EP0192526B1 - Armoire frigorifique à trois compartiments - Google Patents

Armoire frigorifique à trois compartiments Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0192526B1
EP0192526B1 EP19860400171 EP86400171A EP0192526B1 EP 0192526 B1 EP0192526 B1 EP 0192526B1 EP 19860400171 EP19860400171 EP 19860400171 EP 86400171 A EP86400171 A EP 86400171A EP 0192526 B1 EP0192526 B1 EP 0192526B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
compartment
temperature
functions
thermostat
freezing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19860400171
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0192526A1 (fr
Inventor
Francis Ballureau
Pascal Brunooghe
Bernard Awtuch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
D'ELECTROMENAGER DU NORD SELNOR Ste
Original Assignee
D'ELECTROMENAGER DU NORD SELNOR Ste
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by D'ELECTROMENAGER DU NORD SELNOR Ste filed Critical D'ELECTROMENAGER DU NORD SELNOR Ste
Publication of EP0192526A1 publication Critical patent/EP0192526A1/fr
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Publication of EP0192526B1 publication Critical patent/EP0192526B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D11/00—Self-contained movable devices, e.g. domestic refrigerators
    • F25D11/02—Self-contained movable devices, e.g. domestic refrigerators with cooling compartments at different temperatures
    • F25D11/022—Self-contained movable devices, e.g. domestic refrigerators with cooling compartments at different temperatures with two or more evaporators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D2400/00—General features of, or devices for refrigerators, cold rooms, ice-boxes, or for cooling or freezing apparatus not covered by any other subclass
    • F25D2400/14—Refrigerator multi units
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D2400/00—General features of, or devices for refrigerators, cold rooms, ice-boxes, or for cooling or freezing apparatus not covered by any other subclass
    • F25D2400/16—Convertible refrigerators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D2400/00—General features of, or devices for refrigerators, cold rooms, ice-boxes, or for cooling or freezing apparatus not covered by any other subclass
    • F25D2400/30—Quick freezing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D2400/00—General features of, or devices for refrigerators, cold rooms, ice-boxes, or for cooling or freezing apparatus not covered by any other subclass
    • F25D2400/36—Visual displays
    • F25D2400/361—Interactive visual displays
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D2700/00—Means for sensing or measuring; Sensors therefor
    • F25D2700/12—Sensors measuring the inside temperature

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a refrigeration cabinet having three separately accessible compartments, thermally insulated from each other and cooled by different thermostatic devices.
  • the refrigeration compartment and the cellar compartment communicate with each other and a single device, in the form of an evaporator, ensures the cooling of both.
  • the evaporator is placed in the refrigeration compartment, and the communication with the cellar compartment as well as the transfer of the cold takes place through openings made in a separation plate placed between the two compartments.
  • the freezer compartment has its own evaporator.
  • the production of cold is ensured either by a single motor-compressor, and in this case the regulation is carried out using at least one thermostat placed in one or the other of the compartments, or using two motor-compressors , and in this case, a thermostat placed near each evaporator allows regulation.
  • each of the compartments has a unique function, either refrigeration, conservation and freezing, or cellar.
  • the temperature of the cellar compartment is not precisely adjustable, because it depends on that of the compartment with which it communicates and on the quantity of product loaded in this compartment.
  • Freezing is the function which makes it possible to bring foodstuffs from the fairly high outside temperature to the so-called conservation temperature of around -18 ° C in a limited time and recommended by the standards).
  • US-A-2 075 838 has proposed a refrigeration cabinet comprising several superimposed compartments, the temperature of which can be adjusted independently of one another by using separate valves. It is possible in this case to use each compartment for a different function from the others, or even to use at least two compartments for the same function, and the others for different functions, which makes it possible to favor one or the other of the functions.
  • the present invention relates to a cabinet of this type whose thermal regulation circuits have been optimized.
  • the subject of the present invention is a refrigeration cabinet comprising three superimposed compartments, thermally insulated from one another and each cooled by an evaporator with a first compartment ensuring the freezing and preservation of products, at least one of the second and third compartments ensuring indifferently the three functions of cellar, refrigeration and conservation and the other compartment ensuring indifferently at least the functions of cellar and refrigeration, the compartment ensuring the three functions of cellar, refrigeration and conservation being connected to an independent refrigeration circuit comprising an evaporator and a motor-compressor while the evaporators of the first compartment and of the compartment ensuring the cellar and refrigeration functions are connected to another motor-compressor common to the two compartments, each compartment comprising a circuit for regulating the temperature re with a thermostat located in said compartment, the thermostat located inside the compartment ensuring the three functions being a thermostat having two stages, one corresponding to the cellar temperatures, the other to the refrigeration temperatures and being connected to the compressor for start the compressor and the supply to the associated evaporator located in said compartment, when this compartment is used in the
  • Figure 1 is shown a refrigerated cabinet with three compartments, front loading.
  • the compartments are superimposed, and each is thermally insulated from the other and has its own door 1, 2, 3.
  • the upper compartment which has the refrigeration and cellar functions.
  • the intermediate compartment has the three functions of cellar, refrigeration and storage, and the lower compartment has the function of freezing and storage.
  • This arrangement is chosen for ergonomic reasons: it is indeed necessary for the user to bend down to access the lower compartment. Since it is the freezing and storage compartment that must be accessed less often, it is preferable to have it at the bottom.
  • the compartment that has the refrigeration and cellar functions is the one that is accessed most often and that is why it is preferable to place it in the upper part.
  • the storage compartments are the most used. In this case, they will preferably be placed in the upper part.
  • FIG. 2 represents a first possibility of producing the refrigeration and electrical circuits in the case of the preferred arrangement of the compartments which has just been described.
  • Each compartment has its own evaporator.
  • the evaporator 10 of the compartment which can have the refrigeration function and the cellar function, that is to say in the case shown the upper compartment, is part of the same refrigeration circuit as the evaporator 30 of the compartment which can have the functions freezing and storage.
  • the refrigeration circuit of these two compartments comprises a motor-compressor 40 whose outlet is connected to the inlet of a condenser 41.
  • a filter drier 42 is placed at the outlet of the condenser 41.
  • a tube or a capillary 43 located at the outlet of the filter, then leads the refrigerant to the inlet of a three-way solenoid valve 44.
  • the first outlet path of the solenoid valve 44 is connected by means of an expansion capillary 31 to the inlet of the evaporator 30 of the freezing and preservation compartment.
  • the refrigerant then returns to the compressor 40 via two pipes 32 and 45.
  • the first tube 32 is in series between the outlet of the evaporator 30 and the second tube 45, the role of which is also to collect the fluid coming from the evaporator 10 of the compartment having the cellar and refrigeration functions.
  • This second pipe 45 is therefore connected on the other hand to the inlet of the motor-compressor 40.
  • the second outlet path of the solenoid valve 44 is connected via a tube 11 to the inlet of the evaporator 10 of the compartment having the functions of cellar and refrigeration.
  • a tubing 12 connects the outlet of this evaporator 10 to the tubing 45 common to the outlet tubing 32 of the other evaporator 30.
  • the third compartment that is to say the one which can have either the functions of cellar or refrigeration or conservation is cooled by an independent refrigeration circuit.
  • This circuit includes an evaporator 20 supplied with refrigerant by means of a compressor 21 in series with a condenser 22, a filter 23 and a capillary 24.
  • the outlet of the evaporator 20 communicates with the inlet of the compressor 21 via a pipe 25 for the return of the fluid.
  • thermostats placed in each compartment The regulation of the cold throughout the cabinet is carried out by thermostats placed in each compartment.
  • a first thermostat T1 is placed in the compartment which can have the cellar function or the refrigeration function.
  • This thermostat T1 is a two-stage thermostat, that is to say a thermostat having two ranges of trigger and interlock temperatures. This thermostat is triggered when the temperature inside the associated compartment corresponds to the desired temperature. It is activated when the temperature is higher.
  • the first range corresponds to the cellar temperature and the second to the refrigeration temperature.
  • This thermostat is placed in series with a switch 11 on the one hand and with the solenoid valve 44 on the other.
  • the switch 11 allows the thermostat T1 to be switched on or off in order to authorize or prohibit the production of cold in the compartment considered, for example in order to frost it.
  • the production of cold is authorized when the switch 11 is closed.
  • a T3 thermostat is placed in the freezing and storage compartment. This thermostat is connected to the compressor 40 start-up circuit. The compressor 40 is started when said compartment requires cold.
  • This arrangement is in no way a drawback because the refrigeration needs of the freezing and preservation compartment are high compared to the needs of the other compartment, and the number of starts of the compressor 40 is large enough for the distribution of cold in the other compartment is correct.
  • the thermostat T3 of the freezing and preservation compartment is also coupled, by means of a switch 13, to the starting circuit of the compressor 21 of the third compartment which can perform the three functions of cellar, refrigeration or preservation.
  • a thermostat T2 placed in the latter compartment is also connected to its compressor 21 by means of a switch 12.
  • the role of the latter switch 12 is to prohibit the production of cold in said compartment when it is in the open position, for example for defrosting.
  • the switch 13 placed between the thermostat T3 associated with the freezing and storage compartment and the compressor 21 of the compartment which can perform the three cellar, refrigeration and storage functions, is closed when the storage function is programmed on said compartment. three functions.
  • This arrangement avoids the installation in this compartment of a thermostat reacting to the storage temperatures.
  • a thermostat is not necessary since when this compartment is used as a preservation function, it is considered by construction that it has simultaneous refrigeration needs with the compartment having exclusively the freezing and preservation functions. This means that when a cold supply must be made in one, it must also be done in the other.
  • the T2 thermostat placed in the three-function compartment is a two-stage thermostat which is only used for regulation when used in cellar or refrigeration mode.
  • each evaporator do not matter, but preferably those which are to be used to bring the compartment in which they are located to a storage temperature have a surface area greater than that which is in the refrigeration and cellar compartment.
  • the evaporator 10 of the compartment which can have the functions of cellar and of refrigeration is constituted by a single panel comprising a coil, while the evaporators of the other two compartments comprise three panels lining three walls.
  • the constituent panel of the evaporator 10 of the compartment having the cellar and refrigeration functions is, in the example, placed vertically at the bottom of said compartment, near the rear wall.
  • the constituent panels of the evaporator 20 of the compartment which may have the functions of cellar, refrigeration and preservation are placed vertically, one close to each side wall, and the third near the rear wall of the compartment.
  • This vertical arrangement allows the evacuation of the defrosting water which appears on the evaporator during changes of function which reveal a new function implying a temperature higher than the old one, that is to say, during a switching from the conservation function to the cellar function, or from the refrigeration function to the cellar function, or from the conservation function to the refrigeration function, or when the compartment is defrosted.
  • a gutter is provided under the lower wall of the evaporator which comes to channel this water and bring it to a discharge duct which in turn directs it, for example, in a tank located on one of the compressors so that it is eliminated by evaporation caused by the heat of said compressor.
  • the constituent panels of the evaporator 30 of the storage and freezing compartment are placed, one vertically close to the rear wall, and the other two horizontally, in planes parallel to the upper and lower walls of the compartment.
  • the foodstuffs are placed directly on these horizontal panels, so that direct contact promotes freezing.
  • the lower panel is near the lower wall of the compartment and the panel upper is at an intermediate level between the upper and lower walls of the compartment.
  • the evaporators are produced according to the known Roll-Bond technique.
  • FIG. 3 shows precisely the electrical regulation circuit of the refrigeration cabinet of the invention. It has three interconnected parts.
  • a first part 100 allows regulation inside the cellar and refrigeration compartment.
  • a set P1 comprising in a preferred embodiment, a rotary button B1.
  • the rotary button B1 controls on the one hand the setting of the triggering threshold of the thermostat T1 of the compartment considered, and on the other hand by the opening or closing of the switch 11 allowing the stopping of the production of cold in this compartment .
  • a marker F10 for example in the form of an arrow, which can be placed opposite one of the ranges P10, P11, P12 with a fixed marker of the assembly P1.
  • the switch 11 When the arrow F10 is opposite a first range P10, the switch 11 is open preventing the production of cold in the compartment.
  • the second range P11 corresponds for example to the setting according to the cellar, and the third P12 or setting according to the refrigerator.
  • the button B1 is linked mechanically to the thermostat T1. In the case where this thermostat is a bellows thermostat, the rotation of the button B1 modifies the force of the spring contained in the bellows, therefore the threshold for triggering the thermostat.
  • the thermostat T1 has an electrical contact T11, in series with the switch 11. This contact T11 is closed when the temperature in the compartment is higher than that desired.
  • the solenoid valve 44 is also in series with the switch 11 and the contact T11. This assembly is placed at the terminals of an electrical power source.
  • the solenoid valve is energized and if the compressor 40 of the freezing and preservation compartment is in operation, cold is then distributed in the compartment having the cellar functions and refrigeration.
  • a control lamp V1 in series with the switch 11 to check whether the compartment is put into service or not.
  • a second part 200 of the electrical circuit allows regulation inside the compartment having the three functions of cellar, refrigeration and preservation.
  • This second part is linked in its operation to the third part 300 associated with the freezing and preservation compartment.
  • a set P2 comprising a rotary button B2 provided with an arrow-shaped marker F20, which can be placed opposite different ranges P20, P21, P22, CS with a fixed marker, makes it possible to adjust the function or stopping the production of cold in this compartment.
  • the switch 12 for stopping the production of cold in this compartment is in series with a contact T21 of the associated thermostat T2. This contact T21 closes when the temperature inside the compartment is higher than the desired temperature.
  • the associated compressor 21 is in series with the switch 12 and the contact T21, the assembly being at the terminals of an electrical power source.
  • an indicator V2 is in series with the switch 12 to allow the commissioning of the compartment to be checked.
  • the triggering threshold of the thermostat T2 is modified and corresponds either to the cellar temperature or to the refrigeration temperature.
  • a mechanical connection is provided for this purpose between the programming button B2 and the bellows of the thermostat T2.
  • the contact T31 of the thermostat T3 of this third part of the circuit is also in series with the compressor circulating the fluid either in the freezing and preservation compartment or in the cellar and refrigeration compartment, depending on the state of the solenoid valve. 44.
  • the thermostat T3 is in a preferred embodiment a single-stage thermostat.
  • the temperature is programmed using an element P3 comprising a rotary button B3, an arrow-shaped mark F30, and a fixed mark having two ranges P31 and P32.
  • a first P31 range allows the storage temperature to be adjusted, while the second P32 corresponds to the leave position. lation. In this position, the contact T31 of the associated thermostat T3 is closed constantly, so that the production of cold is permanent and forced so that freezing is obtained quickly.
  • a V3 indicator is provided to check the power supply to this compartment and therefore to the entire cabinet since there is no switch to isolate this compartment.
  • an alarm device A3 is also provided which is triggered by the closing of an auxiliary contact T32 of the thermostat T3 if a problem occurs or the temperature becomes too high in the compartment.
  • the elements P1, P2, P3 for programming the function of each compartment are placed inside the respective compartments and the indicators are outside.
  • control elements and the indicators are grouped together on a strip B, placed for example on the front face of the cabinet, at the top of the latter.
  • FIG. 6 shows a variant of the refrigerant circuit of FIG. 2.
  • the electrical regulation circuits are identical, but the variant appears on the refrigeration circuit of the two compartments supplied by the same motor-compressor 40.
  • the refrigeration circuit comprises a motor compressor 40 in series with a condenser 41 and a filter drier 42.
  • a capillary 43 or a tube placed at the outlet of the filter 42 conducts the fluid to a three-way solenoid valve 44.
  • a first outlet from the solenoid valve 44 conducts the fluid to the evaporator 30 of the freezing and storage compartment via a capillary 34 and a tube 35 connected in series.
  • the return of the fluid to the motor compressor 40 takes place via a pipe 36.
  • a second outlet of the solenoid valve 44 is connected by a tube 13 or a capillary to the inlet of the evaporator 10 of the compartment having the functions of cellar and refrigeration.
  • a tubing 14 connected the outlet of this evaporator to the tubing 35 leading to the inlet of the evaporator 30 of the freezing and storage compartment.
  • the solenoid valve directs the fluid directly to its evaporator 30, before the fluid returns to the compressor.
  • the fluid first passes through the evaporator 10 of said compartment before returning to the compressor 40 through the evaporator of the freezing compartment.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
  • Freezing, Cooling And Drying Of Foods (AREA)
EP19860400171 1985-01-29 1986-01-28 Armoire frigorifique à trois compartiments Expired - Lifetime EP0192526B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8501222A FR2576676B1 (fr) 1985-01-29 1985-01-29 Armoire frigorifique a trois compartiments
FR8501222 1985-01-29

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0192526A1 EP0192526A1 (fr) 1986-08-27
EP0192526B1 true EP0192526B1 (fr) 1990-04-18

Family

ID=9315721

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19860400171 Expired - Lifetime EP0192526B1 (fr) 1985-01-29 1986-01-28 Armoire frigorifique à trois compartiments

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0192526B1 (da)
JP (1) JPS61223471A (da)
DE (1) DE3670531D1 (da)
DK (1) DK40186A (da)
FR (1) FR2576676B1 (da)

Families Citing this family (16)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2012138A6 (es) * 1988-11-08 1990-03-01 Ulgor S Coop Mejoras introducidas en un frigorifico-congelador combinado de tres recintos independientes.
IT1232574B (it) * 1989-02-13 1992-02-26 Merloni Elettrodomestici Spa Frigorifero perfezionato
CH681107A5 (da) * 1990-08-13 1993-01-15 Peter Rohner
US5228308A (en) * 1990-11-09 1993-07-20 General Electric Company Refrigeration system and refrigerant flow control apparatus therefor
US5103650A (en) * 1991-03-29 1992-04-14 General Electric Company Refrigeration systems with multiple evaporators
US5134859A (en) * 1991-03-29 1992-08-04 General Electric Company Excess refrigerant accumulator for multievaporator vapor compression refrigeration cycles
JP2564514Y2 (ja) * 1991-04-25 1998-03-09 麒麟麦酒株式会社 冷蔵庫
ES2060493B1 (es) * 1992-01-23 1997-01-16 Arevalo Construcciones Metalic Mejoras introducidas en sistemas de refrigeracion para armarios frigorificos mixtos.
FR2759157B1 (fr) * 1997-02-05 1999-03-05 Ouakil Thierry Meuble frigorifique
IT246893Y1 (it) * 1999-08-05 2002-04-10 Candy Spa Frigorifero con abbattitore rapido di temperatura e congelatore rapido
DE20301949U1 (de) * 2003-02-07 2004-06-09 Liebherr-Hausgeräte Ochsenhausen GmbH Kühl- und/oder Gefriersystem
DE102004014926A1 (de) 2004-03-26 2005-10-13 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Kältegerät mit zwei Lagerfächern
DE102006061160A1 (de) 2006-12-22 2008-06-26 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Kältegerät und Verfahren zum Steuern eines Kältegeräts
CN103047829A (zh) * 2011-10-14 2013-04-17 博西华电器（江苏）有限公司 制冷器具及其工作方法
CN104482703A (zh) * 2014-12-29 2015-04-01 天津商业大学 带有一体式制冷系统的多库房冷库
CN108375262B (zh) * 2018-04-27 2024-03-22 成都歆雅春风科技有限公司 冷藏柜

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US3590911A (en) * 1969-09-10 1971-07-06 Gen Electric Combination refrigerator including convertible compartment
IT1192166B (it) * 1977-01-14 1988-03-31 Eurodomestici Ind Riunite Circuito refrigerante per un frigorifero con 2 scomparti a differenti temperature di funzionamento nonche' frigorifero provvisto di tale circuito
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IT8023291V0 (it) * 1980-11-06 1980-11-06 Eurodomestici Ind Riunite Frigorifero a piu' ambienti ed a circuiti refrigeranti autonomi.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2576676A1 (fr) 1986-08-01
JPS61223471A (ja) 1986-10-04
DE3670531D1 (de) 1990-05-23
DK40186D0 (da) 1986-01-28
EP0192526A1 (fr) 1986-08-27
FR2576676B1 (fr) 1987-02-27
DK40186A (da) 1986-07-30

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