EP0199809A1 - Heat storage elements - Google Patents

Heat storage elements

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Publication number
EP0199809A1
EP0199809A1 EP85905767A EP85905767A EP0199809A1 EP 0199809 A1 EP0199809 A1 EP 0199809A1 EP 85905767 A EP85905767 A EP 85905767A EP 85905767 A EP85905767 A EP 85905767A EP 0199809 A1 EP0199809 A1 EP 0199809A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
storage
heater according
storage heater
heating
core
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP85905767A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Edmund Wuzer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0199809A1 publication Critical patent/EP0199809A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/28Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • H05B3/283Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material the insulating material being an inorganic material, e.g. ceramic
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H7/00Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release
    • F24H7/02Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid
    • F24H7/0208Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid using electrical energy supply
    • F24H7/0216Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid using electrical energy supply the transfer fluid being air
    • F24H7/0225Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid using electrical energy supply the transfer fluid being air with supplementary heating means
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24HFLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H7/00Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release
    • F24H7/02Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid
    • F24H7/04Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid with forced circulation of the transfer fluid
    • F24H7/0408Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid with forced circulation of the transfer fluid using electrical energy supply
    • F24H7/0416Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid with forced circulation of the transfer fluid using electrical energy supply the transfer fluid being air
    • F24H7/0425Storage heaters, i.e. heaters in which the energy is stored as heat in masses for subsequent release the released heat being conveyed to a transfer fluid with forced circulation of the transfer fluid using electrical energy supply the transfer fluid being air with supplementary heating means

Definitions

  • the innovation relates to a storage heater according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Storage heaters of this type are already known in various variations.
  • the known storage heaters absorb heat energy in their relatively large-volume storage core at nighttime, when cheap electrical energy is available, which they then emit in whole or in part again as required on the following day.
  • the convection is influenced by a controllable fan. Because of the large-volume storage core and the resulting large volume of the entire storage heater, its use is ruled out in many cases.
  • the innovation is based on the task of creating a storage heater to be attached to almost any wall, which is nevertheless able to store thermal energy for a sufficiently long time, but otherwise conveys the comfort of direct heating.
  • FIG. 1 shows a storage heater in front of a wall
  • a bracket 11 is only indicated on a wall 10, on which a storage heater 12 rests, which due to its small overall depth of only about 5 to 8 cm hardly protrudes from the wall profile.
  • the storage core 13 has the purpose of bridging these switch-off pauses during the switch-off breaks that take place for reasons of collective bargaining policy or due to capacity.
  • the high radiation component of approximately 70% which results in the storage heater 12 described above conveys optimum comfort in the room.
  • the air is not primarily heated, but the objects in the room and the masonry are heated by radiation.
  • a cover provided with air channels 21 can be arranged on the wall-side boundary surface of the storage core 13. This cover can also take over the function of a grounding plate. Openings 22, the opening position of which can be controlled, are provided in the vicinity of the upper ends of the air ducts 21. In addition, a fan can also be connected to the air channels 21.
  • the direct heating can be switched off via a ripple control receiver in times of high load on the energy supply companies.
  • the heating then takes place solely by the heat emitted by the storage core 13 and can be controlled as required by the blower mentioned in connection with the openings 22 of the air ducts.
  • a relatively small amount of air is sufficient for the heat transport from the storage core 13 into the room, with a largely discharged storage core 13, i.e. at a low temperature of the storage core 13, the amount of air used for convection must be increased accordingly.

Abstract

On décrit un radiateur à accumulation comportant un noyau à accumulation et une surface calorifique dans lequel le noyau à accumulation (13) est doté d'une grande surface et est de construction relativement plate. On prévoit à l'arrière au moins un isolant thermique (14) et à l'avant une plaque de marbre (17) relativement mince et lisse servant de surface calorifère qui, sur sa surface intérieure (18), est équipée d'un chauffage supplémentaire direct. Sur la surface limite du noyau d'accumulation (13), du côté du mur, on peut disposer un revêtement possédant des passages pour l'air (21). Dans la partie haute des passages (21) on prévoit des ouvertures (22), dont la position d'ouverture peut être réglée.A storage heater is disclosed having an storage core and a heat surface in which the storage core (13) has a large area and is of relatively flat construction. There is provided at the rear at least one thermal insulator (14) and at the front a relatively thin and smooth marble slab (17) serving as a heating surface which, on its inner surface (18), is equipped with a heater. additional direct. On the boundary surface of the accumulation core (13), on the wall side, there can be a coating having air passages (21). In the upper part of the passages (21) there are openings (22), the opening position of which can be adjusted.

Description

SPEICHERHEIZKÖRPER STORAGE RADIATOR
Beschreibung:Description:
Die Neuerung bezieht sich auf einen Speicherheizkörper gemäß Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The innovation relates to a storage heater according to the preamble of claim 1.
Solche Speicherheizkörper sind bereits in verschiedenen Variationen bekannt. Die bekannten Speicherheizkörper nehmen zur Nachtzeit, in der billige elektrische Energie zur Verfügung steht, in ihrem relativ großvolumigen Speicherkern Wärmeenergie auf, die sie dann je nach Bedarf am nachfolgenden Tag ganz oder teilweise wieder abgeben. Dabei wird die Konvektion durch ein steuerbares Gebläse beeinflußt. Wegen des großvolumigen Speicherkerns und des daraus resultierenden großen Volumens des gesamten Speicherheizkörpers scheidet ihr Einsatz in vielen Fällen aus.Storage heaters of this type are already known in various variations. The known storage heaters absorb heat energy in their relatively large-volume storage core at nighttime, when cheap electrical energy is available, which they then emit in whole or in part again as required on the following day. The convection is influenced by a controllable fan. Because of the large-volume storage core and the resulting large volume of the entire storage heater, its use is ruled out in many cases.
Der Neuerung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen an nahezu jeder Wand zu befestigenden Speicherheizkörper zu schaffen, der dennoch in der Lage ist, für eine ausreichend lange Zeit Wärmeenergie zu speichern, im übrigen aber die Behaglichkeit einer Direktheizung vermittelt.The innovation is based on the task of creating a storage heater to be attached to almost any wall, which is nevertheless able to store thermal energy for a sufficiently long time, but otherwise conveys the comfort of direct heating.
Die Lösung erfolgt neuerungsgemäß durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Anspruchs 1. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen.According to the innovation, the solution is provided by the characterizing features of claim 1. Advantageous further developments result from the subclaims.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnungsfiguren beispielsweise erläutert. Es zeigen: Fig. 1 einen vor einer Wand angeordneten Speicherheizkörper imThe invention is explained below with reference to the drawing figures, for example. 1 shows a storage heater in front of a wall
Querschnitt und Fig. 2 eine perspektivische Darstellung, teilweise im SchnittCross section and Fig. 2 is a perspective view, partly in section
In der Fig. 1 ist an einer Wand 10 eine nur angedeutete Konsole 11 angebracht, auf der ein Speicherheizkörper 12 ruht, der wegen seiner geringen Gesamttiefe von nur etwa 5 bis 8 cm kaum gegenüber dem Wandprofil hervortritt.In Fig. 1, a bracket 11 is only indicated on a wall 10, on which a storage heater 12 rests, which due to its small overall depth of only about 5 to 8 cm hardly protrudes from the wall profile.
Der Speicherheizkörper 12 besteht aus einem an sich bekannten Speicherkern 13, der seinerseits vorzugsweise aus Magnesit besteht und in den die Heizleitungen der Speicherheizung eingegossen sind. Auf der Rückseite, das heißt in Richtung Wand 10 ist der Speicherkern 13 von einer Wärmeisolation 14 abgeschirmt, die wiederum durch eine Abschlußplatte 15 abgedeckt werden kann. Der Zwischenraum 16 zwischen dem Speicherheizkörper 12 und der Wand 10 kann sehr gering gehalten werden.The storage heater 12 consists of a storage core 13 known per se, which in turn preferably consists of magnesite and into which the heating lines of the storage heater are cast. On the back, that is, in the direction of the wall 10, the storage core 13 is shielded from thermal insulation 14, which in turn can be covered by an end plate 15. The space 16 between the storage heater 12 and the wall 10 can be kept very small.
Auf der Vorderseite des Speicherkerns 13, das heißt auf der der Wand 10 abgewandten Seite des Speicherkerns 13, ist eine als Abstrahlfläche dienende Marmorplatte 17 vor dem Speicherkern 13 angeordnet. Die Marmorplatte 17 trägt auf ihrer Innenseite 18 die Heizleiter für die Direktheizung. Die Heizleiter für die Direktheizung können als Flachbandleitungen ausgebildet sein, die entweder mit einem Kleber auf der Basis von Glasfasermasse oder auf andere herkömmliche Art und Weise auf der Innenseite 18 der Marmorplatte 17 befestigt werden. Es können auch Siebdruck-Leiterbahnen auf der Innenseite 18 der Marmorplatte 17 geordnet werden. Zwischen der Marmorplatte 17 und dem Speicherkern 13 kann eine wärmeisolierende Schicht 19 vorgesehen werden, die gleichzeitig auch der elektrischen Isolation dient. Die Verbindung der Heizleiter mit den elektrischen Zuleitungen kann über eine Schrumpfverbindung oder über einen in der Marmorplatte verdübelten Kontaktpunkt erfolgen.On the front side of the storage core 13, that is to say on the side of the storage core 13 facing away from the wall 10, a marble plate 17 serving as a radiation surface is arranged in front of the storage core 13. The marble plate 17 carries on its inside 18 the heating conductors for direct heating. The heating conductors for direct heating can be designed as ribbon cables, which are attached either with an adhesive based on glass fiber mass or in another conventional manner on the inside 18 of the marble plate 17. Screen-printed conductor tracks can also be arranged on the inside 18 of the marble plate 17. A heat-insulating layer 19 can be provided between the marble slab 17 and the storage core 13, which also serves for electrical insulation at the same time. The heating conductors can be connected to the electrical supply lines via a shrink connection or via a contact point anchored in the marble slab.
Um selbst bei unsachgemäßer Behandlung des Speicherheizkörpers 12 eine unzulässige Uberhitzung zu verhindern, kann an geeigneter Stelle, beispielsweise im unteren Abschnitt des Speicherheizkörpers 12, ein extrem kleiner Thermostat 20, ein sogenannter Knopfthermostat, vorgesehen werden, der bei Erreichen gewisser Schwelltemperaturen die weitere Beheizung des gesamten Speicherheizkörpers 12 abschaltet. Direktheizung und Beheizung des Speicherkerns 13 sind getrennt steuerbar, beispielsweise über Raumthermostat, Schaltuhr und ähnliches. Darüber hinaus kann auch eine Steuerung der Speicherheizung über einen Rundsteuersender erfolgen, wodurch die Elektrizitätsversorgungsunternehmen je nach Belastungszustand des Stromversorgungsnetzes die Speicherheizung an- oder abschalten können. Die beschriebene Speicherheizung stellt eine Kombination aus Direktheizung und Speicherheizung dar. DerIn order to prevent inadmissible overheating even when the storage heater 12 is improperly treated, an extremely small thermostat 20, a so-called button thermostat, can be provided at a suitable location, for example in the lower section of the storage heater 12, which, when certain threshold temperatures are reached, further heats the entire Storage heater 12 turns off. Direct heating and heating of the storage core 13 can be controlled separately, for example via a room thermostat, timer and the like. In addition, the storage heater can also be controlled via a ripple control transmitter, as a result of which the electricity supply companies can switch the storage heater on or off, depending on the load on the power supply network. The storage heater described represents a combination of direct heating and storage heating
Speicherkern 13 hat den Zweck, während der aus tarifpolitischen Gründen erfolgenden oder kapazitätsbedingten Abschältpausen für eine überbrückung dieser Abschaltpausen zu sorgen.The storage core 13 has the purpose of bridging these switch-off pauses during the switch-off breaks that take place for reasons of collective bargaining policy or due to capacity.
Der sich beim oben beschriebenen Speicherheizkörper 12 ergebende hohe Strahlungsanteil von etwa 70 % vermittelt im Raum eine optimale Behaglichkeit. Anders als bei den üblichen Speicherheizungen wird nicht in erster Linie die Luft aufgeheizt, sondern es werden die im Raum befindlichen Gegenstände und das Mauerwerk durch Strahlung erwärmt.The high radiation component of approximately 70% which results in the storage heater 12 described above conveys optimum comfort in the room. In contrast to conventional storage heaters, the air is not primarily heated, but the objects in the room and the masonry are heated by radiation.
Wegen des besonderen Wärmeleitverhaltens der Marmorplatte 17 ist sichergestellt, daß bei einem etwaigen Berühren der Marmorplatte selbst bei voll aufgeheiztem Speicherkern 13 an der Außenseite der Marmorplatte keine Verbrennungen auftreten. Dies kann im übrigen über die Wahl einer geeigneten wärmeisolierenden Schicht 19 zusätzlich beeinflußt werden. Auf der wandseitigen Begrenzungsfläche des Speicherkerns 13 kann - wie in Fig. 2 dargestellt - eine mit Luftkanälen 21 versehene Abdeckung angeordnet sein. Diese Abdeckung kann zugleich die Funktion eines Erdungsbleches übernehmen. In der Nähe der oberen Enden der Luftkanäle 21 sind Öffnungen 22 vorgesehen, deren offnungsstellung gesteuert werden kann. Darüber hinaus kann zusätzlich ein Gebläse mit den Luftkanälen 21 verbunden sein.Because of the special thermal conductivity of the marble slab 17, it is ensured that when the marble slab is touched, even with the storage core 13 fully heated, no burns occur on the outside of the marble slab. This can also be influenced by the choice of a suitable heat-insulating layer 19. As shown in FIG. 2, a cover provided with air channels 21 can be arranged on the wall-side boundary surface of the storage core 13. This cover can also take over the function of a grounding plate. Openings 22, the opening position of which can be controlled, are provided in the vicinity of the upper ends of the air ducts 21. In addition, a fan can also be connected to the air channels 21.
Über einen Rundsteuerempfänger kann in Zeiten hoher Belastung der Energieversorgungsunternehmen die Direktheizung abgeschaltet werden. Die Heizung erfolgt dann allein durch die Wärmeabgabe des Speicherkerns 13 und kann durch das erwähnte Gebläse in Verbindung mit den Öffnungen 22 der Luftkanäle bedarfsabhängig gesteuert werden. Bei hoher Temperatur des Speicherkerns 13 reicht eine relativ geringe Luftmenge für den Wärmetransport vom Speicherkern 13 in den Raum aus, bei weitgehend entladenem Speicherkern 13, d.h. bei niedriger Temperatur des Speicherkerns 13, muß die der Konvektion dienende Luftmenge pro Zeiteinheit entsprechend erhöht werden. The direct heating can be switched off via a ripple control receiver in times of high load on the energy supply companies. The heating then takes place solely by the heat emitted by the storage core 13 and can be controlled as required by the blower mentioned in connection with the openings 22 of the air ducts. At a high temperature of the storage core 13, a relatively small amount of air is sufficient for the heat transport from the storage core 13 into the room, with a largely discharged storage core 13, i.e. at a low temperature of the storage core 13, the amount of air used for convection must be increased accordingly.

Claims

SPEICHERHEIZKÖRPERSchutzansprüche: STORAGE RADIATOR
1. Speicherheizkörper mit Speicherkern und zugehöriger Beheizung sowie mit Isolierschicht und wärmeabstrahlflache, d a d u r c h g e k e nn z e i c h n e t , daß der Speicherkern (13) großflächig und relativ flach ausgebildet ist, auf seiner Rückseite zumindest eine Wärmeisolation (14) und auf der Frontseite eine relativ dünne, glatte Marmorplatte (17) als Wärmeabstrahlfläche vorgesehen ist, die auf ihrer Innenseite (13) mit einer zusätzlichen elektrischen Direktheizung versehen ist.1. Storage heater with storage core and associated heating as well as with an insulating layer and heat radiation surface, dadurchgeke nn records that the storage core (13) is large and relatively flat, on the back at least a thermal insulation (14) and on the front a relatively thin, smooth marble plate (17) is provided as a heat radiation surface, which is provided on its inside (13) with an additional electrical direct heating.
2. Speicherheizkörper nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , daß die Wärmeisolation (14) auf der Rückseite mit einer zusätzlichen Abschlußplatte (15) abgedeckt ist.2. Storage heater according to claim 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t that the heat insulation (14) on the back is covered with an additional end plate (15).
3. Speicherheizkörper nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, d a d u r c h g e k e nn z e i c h n e t , daß die Heizleiter der Direktheizung als Flachleitung ausgebildet und auf der Innenseite der Marmorplatte (17) angeordnet sind.3. Storage heater according to one of claims 1 or 2, d a d u r c h g e k e nn z e i c h n e t that the heating conductors of the direct heating are formed as a flat cable and are arranged on the inside of the marble plate (17).
4. Speicherheizkörper nach Anspruch 3. d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c hn e t , daß die Flachleitung der Direktheizung mit einem Kleber auf der Basis einer Glasfasermasse mit der Marmorplatte (17) verbunden ist. 4. Storage heater according to claim 3 dadurchgekennzeic hn et that the flat cable of the direct heating with an adhesive based on a glass fiber mass with the marble plate (17) is connected.
5. Speicherheizkörper nach Anspruch 3. d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , daß die Heizleiter der Direktheizung als Siebdruck-Leiter ausgebildet sind.5. Storage heater according to claim 3. d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t that the heat conductors of the direct heating are designed as a screen printed conductor.
6. Speicherheizkörper nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , daß zwischen Speicherkern (13) und der Innenseite (18) der Marmorplatte (17) eine den Wärmeübergang verlangsamende zusätzliche Isolationsschicht (19) vorhanden ist.6. Storage heater according to one of claims 1 to 5, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t that between the storage core (13) and the inside (18) of the marble plate (17) an additional insulation layer (19) slowing the heat transfer is present.
7. Speicherheizkörper nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , daß die Heizleiter über eine Schrumpfverbindung mit der Zuleitung verbunden sind.7. Storage heater according to one of claims 1 to 6, that the heating conductors are connected to the supply line via a shrink connection.
8. Speicherheizkörper nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, d a d u r c h g e k e nn z e i c hn e t , daß die Heizleiter zumindest über einen in der Marmorplatte (17) verdübelten Kontakt mit der Zuleitung verbunden sind.8. Storage heater according to one of claims 1 to 7, d a d u r c h g e k e nn z e i c hn e t that the heating conductors are connected to the supply line at least via a contact plugged into the marble plate (17).
9. Speicherheizkörper nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, d a dur c h g e k e n n z e i c hn e t , daß ein der Sicherheit gegen unzulässige überhitzung dienender extrem kleiner Thermostat (20), ein sogenannter Knopfthermostat, zwischen Speicherkern (13) und Marmorplatte (17) angeordnet ist.9. Storage heater according to one of claims 1 to 8, d a dur c h g e k e n n z e i c hn e t that a safety against unacceptable overheating serving extremely small thermostat (20), a so-called button thermostat, is arranged between the storage core (13) and marble slab (17).
10. Speicherheizkörper nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß an der wandseitimen Begrenzungsfläche des Speicherkerns (13) eine mit Luftkanälen versehene Abdeckung vorhanden ist, wobei der Luftdurchtritt durch steuerbare Öffnungen (22) beeinflußbar ist.10. Storage heater according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that on the wall-side boundary surface of the storage core (13) is provided with an air duct cover, the air passage through controllable openings (22) can be influenced.
11. Speicherheizkörper nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein mit den Luftkanälen verbundenes Gebläse vorhanden ist. 11. Storage heater according to claim 10, characterized in that a fan connected to the air channels is present.
EP85905767A 1984-11-03 1985-11-02 Heat storage elements Withdrawn EP0199809A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE8432501U 1984-11-03
DE19848432501U DE8432501U1 (en) 1984-11-03 1984-11-03 STORAGE RADIATOR

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0199809A1 true EP0199809A1 (en) 1986-11-05

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85905767A Withdrawn EP0199809A1 (en) 1984-11-03 1985-11-02 Heat storage elements

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0199809A1 (en)
DE (2) DE8432501U1 (en)
WO (1) WO1986002712A1 (en)

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DE3590542D2 (en) 1986-10-09
WO1986002712A1 (en) 1986-05-09
DE8432501U1 (en) 1985-02-14

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