction of a high DC voltage. In addition, these processes cause wear on the filter, in particular its spray wires, and short downtimes of the entire device.
Die lonisierungsvorgänge und damit der erwähnte Grenzwert der Versorgungsspannung sind von der Verteilung der elektrischen Feldstärke zwischen den Platten des Elektrofilters abhängig. Isolierende Schichten aus an den Platten abgeschiedenen Fremdstoffen müssen in bestimmten Zeitabständen - gegebenenfalls unter möglichst kurzzeitigen Abschalten der Versorgungsspannung - abgeklopft, gesammelt und entnommen werden. Ferner bilden sich durch die Ionisierung Raumladungen mit starken Verzerrungen im Potentialverlauf zwischen den Platten aus, wobei es zwischen Platten und Raumladungen sogar zu einer Umkehr des Spannungsgradienten und der Sprührichtung kommen kann.The ionization processes and thus the limit value of the supply voltage mentioned depend on the distribution of the electric field strength between the plates of the electrostatic filter. Insulating layers of foreign substances deposited on the plates must be knocked off, collected and removed at certain intervals - if necessary with the supply voltage switched off for as short a time as possible. Furthermore, ionization forms space charges with strong distortions in the potential course between the plates, whereby the voltage gradient and the spray direction can even be reversed between plates and space charges.
Der erwähnte Grenzwert ist also während des Betriebes nicht konstant. Für eine gute Abscheidung sollte die Versorgungsspannung des Filters möglichst nahe an diesem sich praktisch unkontrollierbar änderndem Grenzwert gehalten werden.The limit value mentioned is therefore not constant during operation. For a good separation, the supply voltage of the filter should be kept as close as possible to this practically uncontrollably changing limit value.
Handelsübliche Elektrofilter enthalten eine Spannungsversorgung, die an zwei Phasen eines Drehstromnetzes angeschlossen ist und dem Netz über einen elektronischen Steiler einen Wechselstrom entnimmt. Die Ausgangsspannung des Stellers ist über den Zündwinkel anschnittsgesteuert und liefert einen gegenüber der Eingangsspannung phasenverschobenen, netzfrequenten Wechselstrom, der dann nach Hochtransformieren und Gleichrichten als pulsierender Dauerstrom das Elektrofilter speist. Zur Annäherung an die optimalen Arbeitsbedingungen des Filters ist in der DE-AS 19 23 952 vorgeschlagen, über die Anschnittssteuerung im Steller die Spannuna am Elektrofilter nach einer bestimmten Hochlauffunktion hochzufahren, bis der dem momentanen Zustand des Filters entsprechende Grenzwert erreicht ist und es zu einem Spannungsdurchschlag oder zu einer ähnlichen plötzlichen Entladung des Filters kommt.Commercially available electrostatic precipitators contain a voltage supply that is connected to two phases of a three-phase network and takes an alternating current from the network via an electronic steepener. The output voltage of the actuator is controlled by the firing angle and supplies a line-frequency alternating current which is phase-shifted with respect to the input voltage and which then feeds the electrostatic filter as a pulsating continuous current after step-up and rectification. To approximate the optimal working conditions of the filter it is proposed in DE-AS 19 23 952 to start up the voltage on the electrostatic precipitator after the start-up control via the cut control in the actuator until the limit value corresponding to the current state of the filter is reached and there is a voltage breakdown or a similar sudden discharge of the filter occurs.
In der Regel muß nach einem Durchschlag der Wechselstromsteller zunächst gesperrt werden, um einen Lichtbogen zu vermeiden und die Entionisierung des gebildeten Plasmas abzuwarten. Die stromlose Mindestpause ist durch die Frequenz des Stellers, also die Netzfrequenz, bestimmt. Dadurch ergibt sich, daß das Filter von einem Gleichstrom gespeist wird, der mit einer der Netzfrequenz entsprechenden Welligkeit praktisch lückenlos fließt und nach nach einem Durchbruch unterbrochen ist. Für die von diesem Strom gespeiste Filterspannung ergibt sich jeweils ein bis zum Durchschlag ansteigender, welliger Verlauf.As a rule, the AC power controller must first be blocked after a breakdown in order to avoid an arc and to wait for the deionization of the plasma formed. The currentless minimum pause is determined by the frequency of the actuator, i.e. the mains frequency. The result of this is that the filter is fed by a direct current which flows practically without gap with a ripple corresponding to the mains frequency and which is interrupted after a breakdown. The filter voltage fed by this current results in an undulating course which rises until it breaks down.
Es sind auch schon Elektrofilter vorgeschlagen worden, bei denen darauf verzichtet ist, das Filter mit einem derartigen, praktisch lückenlos fließenden Gleichstrom zu versorgen, der von einem netzfrequenten Wechselstromsteller dem Versorgungsnetz entnommen, hochtransformiert und gleichgerichtet wird. Vielmehr wird das Filter durch eine Folge einzelner Spannungs- oder Gleichstromimpulse aufgeladen. Um jeweils bei einem Impuls die Ladung nachzuliefern, die während der Impulspausen über das Medium geflossen ist, werden Frequenz und/oder Dauer der einzelnen Impulse so vorgegeben, daß die mittlere Stromstärke dieser isolierten Gleichstromimpulse einen dem jeweiligen Fiiterzustand angepaßten Filterstrom-Sollwert annimmt. Dadurch entsteht eine entsprechend der Puls-Folgefrequenz wellige Filterspannung, deren Wert möglichst unterhalb der Durchschlaggrenze liegt.Electrostatic precipitators have also been proposed in which the filter is not supplied with such a practically seamless direct current which is taken from the supply network by a mains-frequency alternating current regulator, is highly transformed and rectified. Rather, the filter is charged by a sequence of individual voltage or direct current pulses. In order to deliver the charge that flowed through the medium during the pulse pauses, the frequency and / or duration of the individual pulses are specified in such a way that the average current intensity of these isolated direct current pulses assumes a filter current setpoint value that is adapted to the respective filter condition. This creates a filter voltage that is rippled in accordance with the pulse repetition frequency, the value of which is as far as possible below the breakdown limit.
Hierbei entsteht die technische Schwierigkeit, mittels der kurzen Impulse dem Filter die erforderliche Energie zur Verfügung zu stellen. Dazu ist in der US-PS 3 641 740 vorgeschlagen, mittels der gleichgerichteten Netzspannung eine Reihe von Kondensatoren aufzuladen, die dann über Thyristoren, Hochspannungstransformatoren und einen Halbwellen-Gleichrichter an das Elektrofilter gelegt werden. Die Breite der an das Elektrofilter gelangenden Stromimpulse beträgt z.B. 5 % der zwischen diesen Impulsen liegenden Impulspause.This creates the technical difficulty of using the short pulses to provide the filter with the required energy. For this purpose, it is proposed in US Pat. No. 3,641,740 to charge a series of capacitors by means of the rectified mains voltage, which capacitors are then connected to the electrostatic filter via thyristors, high-voltage transformers and a half-wave rectifier. The width of the current pulses reaching the electrostatic filter is e.g. 5% of the pulse pause between these pulses.
Als optimales Verfahren wird heute eine Kombination anstrebt, bei der das Filter zunächst über einen Gleichrichter mit einer bereits verhältnismäßig hohen, praktisch konstanten Grund-Gleichspannung vorgespannt wird, der dann zur Erzeugung einer welligen Filterspannung eine Wechselspannung oder isolierte Einzel-Spannungsimpulse überlagert werden.A combination is currently striven for as an optimal method in which the filter is initially biased via a rectifier with an already relatively high, practically constant basic DC voltage, which is then superimposed on an AC voltage or isolated individual voltage pulses in order to generate a rippled filter voltage.
Nach der US-PS 39 84 215 soll deren Höhe erheblich über der Durchschlagspannung des Filters liegen, jedoch durch eine sehr kurze Impulsdauer erreicht werden, daß sich bei der Entladung des Filters kein Lichtbogen ausbildet. Dauer, Form und Pulsfolgefrequenz dieser isolierten Einzelimpulse werden dem jeweiligen Belastungszustand des Filters angepaßt. Gemäß der europäischen Patentschrift 0 034 075 werden dem auf die konstante Grund-Gleichspannung vorgespannten Filter isolierte Stromimpulse zugeführt, deren Maximalamplitude entsprechend einem Sollwert für den Filterstrom so gesteuert wird, daß das Filter dadurch jeweils pulsförmig auf eine unter der Durchbruchspannung liegende Maximalspannung aufgeladen wird. Diese Stromimpulse werden einem von einem Gleichrichter gespeisten Zwischenkreis mittels eines auf die gewünschte Pulsbreite dimensionierten Schwingkreis-Umrichters bzw. eines frequenzgesteuerten Umrichters mit Zwangslöschung entnommen und hochtransformiert. Die Welligkeit der Filterspannung wird dabei auch dadurch sichergestellt, daß eine Diode jeweils eine Polarität der hochtransformierten Stromimpuise unterdrückt.According to US Pat. No. 3,984,215, the height of the filter is said to be considerably above the breakdown voltage of the filter, but a very short pulse duration means that no arc is formed when the filter is discharged. The duration, shape and pulse repetition frequency of these isolated individual pulses are adapted to the respective load condition of the filter. According to the European patent font 0 034 075 insulated current pulses are fed to the filter biased to the constant basic DC voltage, the maximum amplitude of which is controlled in accordance with a setpoint value for the filter current so that the filter is thereby pulsed to a maximum voltage below the breakdown voltage. These current pulses are taken from an intermediate circuit fed by a rectifier by means of a resonant circuit converter dimensioned to the desired pulse width or a frequency-controlled converter with forced quenching and are transformed up. The ripple of the filter voltage is also ensured in that a diode suppresses one polarity of the highly transformed current impulse.
In der DE-OS 27 13 675 ist eine einfache Stromversorgung vorgeschlagen, bei der die Grundspannung von einem an zwei Phasen eines Drehstromnetzes angeschlossenen, anschnittsgesteuerten Wechselstromsteller mit nachgeschaltetem Transformator und Gleichrichter geliefert wird. Die mit der Grund-Gleichspannung versorgten Elektroden sind über einen Koppelkondensator an die Sekundärwicklung eines Hochspannungstransformators gelegt ist, dessen Primärwicklung über einen Wechselrichter in Mittelpunktschaltung von einem steuerbaren Gleichrichtergerät gespeist wird. Dadurch wird der Grundspannung eine nicht gleichgerichtete Wechselspannung mit einer belastungsabhängig zwischen 50 Hz und 2 kHz veränderbaren Frequenz überlagert wird.DE-OS 27 13 675 proposes a simple power supply in which the basic voltage is supplied by a gate-controlled AC power controller connected to two phases of a three-phase network with a transformer and rectifier connected downstream. The electrodes supplied with the basic direct voltage are connected to the secondary winding of a high-voltage transformer via a coupling capacitor, the primary winding of which is fed by a controllable rectifier device via an inverter in the center point circuit. As a result, a non-rectified AC voltage with a frequency that can be varied between 50 Hz and 2 kHz is superimposed on the basic voltage.
Sollen diese von den Eigenschaften des Abscheidungsprozesses bestimmten Verfahren am Betriebsort des Filters eingesetzt werden, so sind aber auch die Anforderungen an das Versorgungsnetz zu beachten, für die immer strengere Bestimmungen gelten. So müssen z.B. Grenzen für die Blindstrom- und Oberschwingungs-Belastung des Netzes sowie eine unsymmetrische Belastung zwischen den Drehstromanschlüssen des Versorgungsnetzes beachtet werden. Schließlich sind auch die Installationskosten möglichst gering zu halten.If these processes, which are determined by the properties of the deposition process, are to be used at the operating location of the filter, the requirements for the supply network must also be observed, for which increasingly stringent regulations apply. For example, Limits for the reactive current and harmonic load of the network as well as an asymmetrical load between the three-phase connections of the supply network must be observed. Finally, the installation costs are to be kept as low as possible.
Aus der DE-OS 29 29 601 ist bekannt, daß steile Flanken einer annähernd pulsförmigen Kondensatorspannung die Ausbeute steigern können. Daher ist vorgeschlagen, auf eine annähernd konstante Grund-Gleichspannung zu verzichten und den Kondensator durch Strompulse mit alternierender Polarität möglichst rasch umzuladen. Hierzu dient Umrichter mit Gleichstrom-Zwischenkreis und einer einphasigen Brückenschaltung, die über einen Hochspannungstransformator den Kondensator direkt speist und während der Pulspausen den Zwischenkreis-Gleichstrom durch Zündung in Reihe liegender Ventile über einen Freilaufpfad leitet.From DE-OS 29 29 601 it is known that steep edges of an approximately pulsed capacitor voltage can increase the yield. It is therefore proposed to dispense with an approximately constant basic DC voltage and to reload the capacitor as quickly as possible using current pulses with alternating polarity. This is achieved by inverters with a DC link and a single-phase bridge circuit that feeds the capacitor directly via a high-voltage transformer and conducts the DC link current by igniting valves in series via a freewheeling path during pulse pauses.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine Stromversorgung zu schaffen, deren Ausgangsspannung praktisch optimal an die Technologie des Abscheideprozesses anpaßbar ist und deren Rückwirkungen auf das Versorgungsnetz möglichst klein gehalten werden. So ist z.B. für das Versorgungsnetz ein Leistungsfaktor von etwa cos <p = 1 und für das Filter eine geringe Durchschlaghäufigkeit bzw. eine Vermeidung von Kurzschluß-Überströmen möglich. Dabei ergibt sich auch hinsichtlich der Dimensionierung der zu verwendenden Bauteile sowie der Beanspruchung der Sprühdrähte eine wesentliche Verbesserung.The object of the invention is to provide a power supply whose output voltage is practically optimally adaptable to the technology of the deposition process and the repercussions on the supply network are kept as small as possible. For example, a power factor of approximately cos <p = 1 for the supply network and a low breakdown frequency or avoidance of short-circuit overcurrents possible for the filter. This also results in a significant improvement with regard to the dimensioning of the components to be used and the stress on the spray wires.
Diese Aufgabe wird erreicht durch eine Stromversorgung mit den im Anspruch 1 angegebenen Merkmalen. Der Gleichstrom-Zwischenkreis ermöglicht es, die Leistungsentnahme aus dem Netz weitgehend unabhängig vom Betrieb des Wechselrichters auf die Anforderungen des Netzes abzustimmen und von den Kommutierungsrückwirkungen des Wechselrichters abzuschirmen. Insbesondere kann der Wechselrichter mit Hochfrequenz betrieben werden, wodurch sich einerseits eine günstige Auslegung des Leistungsteils, andererseits eine optimale Anpassung an den Abscheideprozeß ergibt.This object is achieved by a power supply with the features specified in
Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen gekennzeichnet und werden anhand zweier Ausführungsbeispiele erläutert.Advantageous developments of the invention are characterized in the subclaims and are explained using two exemplary embodiments.
In den Figuren ist mit F ist das Elektrofilter bezeichnet, zwischen dessen Platten das durch einen Pfeil M dargestellte Medium (z.B. Rauchgas oder ein anderes Abgas) hindurchgeführt wird und das mit einer Spannung U, die von einem Meßglied MU erfaßt wird, aus einem Versorgungsnetz N versorgt werden soll. Hierzu wird von der Spannung des Versorgungsnetzes N der Zwischenkreis eines Umrichters mit einer netzseitigen steuerbaren Gleichrichteranordnung und einem filterseitigen Wechselrichter mit steuerbarem Freilaufpfad für den Zwischenkreisstrom gespeist. WP bezeichnet die an den Wechselstrom-(oder Drehstrom-)Ausgang des Umrichters angeschlossene Primärwicklung eines Hochspannungstransformators, dessen Sekundärwicklung WS über einen Hochspannungsgleichrichter GRH, vorzugsweise eine ungesteuerte Gleichrichterbrücke, die Elektroden des Filters F speist.In the figures, F denotes the electrostatic filter, between the plates of which the medium represented by an arrow M (for example flue gas or another exhaust gas) is passed and which has a voltage U, which is detected by a measuring element MU, from a supply network N. should be supplied. For this purpose, the intermediate circuit of a converter is fed by the voltage of the supply network N with a network-side controllable rectifier arrangement and a filter-side inverter with a controllable freewheeling path for the intermediate circuit current. WP denotes the primary winding of a high-voltage transformer connected to the AC (or three-phase) output of the converter, the secondary winding WS of which feeds the electrodes of the filter F via a high-voltage rectifier GRH, preferably an uncontrolled rectifier bridge.
Die gesteuerte Gleichrichteranordnung ist bevorzugt, wie in Fig. 1 gezeigt, ein ungesteuerter Gleichrichter GR, dem ein Strom-Stellglied für den mittels eines Meßgliedes MI meßbaren Zwischenkreis-Gleichstrom I nachgeschaltet ist. Wird als Stellglied ein eine Freilaufdiode FD enthaltender Gleichstromsteller mit dem Stellerventil ST und einer hochfrequenten Arbeitsfrequenz, vorzugsweise etwa 5 kHz, verwendet, so braucht die nachgeschaltete Zwischenkreisdrossel ZI (zusammen mit einem Zwischenkreiskondensator ZK) nur auf die Glättung dieser Hochfrequenz abgestimmt zu sein und entkoppelt das an den Gleichrichter GR angeschlossene Netz N von eventuellen Rückwirkungen des Wechselrichters und des Filters. Für das Netz ergibt sich praktisch nur eine symmetrische Drehstrom-Wirklast (cos ϕ=1).The controlled rectifier arrangement is, as shown in FIG. 1, an uncontrolled rectifier GR which is followed by a current actuator for the intermediate circuit direct current I which can be measured by means of a measuring element MI. If a DC regulator containing a free-wheeling diode FD with the control valve ST and a high-frequency operating frequency, preferably about 5 kHz, is used as the actuator, the downstream intermediate circuit choke ZI (together with an intermediate circuit capacitor ZK) need only be matched to the smoothing of this high frequency and decouples this Network N connected to the rectifier GR from possible repercussions of the inverter and the filter. For the network, there is practically only a symmetrical three-phase active load (cos ϕ = 1).
Der von einem Stromregler IR und dem Steuersatz SSt des Stellgliedes ST auf einen Sollwert l* regelbare Zwischenkreisstrom fließt über die Drossel ZI - bei gezündetem Ventil ST aus dem Netz und bei Ventilsperre über die Freilaufdiode FD - praktisch konstant, unabhängig vom Schaltzustand des Wechselrichters.The intermediate circuit current, which can be regulated by a current controller IR and the control set SSt of the actuator ST to a setpoint l *, flows through the choke ZI - with the valve ST ignited from the mains and with the valve blocked via the freewheeling diode FD - practically constant, regardless of the switching state of the inverter.
Dieser besteht nach Fig. 1 aus einer Brückenschaltung der Ventile Tr1, Tr2, Tr3 und Tr4. Diesem ist jeweils eine Diode D1,... D4 antiparallel geschaltet, damit auch Zustände möglich sind, bei denen der durch die Induktivität WP fließende Strom eine dem eingeprägten Gleichstrom entgegengesetzte Spannung erzeugt. Derartige Zustände sind charakteristisch für einen auf 4-Quadranten-Betrieb ausgelegten Steller.1 consists of a bridge circuit of the valves Tr1, Tr2, Tr3 and Tr4. This a diode D1,... D4 is connected antiparallel, so that states are also possible in which the current flowing through the inductor WP generates a voltage opposite to the impressed direct current. Such states are characteristic of an actuator designed for 4-quadrant operation.
Eine derartige Schaltung ist als Pulswechselrichter üblich, der eine über entsprechend große Zwischenkreiskondensatoren eingeprägte Gleichspannung innerhalb einer Halbperiode einer sinusförmigen, niederfrequenten Soll-Ausgangsspannung in Form von sinusförmig pulsbreitenmodulierten, hochfrequenten Spannungsimpulsen mit alternierendem Vorzeichen auf die Wechselspannungsausgänge durchschaltet. Bei diesem Spannungs-Pulsen muß durch eine gegenseitige Verriegelung sichergestellt sein, daß die Gleichspannung nicht durch gleichzeitige Stromführung von in Reihe liegenden Ventilen kurzgeschlossen wird.Such a circuit is customary as a pulse-controlled inverter, which connects a DC voltage impressed via correspondingly large DC link capacitors within a half cycle of a sinusoidal, low-frequency target output voltage in the form of sinusoidally pulse-width-modulated, high-frequency voltage pulses with alternating signs to the AC voltage outputs. With this voltage pulse, mutual interlocking must ensure that the DC voltage is not short-circuited by simultaneous current flow from valves in series.
Diese bekannte Schaltung wird aber hier für den durch die Drossel ZI und den Regler IR eingeprägten Gleichstrom betrieben, um durch alternierendes Durchschalten des Gleichstroms auf die Wechselstromausgänge einen hochfrequenten Wechselstrom (Arbeitstakt vorzugsweise 1 bis 3 kHz) zu erzeugen.However, this known circuit is operated here for the direct current impressed by the choke ZI and the controller IR in order to generate a high-frequency alternating current (working cycle preferably 1 to 3 kHz) by alternating switching of the direct current to the alternating current outputs.
Werden dabei jeweils nach einer Halbperiode die Ventile Tr1 und Tr4 bzw. Tr2 und Tr3 gleichzeitig gezündet, so fließen durch die angeschlossene Wicklung WP Stromimpulse, deren Länge gleich der Halbperiode und deren Amplitude gleich dem Gleichstrom sind. Es ist aber auch möglich, innerhalb einer Halbperiode einen Zwischenzustand anzusteuern, bei dem durch gleichzeitige Stromführung zweier in Reihe liegende Ventile (z.B. Tr1, Tr2 und/oder Tr3, Tr4) oder ein eigenes Querventil ein Freilaufpfad geschlossen wird, der den eingeprägten Gleichstrom kurzschlußartig an den Wechselstromanschlüssen vorbei leitet und somit die Pulsdauer der hochfrequenten Wechselstrom-Impulse verkürzt; dies bedeutet eine zusätzliche schnelle Steuerung der - bereits über den Zwischenkreis-Gleichstrom einstellbaren - Wechselstromamplitude.If the valves Tr1 and Tr4 or Tr2 and Tr3 are simultaneously fired after a half cycle, current pulses flow through the connected winding WP, the length of which is equal to the half cycle and the amplitude is equal to the direct current. However, it is also possible to control an intermediate state within a half-cycle, in which a free-wheeling path is closed by simultaneous current flow of two valves in series (e.g. Tr1, Tr2 and / or Tr3, Tr4) or a separate cross valve that short-circuits the impressed direct current conducts past the AC connections and thus shortens the pulse duration of the high-frequency AC pulses; this means an additional fast control of the alternating current amplitude, which can already be set via the intermediate circuit direct current.
Derartige "Querzündungen", die den Freilaufpfad des Gleichstroms vorübergehend freigeben, werden nach Fig. 1 zumindest immer dann vorgenommen, wenn ein Durchschlag im Filter erfaßt wird. Dies kann z.B. ein Schwellwertglied SG an einem Zusammenbruch der Filterspannung U erkennen. Über den Steuersatz WSt des Wechselrichters werden gleichzeitig die normalen Zündimpulse gesperrt.Such "cross firings", which temporarily release the freewheeling path of the direct current, are carried out according to FIG. 1 at least whenever a breakdown in the filter is detected. This can e.g. recognize a threshold value element SG from a breakdown of the filter voltage U. At the same time, the normal ignition pulses are blocked via the control rate WSt of the inverter.
Ein Programmteil "program" steuert die WiederFreigabe des Wechselrichters, wobei zusätzlich das Hochfahren der Wechselstromamplitude und/oder die Wechselrichterfrequenz selbst, z.B. in Abhängigkeit von der Durchschlagshäufigkeit .und vom Fremdstoffgehalt des ein- und ausströmenden Mediums vom Programmteil gesteuert werden können.A program part "program" controls the re-enabling of the inverter, in addition the ramping up of the AC amplitude and / or the inverter frequency itself, e.g. depending on the penetration frequency. and on the foreign matter content of the inflowing and outflowing medium can be controlled by the program part.
Von besonderem Vorteil ist, daß der in den Transformator fließende Strom stets - auch bei einem Durchschlag im Filter - auf den eingeprägten Gleichstrom begrenzt ist, aber auch während einer Wechselrichtersperre aufrechterhalten bleibt, so daß die Wechselrichtereinspeisung in den Transformator beliebig rasch wieder aufgenommen werden kann. Der Transformator selbst ist auf die Hochfrequenz des Wechselrichters abzustimmen und daher sehr aufwandsarm.It is particularly advantageous that the current flowing into the transformer is always limited to the impressed direct current, even if there is a breakdown in the filter, but is also maintained during an inverter lock, so that the inverter feed into the transformer can be resumed as quickly as desired. The transformer itself has to be tuned to the high frequency of the inverter and is therefore very inexpensive.
Zur Stabilisierung eines (z.B. vom Programmteil vorgebbaren) Arbeitspunktes ist vorzugsweise eine zusätzliche Spannungsbegrenzungsregelung vorgesehen, die die Filterspannung auf den zum vorgegebenen Arbeitspunkt gehörenden Sollwert der Filterspannung beschränkt. Hierzu wird der im Sollwertgeber SS eingestellte Spannungssollwert U* mit dem vom Spannungsmeßglied MU gemessenen Spannungsistwert U verglichen und über einen Begrenzungsregler BR einer Begrenzungsschaltung BG am Eingang des Stromreglers IR zugeführt.In order to stabilize an operating point (which can be specified by the program part), an additional voltage limitation control is preferably provided, which limits the filter voltage to the filter voltage setpoint belonging to the specified operating point. For this purpose, the voltage setpoint U * set in the setpoint generator SS is compared with the actual voltage value U measured by the voltage measuring element MU and fed via a limiting regulator BR to a limiting circuit BG at the input of the current regulator IR.
Für den Betrieb des Filters können ganz unterschiedliche Parameter berücksichtigt und in eine entsprechend schnelle Steuerung und Regelung umgesetzt werden. Der Betrieb des Filters kann daher auch in vielfacher Hinsicht optimiert werden. Diese Anpassungsfähigkeit sei an einem Beispiel in Fig. 2 erläutert, kann aber je nach Anwendungsfall auch ganz anders realisiert werden.For the operation of the filter, very different parameters can be taken into account and implemented in a correspondingly fast control and regulation. The operation of the filter can therefore be optimized in many ways. This adaptability is explained using an example in FIG. 2, but can also be implemented quite differently depending on the application.
So können als Eingangssignale der Fremdstoff-Rohgasgehalt (Gehalt des einströmenden Mediums an Fremdstoffen) und/oder Fremdstoff-Reingasgehalt (Fremdstoffgehalt des ausströmenden Mediums) verwendet werden. Speisespannung und/oder Speisestrom des Filters sind optimierbar, insbesondere können sie nach einer vorgegebenen Spannungs/Strom-Kennlinie gesteuert werden. Diese Kennlinie kann in Abhängigkeit vom Fremdstoff-Rohgasgehalt, d.h. vom Lastzustand des Filters, verändert werden. Außerdem kann die Steuerung sehr rasch auf jeden Spannungseinbruch und auf Start und Ende eines Klopfvorgangs reagieren und es kann auch die Welligkeit der Spannung, d.h. die Schwankung der Spannung zwischen einem oberen und unteren Grenzwert, vorgegeben und optimiert werden.For example, the foreign substance raw gas content (content of the inflowing medium of foreign substances) and / or foreign substance pure gas content (foreign substance content of the outflowing medium) can be used as input signals. The supply voltage and / or supply current of the filter can be optimized, in particular they can be controlled according to a predefined voltage / current characteristic. This characteristic can be dependent on the raw material gas content, i.e. the load state of the filter. In addition, the controller can react very quickly to any voltage drop and to the start and end of a knocking process and the ripple of the voltage, i.e. the fluctuation of the voltage between an upper and lower limit value can be specified and optimized.
In dieser Figur 2 ist schematisch die steuerbare Gleichrichteranordnung als steuerbare Drehstrom-Gleichrichterbrücke DR dargestellt, die bereits die nötigen Mittel enthält, um den Zwischenkreisstrom I (Meßglied MI) eines Zwischenkreisumrichters zu verändern und somit die Amplitude des hochfrequenten Steller-Ausgangsstromes mit einem bestimmten Regelverhalten zu regeln.In this Figure 2, the controllable rectifier arrangement is shown schematically as a controllable three-phase rectifier bridge DR, which already contains the necessary means to change the intermediate circuit current I (measuring element MI) of an intermediate circuit converter and thus the amplitude of the high-frequency actuator output current with a certain control behavior regulate.
Der Zwischenkreis enthält eine Zwischenkreisdrossel ZI, die auf die Glättung des Zwischenkreisstromes ausgelegt ist und gegebenenfalls durch einen Zwischenkreiskondensator ergänzt wird.The intermediate circuit contains an intermediate circuit choke ZI, which is designed to smooth the intermediate circuit current and is optionally supplemented by an intermediate circuit capacitor.
Der nachgeschaltete Wechselrichter AR erzeugt den hochfrequenten Wechselstrom. Der hierzu geeignete, in Fig. 2 gezeigte Wechselrichter ist als Wechselrichter mit "Phasenfolgelöschung" bekannt. Es genügt eine zweiphasige Brücke, obwohl im Prinzip auch drei- und mehrphasige Brücken möglich und gegebenenfalls auch vorteilhaft sein können, um nach Hochtransformieren und Gleichrichten einen möglichst lückenlosen Gleichstrom zu erhalten.The downstream inverter AR generates the high-frequency alternating current. The suitable inverter shown in FIG. 2 is known as an inverter with "phase sequence deletion". A two-phase bridge is sufficient, although in principle three-phase and multi-phase bridges can also be possible and possibly also advantageous in order to obtain a direct current that is as complete as possible after step-up transformation and rectification.
In der normalen Phasenfolge zünden die Ventile TH1 und TH4 und die Ventile TH2 und TH3 jeweils gleichzeitig und löschen unter Umladen der Kommutierungskondensatoren K1 und K2 die zuvor gezündeten Ventile.The valves ignite in the normal phase sequence TH1 and TH4 and the valves TH2 and TH3 each simultaneously and delete the previously ignited valves by reloading the commutation capacitors K1 and K2.
Als Mittel zur Querzündung ist der Querthyristor TQ vorgesehen. Bei einer derartigen Querzündung fließt der vorgegebene Zwischenkreisstrom weiterhin über die Drossel ZI, wird aber über den Freilaufpfad TQ an der Primärwicklung WP vorbei geleitet, die daher bei jeder Phasenlage des Wechselrichters rasch entregt und nach Sperren beliebig weniger Umrichter-Taktimpulse wieder mit dem vollen Zwischenkreisstrom erregt werden kann. Nach einem Durchschlag kann daher schnell wieder die erforderliche Abscheidespannung aufgebaut werden. Derartige Querzündungen können bei anderen Brückenschaltungen auch durch Zündung in Reihe liegender Ventile erfolgen. Sie können auch vorgesehen sein, um die Stromführungsdauer der in der normalen Taktfolge gezündeten Ventile gegenüber einer Halbperiode des Wechselrichter-Ausgangsstromes zu verkürzen. Der eingeprägte Zwischenkreisstrom selbst wird durch diese Schaltvorgänge praktisch nicht beeinflußt.The transverse thyristor TQ is provided as a means for cross-ignition. In such a cross-ignition, the specified intermediate circuit current continues to flow through the choke ZI, but is passed via the freewheeling path TQ past the primary winding WP, which therefore quickly de-energizes in every phase position of the inverter and, after blocking any number of converter clock pulses, is excited again with the full intermediate circuit current can be. After a breakdown, the required separation voltage can be quickly built up again. In other bridge circuits, such cross-firings can also be carried out by firing valves in series. They can also be provided in order to shorten the current carrying time of the valves fired in the normal clock sequence compared to a half period of the inverter output current. The impressed intermediate circuit current itself is practically not affected by these switching operations.
In der Steuerung PR wird der Arbeitspunkt der Stromversorgung dadurch festgelegt, daß ein Sollwertgeber SS einen Sollwert I für den Zwischenkreisstrom bzw. die Amplitude des Ausgangs-Wechselstroms vorgibt, deren Regelabweichung über einen Stromregler SR den Steuersatz SDR für die steuernden Mittel der steuerbaren Gleichrichteranordnung ansteuert. Der Sollwert I* kann dabei insbesondere nach einer im Sollwertgeber SS abgespeicherten Strom/Spannungs-Kennlinie ermittelt werden, dem von einem Stromsteuer-Programmteil PS der Wert für die optimale Spannung U* vorgegeben wird. Dabei kann U* z.B. in Abhängigkeit vom Fremdstoff-Restgehalt, der an einer Rauchgassonde RG gemessen ist, periodisch verändert werden, um die erwähnte Welligkeit der Filter-Speisespannung zu erzeugen. Das optimale Grundniveau für U* kann dabei von einer Rauchgassonde EG in Abhängigkeit vom Fremdstoff-Rohgasgehalt festgelegt werden oder im Rahmen eines iterativen Suchverfahrens so verändert werden, daß einerseits ein hoher Abscheidegrad, andererseits eine geringe Häufigkeit von Durchschlägen und Spannungseinbrüchen am Meßglied MU auftreten.In the control PR, the operating point of the power supply is determined in that a setpoint generator SS specifies a setpoint I for the intermediate circuit current or the amplitude of the alternating output current, the control deviation of which controls the control rate SDR for the controlling means of the controllable rectifier arrangement via a current controller SR. The setpoint I * can in particular be determined on the basis of a current / voltage characteristic stored in the setpoint generator SS, to which the value for the optimum voltage U * is specified by a current control program part PS. In this case, U * can be changed periodically, for example as a function of the foreign substance content measured on a flue gas probe RG, in order to generate the aforementioned ripple in the filter supply voltage. The optimal basic level for U * can be determined by a flue gas probe EG depending on the raw material gas content or can be changed in an iterative search procedure so that on the one hand a high degree of separation, on the other hand a low frequency of breakdowns and voltage dips occur on the measuring element MU.
Allgemein ist eine Begrenzung der Spannung auf den vorgegebenen Wert U* vorteilhaft. Hierzu wird einem Begrenzungsregler BR, der auf eine den Stromsollwert begrenzende Begrenzungsschaltung BG arbeitet, die Soll/Istwert-Differenz der Speisespannung U aufgeschaltet. Um z.B. nach einem Durchbruch die Speisespannung nach einem vorgegebenen Kurvenverlauf hochfahren zu können, ist am Sollwerteingang des Begrenzungsreglers PR ein Hochlaufgeber HG vorgesehen, dessen Endwert (z.B. in Abhängigkeit von der Häufigkeit der am Spannungsmeßglied MU erfaßten Spannungsdurchbrüche) von einem Impulsprogrammteil PI verändert werden kann. In den beiden Programmteilen PS und Pl können entsprechend der jeweils zum Abscheiden vorgesehenen Technologie weitere Ist- und Sollwert-Zusammenhänge verarbeitet werden, um durch Steuerung des Hochlaufgebers HG und/oder des Sollwertgebers SS für jeden möglichen Betriebszustand, z.B. auch bei einem Klopfvorgang (Entfernen der abgeschiedenen Fremdstoffe), einen optimalen Eingriff in die Steuerung des Wechselstromes zu ermöglichen. Entsprechend dem jeweils vorgegebenen Arbeitspunkt auf der Filterkennlinie ermöglicht der Spannungsbegrenzungsregler BR einen stabilen Betrieb der Stromversorgung bis in die Nähe des Durchschlagpunktes, wodurch die Durchschlaghäufigkeit vermindert und die Filterstandzeit erhöht wird.In general, limiting the voltage to the predetermined value U * is advantageous. For this purpose, the setpoint / actual value difference of the supply voltage U is applied to a limit controller BR, which operates on a limit circuit BG which limits the current setpoint. In order, for example, to be able to ramp up the supply voltage according to a predefined curve profile after a breakdown, a ramp generator HG is provided at the setpoint input of the limiting controller PR, the final value (for example depending on the frequency of the voltage breakdowns detected on the voltage measuring element MU) can be changed by a pulse program part PI. In the two program parts PS and PI, further actual and setpoint relationships can be processed in accordance with the technology provided for the separation in order to control the ramp generator HG and / or the setpoint generator SS for every possible operating state, for example also in the event of a knocking process (removing the separated foreign substances) to enable an optimal intervention in the control of the alternating current. In accordance with the specified operating point on the filter characteristic curve, the voltage limiting regulator BR enables stable operation of the power supply up to the vicinity of the breakdown point, as a result of which the breakdown frequency is reduced and the filter service life is increased.
Der Impulsprogrammteil PI hat ferner die Aufgabe, die Wechselstrom-Ausgangsfrequenz und somit die Hochfrequenz des Wechselrichters AR durch ein entsprechendes betriebsabhängiges Steuersignal für den Wechselrichtersteuersatz WSt vorzugeben. Er erzeugt auch das Schaltsignal für den Freilaufpfad (Ventil TQ) und das vorübergehende Stillsetzen und Wiederanfahren des Wechselrichters nach einem Durchschlag. Außerdem kann durch periodisches Sperren der dem Hochspannungsgleichrichter GRH entnommene Gleichstrom unterbrochen ("Paket-Bildung") und somit ebenfalls eine Spannungswelligkeit am Filter erzwungen werden.The pulse program part PI also has the task of specifying the AC output frequency and thus the high frequency of the inverter AR by means of a corresponding, operationally dependent control signal for the inverter tax rate WSt. It also generates the switching signal for the freewheeling path (valve TQ) and the temporary stopping and restarting of the inverter after a breakdown. In addition, the DC current drawn from the high-voltage rectifier GRH can be interrupted by periodic blocking ("packet formation") and thus a voltage ripple on the filter can also be forced.
Durch diese Steuerung der Grund-Gleichspannung des Filters wird die Anwendung zusätzlicher, isolierter Hochspannungsimpulse weitgehend überflüssig. Der in Figur 2 dargestellte Koppelkondensator KK erleichtert jedoch auch das zusätzliche Aufschalten derartiger Impulse, die an den entsprechenden Eingangsklemmen HFI des Filters angelegt werden können.By controlling the basic DC voltage of the filter, the use of additional, isolated high-voltage pulses is largely unnecessary. However, the coupling capacitor KK shown in FIG. 2 also facilitates the additional connection of such pulses which can be applied to the corresponding input terminals HFI of the filter.
Die verwendete Hochfrequenz des Wechselstromes ermöglicht erhebliche Einsparungen am Transformator. Ähnliche Einsparungen ergeben sich auch für die Zwischenkreisdrossel.The high frequency of the alternating current used enables considerable savings to be made on the transformer. Similar savings also result for the DC link choke.
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19853522569 DE3522569A1 (en) | 1985-06-24 | 1985-06-24 | ELECTRICITY POWER SUPPLY |
DE3522569 | 1985-06-24 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0206160A1 EP0206160A1 (en) | 1986-12-30 |
EP0206160B1 true EP0206160B1 (en) | 1990-09-05 |
Family
ID=6274045
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP86108075A Expired - Lifetime EP0206160B1 (en) | 1985-06-24 | 1986-06-12 | Current supply for an electrostatic filter |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4779182A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0206160B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2641164B2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU582864B2 (en) |
DE (2) | DE3522569A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA864663B (en) |
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-
1985
- 1985-06-24 DE DE19853522569 patent/DE3522569A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1986
- 1986-06-12 EP EP86108075A patent/EP0206160B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-06-12 DE DE8686108075T patent/DE3673883D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-06-23 AU AU59201/86A patent/AU582864B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1986-06-23 JP JP61146760A patent/JP2641164B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-06-23 ZA ZA864663A patent/ZA864663B/en unknown
- 1986-06-24 US US06/878,047 patent/US4779182A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103930212A (en) * | 2011-11-07 | 2014-07-16 | 阿萨卢斯医疗器械有限公司 | Improvements in and relating to laparoscopic instruments |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU5920186A (en) | 1987-01-08 |
ZA864663B (en) | 1987-02-25 |
DE3522569A1 (en) | 1987-01-02 |
DE3673883D1 (en) | 1990-10-11 |
JP2641164B2 (en) | 1997-08-13 |
EP0206160A1 (en) | 1986-12-30 |
US4779182A (en) | 1988-10-18 |
AU582864B2 (en) | 1989-04-13 |
JPS621464A (en) | 1987-01-07 |
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