EP0186756B1 - Fluidized-bed combustion with immersion heating surfaces - Google Patents

Fluidized-bed combustion with immersion heating surfaces Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0186756B1
EP0186756B1 EP85114126A EP85114126A EP0186756B1 EP 0186756 B1 EP0186756 B1 EP 0186756B1 EP 85114126 A EP85114126 A EP 85114126A EP 85114126 A EP85114126 A EP 85114126A EP 0186756 B1 EP0186756 B1 EP 0186756B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fluidized bed
fluidized
heating surfaces
pins
immersion heating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP85114126A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0186756A1 (en
Inventor
Josef Dr. Rer. Nat. Langhoff
Hermann Krischke
Hord Geldmacher
Manfred Golomb
Karl-Heinz Kamp
Peter Masuch
Rolf Chalupnik
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RAG AG
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Ruhrkohle AG
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Application filed by Ruhrkohle AG filed Critical Ruhrkohle AG
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/0007—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus with combustion in a fluidized bed
    • F22B31/0061—Constructional features of bed cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
    • F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
    • F22B37/10—Water tubes; Accessories therefor
    • F22B37/101—Tubes having fins or ribs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
    • F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
    • F22B37/10—Water tubes; Accessories therefor
    • F22B37/106—Studding of tubes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fluidized bed furnace for steam and / or hot water and / or hot air generation with immersion heating surfaces arranged horizontally in the fluidized bed and provided with flow-breaking baffles.
  • Coal mixed with fine-grained sand, lime and ash particles is burned in the suspended state in the fluidized bed furnace.
  • the kettle has one or more vertebral cells.
  • the combustion air is introduced into the cell via a nozzle base and sets the material in a swirling movement.
  • Steam or hot water pipes are immersed in the fluidized bed, which absorb up to 50% of the heat introduced and thereby keep the bed temperature low. Thanks to the vortex movement, the heat transfer to these pipes is very high.
  • There is a free space above the fluidized bed which is used for afterburning. From the free space, the flue gases reach a convection part like a boiler of the usual type.
  • the combustion temperature is between 800 and 900 ° C. At this temperature, the sulfur contained in the coal combines with limestone. This creates a dry, inert waste product (mainly gypsum) that can be deposited together with the ash. This process binds 80 to 90% of the sulfur contained in the coal.
  • NO x emissions are greatly reduced due to the low combustion temperatures.
  • the environmental impact of gaseous pollutants is significantly lower with fluidized bed firing than with other types of firing.
  • the dusty substances are retained in a cyclone separator with a downstream cloth filter.
  • Another advantage of fluidized bed combustion is that coal of various qualities, including those with a high ash content, can be burned without any problems.
  • a disadvantage of fluidized bed firing is the low boiler output per unit volume. This applies to atmospheric boiler operation.
  • the current development is towards an increase in performance by so-called pressure-charged fluidized bed operation or by means of a circulating fluidized bed.
  • the pressure-charged fluidized bed is operated with a significantly higher pressure than the atmosphere.
  • bubble formation which is known with atmospheric fluidized beds, is intensified. Bubbles rise in the fluidized bed, which significantly disturb the fluidized bed. The rising bubbles can cause a. an undesirable throwing up of the solid particles from the fluidized bed beyond the zone of the afterburning into the downstream filter.
  • the circulating fluidized bed does not go the way to prevent the discharge. but promotes discharge.
  • recycling of unburned solid particles is also ensured. I.e. the solid particles are circulated in a whirling motion.
  • Bubbles are to be understood as suddenly occurring bulges of the fluidized bed, in which the particles carried in the fluidized bed are suddenly carried away in a substantial part of the fluidized bed beyond the intended bed height and then fall back at a corresponding speed and flap down through the fluidized bed.
  • the invention has for its object to design the baffles so that there is an intensive swirl that ensures excellent heat transfer to the baffles and over the baffles to the immersion heating surfaces.
  • the flow-breaking baffles on the fins are formed by pins which have a length of at least 10 mm, at least 10 pins per m 2 being provided. Although these pins also form baffles, the baffle directions are offset by 90 c to the continuous fins. There is sufficient passage for particles and flue gas between the pins.
  • the pin diameter is at least 5 mm.
  • 1 to 1 b show the tubes as immersion heating surfaces with pins.
  • a pinned cooling tube 1 is shown schematically.
  • the cooling tube 1 is part of a heat exchanger immersed in the fluidized bed of a fluidized bed combustion plant for coal.
  • the cooling tube 1 has an outer diameter of 57 mm with a wall thickness of 6.3 mm and is provided with pins 2 on the circumference.
  • the pins 2 are arranged evenly distributed on the circumference.
  • Eight pins are arranged in one level. Two adjacent planes are - as shown in FIGS. 1 and 1b based on sections along the lines A-A and B-B - offset by 22.5 ° to each other. In each plane, the pins 2 are each offset by 45 ° to one another.
  • the diameter of the pins is 10 mm in the exemplary embodiment, and their length is 15 mm.
  • the arrangement of the pins shown in FIGS. 1 to 1 continues over the entire length of the tube immersed in the fluidized bed.
  • the distance between the individual rows of pins is selected so that a perfect weld connection is guaranteed.
  • the described arrangement of the pins on the outer surface lying in the fluidized bed inventory influences the edge flow in the fluidized state in such a way that the main mechanical stress caused by the fluidized bed inventory acts on the pins and is kept away from the pipe surface.
  • the pins welded onto the cooling tubes 1 advantageously enlarge the surface involved in the heat exchange.
  • the number of immersion heating surface tubes can be reduced by a corresponding amount.
  • the immersion heating surfaces according to the invention are suitable for atmospheric, circulating or also pressure-charged fluidized bed combustion.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)
  • Crucibles And Fluidized-Bed Furnaces (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Wirbelschichtfeuerung zur Dampf- und/oder Heißwasser- und/oder Heißlufterzeugung mit in der Wirbelschicht horizontal angeordneten Tauchheizflächen, die mit strömungsbrechenden Schikanen versehen sind.The invention relates to a fluidized bed furnace for steam and / or hot water and / or hot air generation with immersion heating surfaces arranged horizontally in the fluidized bed and provided with flow-breaking baffles.

In der Wirbelschichtfeuerung wird Kohle, vermischt mit feinkörnigen Sand-, Kalk- und Aschepartikeln im Schwebezustand verbrannt. Der Kessel hat eine oder mehrere Wirbelzellen. Die Verbrennungsluft wird über einen Düsenboden in die Zelle eingeführt und versetzt hier das Material in eine wirbelnde Bewegung. In das Wirbelbett tauchen Dampf- oder Heißwasserrohre ein, die bis zu 50 % der eingebrachten Wärme aufnehmen und dadurch die Bett-Temperatur tief halten. Dank der Wirbelbewegung ist der Wärmeübergang auf diese Rohre sehr hoch. Über dem Wirbelbett befindet sich ein Freiraum, welcher der Nachverbrennung dient. Vom Freiraum gelangen die Rauchgase in einen Konvektionsteil wie bei einem Kessel üblicher Bauart.Coal mixed with fine-grained sand, lime and ash particles is burned in the suspended state in the fluidized bed furnace. The kettle has one or more vertebral cells. The combustion air is introduced into the cell via a nozzle base and sets the material in a swirling movement. Steam or hot water pipes are immersed in the fluidized bed, which absorb up to 50% of the heat introduced and thereby keep the bed temperature low. Thanks to the vortex movement, the heat transfer to these pipes is very high. There is a free space above the fluidized bed, which is used for afterburning. From the free space, the flue gases reach a convection part like a boiler of the usual type.

Die Verbrennungstemperatur liegt zwischen 800 und 900 °C. Bei dieser Temperatur verbindet sich der in der Kohle enthaltene Schwefel mit Kalkstein. Dabei entsteht ein trockenes, inertes Abfallprodukt (vorwiegend Gips) das zusammen mit der Asche abgelagert werden kann. Durch diesen Vorgang werden 80 bis 90 % des in der Kohle enthaltenen Schwefels gebunden. Außerdem sind infolge der niedrigen Verbrennungstemperaturen auch die NOxEmissionen stark verringert. Die Umweltbelastung mit gasförmigen Schadstoffen ist bei der Wirbelschichtfeuerung wesentlich niedriger als bei anderen Feuerungsarten. Die staubförmigen Stoffe werden in einem Zyklonabscheider mit nachgeschaltetem Tuchfilter zurückgehalten. Ein weiterer Vorteil der Wirbelschichtfeuerung besteht darin, daß Kohle verschiedenster Qualität, auch solche mit hohem Aschegehalt, sich problemlos verbrennen läßt.The combustion temperature is between 800 and 900 ° C. At this temperature, the sulfur contained in the coal combines with limestone. This creates a dry, inert waste product (mainly gypsum) that can be deposited together with the ash. This process binds 80 to 90% of the sulfur contained in the coal. In addition, the NO x emissions are greatly reduced due to the low combustion temperatures. The environmental impact of gaseous pollutants is significantly lower with fluidized bed firing than with other types of firing. The dusty substances are retained in a cyclone separator with a downstream cloth filter. Another advantage of fluidized bed combustion is that coal of various qualities, including those with a high ash content, can be burned without any problems.

Ein Nachteil der Wirbelschichtfeuerung ist die niedrige Kesselleistung pro Volumeneinheit. Das gilt für atmosphärischen Kesselbetrieb. Die derzeitige Entwicklung geht dahin, eine Leistungssteigerung durch sogenannten druckaufgeladenen Wirbelschichtbetrieb oder aber mit Hilfe einer zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht herbeizuführen. Die druckaufgeladene Wirbelschicht wird im Unterschied zur atmosphärischen Wirbelschicht mit wesentlichem überdruck gegenüber der Atmosphäre gefahren. Bei der druckaufgeladenen Wirbelschicht verstärkt sich das bei atmosphärischen Wirbelschichten bekannte Problem der sogenannten Blasenbildung. Im Wirbelbett steigen Blasen auf, die das Wirbelbett erheblich stören. Die aufsteigenden Blasen verursachen u. a. ein unerwünschtes Hochschleudern der Feststoffpartikel aus dem Wirbelbett über die Zone der Nachverbrennung hinaus in die nachgeschalteten Filter.A disadvantage of fluidized bed firing is the low boiler output per unit volume. This applies to atmospheric boiler operation. The current development is towards an increase in performance by so-called pressure-charged fluidized bed operation or by means of a circulating fluidized bed. In contrast to the atmospheric fluidized bed, the pressure-charged fluidized bed is operated with a significantly higher pressure than the atmosphere. In the case of the pressure-charged fluidized bed, the problem of so-called bubble formation, which is known with atmospheric fluidized beds, is intensified. Bubbles rise in the fluidized bed, which significantly disturb the fluidized bed. The rising bubbles can cause a. an undesirable throwing up of the solid particles from the fluidized bed beyond the zone of the afterburning into the downstream filter.

In Kenntnis der Problematik eines unerwünschten Austragens von Feststoffpartikeln aus dem Wirbelbett geht die zirkulierende Wirbelschicht nicht den Weg, das Austragen zu verhindern. sondern fördert das Austragen. Es wird jedoch zugleich ein Recycling unverbrannter Feststoffpartikel gesichert. D. h. die Feststoffpartikel werden in wirbelnder Bewegung im Kreis geführt.Knowing the problem of undesired discharge of solid particles from the fluidized bed, the circulating fluidized bed does not go the way to prevent the discharge. but promotes discharge. However, recycling of unburned solid particles is also ensured. I.e. the solid particles are circulated in a whirling motion.

Bei atmosphärischen Wirbelschichten ist es aus der DE-A-3101942 bekannt, die angesprochenen Gasblasen durch jalousieartige Einbauten zumindest teilweise zu vermeiden. Die Einbauten bestehen aus Lamellen, die waagerecht stehen oder nach unten zum tiefsten Punkt der Feuerungswand geneigt sind. Mit den jalousieartigen Einbauten wird die Wirbelschichtströmung gelenkt. Nicht verhindert wird mit diesen Einbauten eine wie auch bei anderen Wirbelschichtanlagen auftretende Erosion der Tauchheizflächen. Diese Erosion resultiert aus der Reibung der Feststoffpartikel an den in die Wirbelschicht eingetauchten Heizflächen.In the case of atmospheric fluidized beds, it is known from DE-A-3101942 to at least partially avoid the gas bubbles mentioned by means of blind-like internals. The internals consist of fins that are horizontal or inclined down to the lowest point on the firing wall. The fluidized bed flow is controlled with the blind-like internals. These installations do not prevent erosion of the immersion heating surfaces as occurs in other fluidized bed systems. This erosion results from the friction of the solid particles on the heating surfaces immersed in the fluidized bed.

Zwar sind aus der US-A-4 124 068 Wärmetauscherrohre für Wirbelschichtfeuerungen bekannt, die horizontal in der Wirbelschichtfeuerung angeordnet sind und an der Außenseite Flossen aufweisen. Die Verwendung von Flossen an Wärmetauscherrohren ist im Dampfkesselbau seit langem bekannt. Die Flossen haben die Aufgabe, die Wärmeübertragung zu verbessern. Deshalb kann der US-A-4 124 068 der Hinweis entnommen werden, die Wärmeübertragung zu verbessern.From US-A-4 124 068 heat exchanger tubes for fluidized bed furnaces are known, which are arranged horizontally in the fluidized bed furnace and have fins on the outside. The use of fins on heat exchanger tubes has long been known in steam boiler construction. The fins have the task of improving the heat transfer. Therefore, US-A-4 124 068 may refer to the suggestion to improve heat transfer.

Auf der anderen Seite können die horizontal verlaufenden Flossen der bekannten Vorrichtung strömungstechnisch erhebliche Schwierigkeiten im Wirbelbett verursachen. Hierbei ist zu berücksichtigen, daß Wirbelschichtfeuerungen aus sich heraus bereits zur Instabilität neigen. Dies wird zum Teil an der sogenannten Blasenbildung deutlich. Unter Blasen werden plötzlich entstehende Aufwölbungen des Wirbelbetts verstanden, bei denen die im Wirbelbett getragenen Partikel plötzlich in einem wesentlichen Teil des Wirbelbetts über die vorgesehene Betthöhe hinausgetragen werden und dann mit entsprechender Geschwindigkeit zurückfallen und durch das Wirbelbett nach unten schlagen.On the other hand, the horizontal fins of the known device can cause considerable fluidic difficulties in the fluidized bed. It should be borne in mind here that fluidized bed combustion systems themselves tend to be instable. This is evident in part from the so-called bubble formation. Bubbles are to be understood as suddenly occurring bulges of the fluidized bed, in which the particles carried in the fluidized bed are suddenly carried away in a substantial part of the fluidized bed beyond the intended bed height and then fall back at a corresponding speed and flap down through the fluidized bed.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, die Schikanen so zu gestalten, daß eine intensive Verwirbelung entsteht, die einen vorzüglichen Wärmeübergang auf die Schikanen und über die Schikanen auf die Tauchheizflächen sicherstellt.The invention has for its object to design the baffles so that there is an intensive swirl that ensures excellent heat transfer to the baffles and over the baffles to the immersion heating surfaces.

Nach der Erfindung wird das dadurch erreicht, daß die strömungsbrechenden Schikanen an den Flossen durch Stifte gebildet werden, die mindestens eine Länge von 10 mm aufweisen, wobei mindestens 10 Stifte pro m2 vorgesehen sind. Diese Stifte bilden zwar auch Prallflächen, jedoch sind die Prallrichtungen um 90c versetzt zu den durchgehenden Flossen. Zwischen den Stiften ist ausreichender Durchgang für Partikel und Rauchgas.According to the invention this is achieved in that the flow-breaking baffles on the fins are formed by pins which have a length of at least 10 mm, at least 10 pins per m 2 being provided. Although these pins also form baffles, the baffle directions are offset by 90 c to the continuous fins. There is sufficient passage for particles and flue gas between the pins.

Der Stiftdurchmesser beträgt mindestens 5 mm.The pin diameter is at least 5 mm.

In der Zeichnung sind verschiedene Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung dargestellt.Various exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawing.

Fig. 1 bis 1 b zeigen die Rohre als Tauchheizflächen mit Stiften.1 to 1 b show the tubes as immersion heating surfaces with pins.

In Fig. 1 ist ein bestiftes Kühlrohr 1 schematisch dargestellt. Das Kühlrohr 1 ist Teil eines in das Wirbelbett einer Wirbelschichtverbrennungsanlage für Kohle eingetauchten Wärmetauschers. Das Kühlrohr 1 besitzt einen äußeren Durchmesser von 57 mm bei 6,3 mm Wandstärke und ist am Umfang mit Stiften 2 versehen. Die Stifte 2 sind am Umfanggleichmäßig verteilt angeordnet. Jeweils sind 8 Stifte in einer Ebene angeordnet. Zwei benachbarte Ebenen sind - wie die Fig. 1 und 1b anhand von Schnitten entlang der Linien A-A und B-B zeigen - um 22,5° versetzt zueinander angeordnet. In jeder Ebene sind die Stifte 2 jeweils um 45° versetzt zueinander angeordnet. Der Durchmesser der Stifte beträgt im Ausführungsbeispiel 10 mm, ihre Länge 15 mm. Die aus Fig. 1 bis 1 ersichtliche Anordnung der Stifte setzt sich über die gesamte in das Wirbelbett eingetauchte Rohrlänge fort.In Fig. 1, a pinned cooling tube 1 is shown schematically. The cooling tube 1 is part of a heat exchanger immersed in the fluidized bed of a fluidized bed combustion plant for coal. The cooling tube 1 has an outer diameter of 57 mm with a wall thickness of 6.3 mm and is provided with pins 2 on the circumference. The pins 2 are arranged evenly distributed on the circumference. Eight pins are arranged in one level. Two adjacent planes are - as shown in FIGS. 1 and 1b based on sections along the lines A-A and B-B - offset by 22.5 ° to each other. In each plane, the pins 2 are each offset by 45 ° to one another. The diameter of the pins is 10 mm in the exemplary embodiment, and their length is 15 mm. The arrangement of the pins shown in FIGS. 1 to 1 continues over the entire length of the tube immersed in the fluidized bed.

Der Abstand der einzelnen Stiftreihen ist so gewählt, daß eine einwandfreie Schweißverbindung gewährleistet ist.The distance between the individual rows of pins is selected so that a perfect weld connection is guaranteed.

Durch die beschriebene Anordnung der Stifte auf der äußeren im Wirbelbettinventar liegenden Oberfläche wird die Randstromung im fluidisierten Zustand so beeinflußt, daß die mechanische Hauptbeanspruchung durch das Wirbelbettinventar an den Stiften wirkt und von der Rohroberfläche abgehalten wird.The described arrangement of the pins on the outer surface lying in the fluidized bed inventory influences the edge flow in the fluidized state in such a way that the main mechanical stress caused by the fluidized bed inventory acts on the pins and is kept away from the pipe surface.

Vorteilhafterweise vergrößern die auf die Kühlrohre 1 aufgeschweißten Stifte die am Wärmeaustausch beteiligte Oberfläche. Um einen entsprechenden Betrag kann die Anzahl der Tauchheizflächenrohre reduziert werden.The pins welded onto the cooling tubes 1 advantageously enlarge the surface involved in the heat exchange. The number of immersion heating surface tubes can be reduced by a corresponding amount.

Die erfindungsgemäßen Tauchheizflächen sind für atmosphärische, zirkulierende oder auch druckaufgeladene Wirbelschichtfeuerung geeignet.The immersion heating surfaces according to the invention are suitable for atmospheric, circulating or also pressure-charged fluidized bed combustion.

Claims (2)

1. Fluidized bed combustion for the production of steam and/or hot water and/or hot air, comprising immersion heating surfaces disposed horizontally in the fluidized bed, which surfaces are furnished with flow-interrupting chicanes, characterized in that the chicanes are formed of studs (2), which have a length of at least 10 mm, at least 10 studs being provided per square metre.
2. Apparatus according to Claim 1, characterized by stud thicknesses of at least 5 mm.
EP85114126A 1984-12-22 1985-11-06 Fluidized-bed combustion with immersion heating surfaces Expired EP0186756B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3447186 1984-12-22
DE3447186A DE3447186A1 (en) 1984-12-22 1984-12-22 Fluidized bed firing with submerged heating surfaces

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0186756A1 EP0186756A1 (en) 1986-07-09
EP0186756B1 true EP0186756B1 (en) 1989-04-05

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EP85114126A Expired EP0186756B1 (en) 1984-12-22 1985-11-06 Fluidized-bed combustion with immersion heating surfaces

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US (1) US4715809A (en)
EP (1) EP0186756B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS61159002A (en)
AU (1) AU580118B2 (en)
BR (1) BR8506385A (en)
CA (1) CA1265390A (en)
DE (2) DE3447186A1 (en)
PL (1) PL256476A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA859803B (en)

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AU5076085A (en) 1986-06-26
DE3569283D1 (en) 1989-05-11
PL256476A1 (en) 1986-09-23
AU580118B2 (en) 1989-01-05
DE3447186A1 (en) 1986-07-03
JPS61159002A (en) 1986-07-18
ZA859803B (en) 1986-11-26
CA1265390A (en) 1990-02-06
US4715809A (en) 1987-12-29
BR8506385A (en) 1986-09-02
EP0186756A1 (en) 1986-07-09

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