EP0184606A2 - Système d'appel-montre utilisant une communication à fenêtre de temps - Google Patents

Système d'appel-montre utilisant une communication à fenêtre de temps Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0184606A2
EP0184606A2 EP85107635A EP85107635A EP0184606A2 EP 0184606 A2 EP0184606 A2 EP 0184606A2 EP 85107635 A EP85107635 A EP 85107635A EP 85107635 A EP85107635 A EP 85107635A EP 0184606 A2 EP0184606 A2 EP 0184606A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
time slot
power
data
pager
time
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP85107635A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0184606A3 (fr
Inventor
Don G. Hoff
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
At & E Laboratories Inc
Original Assignee
At & E Laboratories Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by At & E Laboratories Inc filed Critical At & E Laboratories Inc
Publication of EP0184606A2 publication Critical patent/EP0184606A2/fr
Publication of EP0184606A3 publication Critical patent/EP0184606A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G04—HOROLOGY
    • G04G—ELECTRONIC TIME-PIECES
    • G04G21/00—Input or output devices integrated in time-pieces
    • G04G21/04—Input or output devices integrated in time-pieces using radio waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G04—HOROLOGY
    • G04R—RADIO-CONTROLLED TIME-PIECES
    • G04R20/00—Setting the time according to the time information carried or implied by the radio signal
    • G04R20/14—Setting the time according to the time information carried or implied by the radio signal the radio signal being a telecommunication standard signal, e.g. GSM
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G04—HOROLOGY
    • G04R—RADIO-CONTROLLED TIME-PIECES
    • G04R20/00—Setting the time according to the time information carried or implied by the radio signal
    • G04R20/20—Setting the time according to the time information carried or implied by the radio signal the radio signal being an AM/FM standard signal, e.g. RDS
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B3/00—Audible signalling systems; Audible personal calling systems
    • G08B3/10—Audible signalling systems; Audible personal calling systems using electric transmission; using electromagnetic transmission
    • G08B3/1008—Personal calling arrangements or devices, i.e. paging systems
    • G08B3/1016—Personal calling arrangements or devices, i.e. paging systems using wireless transmission
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B5/00—Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied
    • G08B5/22—Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied using electric transmission; using electromagnetic transmission
    • G08B5/222—Personal calling arrangements or devices, i.e. paging systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B5/00—Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied
    • G08B5/22—Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied using electric transmission; using electromagnetic transmission
    • G08B5/222—Personal calling arrangements or devices, i.e. paging systems
    • G08B5/223—Personal calling arrangements or devices, i.e. paging systems using wireless transmission
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B5/00—Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied
    • G08B5/22—Visible signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems, remote indication of seats occupied using electric transmission; using electromagnetic transmission
    • G08B5/222—Personal calling arrangements or devices, i.e. paging systems
    • G08B5/223—Personal calling arrangements or devices, i.e. paging systems using wireless transmission
    • G08B5/224—Paging receivers with visible signalling details
    • G08B5/228—Paging receivers with visible signalling details combined with other devices having a different main function, e.g. watches

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of paging systems utilizing battery powered portable pagers.
  • Paging systems have used various methods for reducing the power consumption of battery-operated portable pagers in order to miniaturize the pager unit.
  • One such approach involves supplying power to the receiver circuitry only during predetermined time slots in which data relating to the particular pager unit is broadcast. In the absence of accurate synchronization between the transmitter and receiver, a long time slot is required to insure that the pertinent data is received and thus more power is consumed.
  • Natori et al. U.S. Patent No. 3,937,004.
  • the Natori system shows a watch controlled by a counter which is periodically reset by a transmitted signal.
  • the use of an internal counter allows errors to accumulate since the counter will have some amount of error, and the error in each count will be added to the time indication. Thus, the watch may stray from the correct time. This straying requires the use of a large time slot to accommodate errors in the time when the pager's receiver is powered up.
  • the present invention is a method and apparatus for transmitting paging and time information from a central station and receiving such information at a remote electronic timepiece and pager unit during a short time slot assigned to the pager unit.
  • an oscillator is coupled to a timer which produces a time display. These functions are constantly powered.
  • the timer periodically causes power to be supplied to the receiver and message decoding components, during a short time slot in which the transmitted data is to be received.
  • the receiver detects and reconstitutes the transmitted signal.
  • the transmitted signal is processed through a decoder which extracts paging and time update data. If the paging data includes the pager unit's ID number, the unit audibly and/or visually indicates to the user that a page has been received.
  • the time update data extracted from the transmitted signal is used to synchronize the timer in the pager unit.
  • the timer serves the dual function of providing an accurate time indication for the watch function as well as causing power to be supplied during the time slot as described.
  • the watch function is accurately synchronized and will not stray. Because the timer which is synchronized powers up the receiver during the pager unit's assigned time slot in addition to indicating the correct time, a very short time slot can be used.
  • the unit corrects its time slot alignment by comparing the transmitted time slot position to its assigned time slot position. If they do not match, this means the timer has caused the receiver circuit to be powered at the wrong time, so the timer is adjusted by the difference in time between the received time slot and its assigned time slot. The timer will thereafter cause the receiver circuit to be powered up during its assigned time slot.
  • an end of message signal instructs the pager unit to power down early, thereby achieving an additional reduction in power consumption beyond the reduction achieved by only powering the receiver circuit during short time slots.
  • the present invention could be used in a system where the employer of the person to be paged (an office, hospital, etc.) is the subscriber, or in a broader system, such as where each person with a pager watch is a subscriber and can be called by anyone.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a pager watch according to the invention.
  • the watch face shows a number of indicator lights 7 which can be assigned to predefined messages, such as "call home,” “call the office,” etc.
  • the digital display 8 may show a phone number to be called.
  • the display 9 indicates a time and any other functions of a normal wristwatch.
  • FIG. 2 shows a preferred time slot frame format for a transmitted signal.
  • a time frame (Fig. 2A) indicated by bidirectional arrow 10 is composed of 100 time slots such as the one indicated at 12. In the preferred embodiment, the length of the time frame is 10 minutes, with each time slot thus being 6 seconds long. The time frame is reinitiated every 10 minutes.
  • the first, or "0", time slot, indicated at 14, contains time update information.
  • the remaining time slots, numbered 1-99, contain paging information in the format shown in expanded time slot 12.
  • Time slot 12 is composed of up to 125 identical message channels (Fig. 2B) such as the one represented at 16 plus an initial time slot address channel, represented at 18.
  • the time slot address is a digital representation of one of the numbers 0 through 99, depending on which time slot is represented.
  • Each message channel is 40 milliseconds in length, except the time slot address channel, which is 1 second long.
  • Message channel 16 is shown in expanded form in Fig. 2C.
  • a first portion 20 of message channel 16 contains synchronization bits.
  • a second portion 22 contains the identification number for a particular timepiece-pager unit.
  • a third portion 24 contains function data indicating the type of message to be indicated on the face of the timepiece-pager unit. Alternately, the function data could indicate that the next message channel contains a phone number to be displayed, rather than an identification number.
  • a last portion 26 of the message channel contains error correction data.
  • FIG 3A is a block diagram of a transmitting system at a central paging site.
  • the transmission of the paging information in the present invention could be achieved in a variety of manners, such as by using traditional low-power transmissions, by using FM or AM sideband channels or by using the TV vertical blanking interval.
  • a series of incoming phone lines 28 provide paging data to a telephone line concentrator 30.
  • Concentrator 30 buffers the relatively slow data coming from a caller in the form of Dual-Tone Multifrequency (DTMF) signals.
  • DTMF Dual-Tone Multifrequency
  • the system can be totally automatic, with no operators or dispatchers.
  • Calls can be prompted by computer voice messages which ask for the caller's subscriber identification number (the user's office, hospital, etc., if applicable), the page ID number of the person to be paged, a predetermined message function number (to indicate "call office,” etc.), and an optional phone number.
  • the information is then given to a computer 32, which numerically sorts the messages by ID number and packs them into their assigned time slots. Blocks of data are evaluated and error correction data is added to each block by computer 32.
  • Computer 32 is connected to a master clock 34, and when the master clock reference time reaches a particular time slot, the block of data for such time slot is broadcast by a transmitter 36 after being encoded for an appropriate modulation scheme, such as frequency shift keying.
  • transmitter 36 is an FM transmitter and the block of data is used to modulate a subcarrier channel of the FM broadcast band.
  • computer 32 will append an end of message code after the last unit of data in the time slot which will instruct the individual pager units to power down early.
  • the computer can also perform other functions, such as preparing billing data for pager subscribers.
  • FIG. 3B shows a block diagram of the preferred embodiment of a timepiece and pager unit.
  • a wrist loop antenna 38 picks up the transmitted signal and is connected to a receiver 40.
  • Receiver 40 is tuned to the transmission frequency by an oscillator 42.
  • Oscillator 42 is also connected to a timer 44.
  • Timer 44 provides a time signal to a watch face time display 46.
  • Oscillator 42, timer 44, and watch face time display 46 are constantly powered by a battery 48 (as are the displays discussed later).
  • the receiver and decoding components of the pager unit, which are to the right of dotted line 49, are only supplied power when timer 44 provides an enable signal to a switch 50.
  • the timer is programmed to send such an enable signal only during a time slot assigned to the pager unit.
  • the pager unit may, for example, be assigned to time slot 12 shown in Fig. 2.
  • the signal supplied to receiver 40 is reconstituted as a digital signal.
  • the reconstituted digital signal is then supplied to a decoder 52 which converts it into its original digital format.
  • the digital information is then processed through an error correction circuit 54 and any detected errors are corrected.
  • the corrected data is then applied simultaneously to an identification number detector module 56 and to a function decoder 58.
  • Module 56 determines whether the correct time slot position has been received and then examines each pager unit ID number received to determine whether it matches the ID number assigned to the receiving pager unit.
  • module 56 calculates the time until the correct time slot by subtracting the received time slot position from the pager unit's assigned time slot position and sends a correction signal to timer 44 causing the timer to open switch 50, thereby removing power from the receiver and message decoding components, until such correct time slot.
  • Function decoder 58 is only enabled by module 56 in the event there is a match between a received ID number and the pager unit's ID number. If there is a time slot match and an ID number match for the individual pager unit, module 56 will send an enable signal to a page alarm 60. Module 56 will then also enable the output of function decoder 58, which will determine the function following the pager ID number and send a signal to one of a plurality of watch function displays 62.
  • function decoder 58 will send an enable signal to the appropriate one of displays 62. If the function data indicates that a phone number follows in the next message channel, the decoder output will be enabled for the next message channel and then will transmit the received phone number to a watch phone number display 64.
  • module 56 and decoder 58 receive a message for early shutdown because there are no more data messages in the time slot, decoder 58 will send a signal to timer 44 indicating that power to the receiver and message decoding components should be removed. Timer 44 will then activate switch 50 and remove power to the receiver and message decoding components of the pager unit.
  • decoder 52 If the time slot address received is the first address "0", which is assigned for time update information, decoder 52, error corrector 54 and function decoder 58 will decode the time update information and send an update signal to timer 44 which will set the timer to the correct time.
  • an individual pager unit is programmed to provide power to its receiver and message decoding components only during its assigned time slot. By only being turned on in 1 out of 100 time slots every 10 minutes, power consumption is reduced by a ratio of 100 to 1.
  • the pager unit After powering-up and receiving the transmitted signal, the pager unit first compares its assigned time slot position with the time slot position appearing in the first channel of the time slot, time slot position 18 in Figure 2. In the preferred embodiment, this first message channel would be one second long, and the time slot position would appear either at the end of the time slot address channel or be repeated throughout.
  • the timepiece and pager unit can drift by up to approximately one second every 10 minutes or approximately 144 seconds a day and still be sufficiently synchronized to receive paging information because the time is corrected with the time data update every 10 minutes.
  • the pager unit determines that it has turned on during the wrong time slot, it will calculate the difference between the time slot position detected and its assigned time slot position. The pager unit will then power down and later power up again during the correct time slot.
  • a pager unit only needs to power up long enough to receive its paging information, so that a time frame could be divided into a larger number of small time slots, each representing a single pager unit, instead of larger time slots to which are assigned a block of pager units.
  • current cost-effective consumer electronics technology cannot maintain the degree of timer accuracy needed to achieve such a precise alignment.
  • each pager unit also powers up during the initial time slot in order to receive time update information.
  • a pager unit might only power up during this initial time slot in the event it has strayed from its assigned time slot, while using the time at which it receives the time slot position to provide minor corrections to the timer.
  • the message channel after the last message channel containing data would contain a power down message. This would instruct the individual pagers to turn off power for the remaining time of the time slot since there is no additional information in the remaining time of the time slot. Thus, if an end of message signal appears after four seconds into the six second time slot, an additional power savings of one-third is realized.
  • individual pager units can be programmed to shut off during off hours such as after midnight and before seven in the morning.
  • that paging unit could be assigned to two time slot positions so that at most there would be a 5 minute delay before receiving a page message.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)
EP85107635A 1984-12-05 1985-06-20 Système d'appel-montre utilisant une communication à fenêtre de temps Withdrawn EP0184606A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US67860384A 1984-12-05 1984-12-05
US678603 1984-12-05

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0184606A2 true EP0184606A2 (fr) 1986-06-18
EP0184606A3 EP0184606A3 (fr) 1988-03-30

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ID=24723488

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85107635A Withdrawn EP0184606A3 (fr) 1984-12-05 1985-06-20 Système d'appel-montre utilisant une communication à fenêtre de temps

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0184606A3 (fr)
JP (1) JPS61136330A (fr)
CA (1) CA1262385A (fr)
ES (1) ES8800760A1 (fr)
IT (1) IT1183035B (fr)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1988005184A1 (fr) * 1987-01-02 1988-07-14 Motorola, Inc. Interface de commande pour fonctions montre et recherche de personne
WO1988005214A1 (fr) * 1987-01-02 1988-07-14 Motorola, Inc. Systeme de syntonisation automatique d'antenne pour dispositifs de transmission
WO1988005213A1 (fr) * 1987-01-02 1988-07-14 Motorola, Inc. Syntonisateur d'antenne pour appareils de telecommunication a usage personnel
GB2201266A (en) * 1986-12-23 1988-08-24 Upperpace Limited A radio paging watch
WO1990014721A1 (fr) * 1989-05-15 1990-11-29 Telesia S.P.A. Dispositif portatif personnel pour la reception et la visualisation d'informations transmises par radio en combinaison avec une montre
FR2682247A1 (fr) * 1991-10-04 1993-04-09 Telecom Systemes Mobiles Installation de radio messagerie et recepteur pour une telle installation.
WO1994018652A1 (fr) * 1993-02-10 1994-08-18 Conception Realisation Developpement Electronique (C.R.D.E.) Systeme de transmission d'informations notamment applicables aux personnes a fonctions sensorielles reduites
WO1996032703A1 (fr) * 1995-04-11 1996-10-17 Rotring International Gmbh & Co. Kg Outil d'ecriture a recepteur integre de signaux radio
DE19712914A1 (de) * 1997-03-27 1998-10-01 Junghans Uhren Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Anzeige von Informationen insbesondere von Nachrichten, Daten oder dergleichen
WO2005039079A1 (fr) * 2003-10-16 2005-04-28 Nokia Corporation Puissance consommee reduite
US7107029B2 (en) 2003-10-16 2006-09-12 Nokia Corporation Reduced power consumption
WO2010141896A3 (fr) * 2009-06-04 2011-03-24 Qualcomm Incorporated Système et procédé permettant de fournir de l'énergie sur demande à une charge dynamique

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2546698B2 (ja) * 1987-01-02 1996-10-23 モトローラ・インコーポレーテッド 電子装置のための表示制御インタフェ−ス構造
CA2000683C (fr) * 1988-12-01 1993-04-13 Walter Lee Davis Methode et dispositif de conservation d'energie
US5472269A (en) * 1992-12-07 1995-12-05 Novikoff, Inc. Modular furniture system

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FR2232006A1 (fr) * 1973-05-28 1974-12-27 Citizen Watch Co Ltd
US3861134A (en) * 1972-12-15 1975-01-21 Johnson Service Co Remote time clock system with standby power means
DE2606691A1 (de) * 1976-02-19 1977-09-01 Bjoern Bluethgen Nachrichtenkommunikationssystem, insbesondere personenrufsystem
US4086537A (en) * 1975-01-24 1978-04-25 Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corporation Time division multiplex communication receiving apparatus
DE2918531A1 (de) * 1979-05-08 1980-11-13 Provera Gmbh Elektronische uhr, insbesondere armbanduhr, mit alarmvorrichtung
EP0124788A1 (fr) * 1983-04-09 1984-11-14 Nec Corporation Radio-système de recherche des personnes et récepteur assorti
EP0177971A2 (fr) * 1984-10-12 1986-04-16 Nec Corporation Récepteur d'appel apte à contrôler un état interne au moyen d'un signal d'appel

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5426325B2 (fr) * 1974-03-01 1979-09-03
JPS588194B2 (ja) * 1977-12-12 1983-02-15 日本放送協会 カラ−テレビジヨン信号処理装置
JPS5660336U (fr) * 1979-10-16 1981-05-22
JPS5835414B2 (ja) * 1979-12-24 1983-08-02 日本電信電話株式会社 移動無線機の間欠受信方式
JPS56136050A (en) * 1980-03-28 1981-10-23 Nec Corp Individual selective call reception system
JPS5741044A (en) * 1980-08-26 1982-03-06 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Selective calling communication system
JPS588194U (ja) * 1981-07-09 1983-01-19 セイコーインスツルメンツ株式会社 電子時計のアンテナ装置

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3861134A (en) * 1972-12-15 1975-01-21 Johnson Service Co Remote time clock system with standby power means
FR2232006A1 (fr) * 1973-05-28 1974-12-27 Citizen Watch Co Ltd
US4086537A (en) * 1975-01-24 1978-04-25 Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corporation Time division multiplex communication receiving apparatus
DE2606691A1 (de) * 1976-02-19 1977-09-01 Bjoern Bluethgen Nachrichtenkommunikationssystem, insbesondere personenrufsystem
DE2918531A1 (de) * 1979-05-08 1980-11-13 Provera Gmbh Elektronische uhr, insbesondere armbanduhr, mit alarmvorrichtung
EP0124788A1 (fr) * 1983-04-09 1984-11-14 Nec Corporation Radio-système de recherche des personnes et récepteur assorti
EP0177971A2 (fr) * 1984-10-12 1986-04-16 Nec Corporation Récepteur d'appel apte à contrôler un état interne au moyen d'un signal d'appel

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2201266A (en) * 1986-12-23 1988-08-24 Upperpace Limited A radio paging watch
WO1988005184A1 (fr) * 1987-01-02 1988-07-14 Motorola, Inc. Interface de commande pour fonctions montre et recherche de personne
WO1988005214A1 (fr) * 1987-01-02 1988-07-14 Motorola, Inc. Systeme de syntonisation automatique d'antenne pour dispositifs de transmission
WO1988005213A1 (fr) * 1987-01-02 1988-07-14 Motorola, Inc. Syntonisateur d'antenne pour appareils de telecommunication a usage personnel
US4817196A (en) * 1987-01-02 1989-03-28 Motorola, Inc. Apparatus for tuning the antenna of a miniature personal communications device
US4862516A (en) * 1987-01-02 1989-08-29 Motorola, Inc. System for automatically tuning the antenna of a miniature portable communications device
WO1990014721A1 (fr) * 1989-05-15 1990-11-29 Telesia S.P.A. Dispositif portatif personnel pour la reception et la visualisation d'informations transmises par radio en combinaison avec une montre
FR2682247A1 (fr) * 1991-10-04 1993-04-09 Telecom Systemes Mobiles Installation de radio messagerie et recepteur pour une telle installation.
WO1994018652A1 (fr) * 1993-02-10 1994-08-18 Conception Realisation Developpement Electronique (C.R.D.E.) Systeme de transmission d'informations notamment applicables aux personnes a fonctions sensorielles reduites
FR2701583A1 (fr) * 1993-02-10 1994-08-19 Crde Système de transmission d'Informations notamment applicables aux personnes à fonctions sensorielles réduites.
WO1996032703A1 (fr) * 1995-04-11 1996-10-17 Rotring International Gmbh & Co. Kg Outil d'ecriture a recepteur integre de signaux radio
DE19712914A1 (de) * 1997-03-27 1998-10-01 Junghans Uhren Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Anzeige von Informationen insbesondere von Nachrichten, Daten oder dergleichen
WO2005039079A1 (fr) * 2003-10-16 2005-04-28 Nokia Corporation Puissance consommee reduite
US7107029B2 (en) 2003-10-16 2006-09-12 Nokia Corporation Reduced power consumption
KR100740191B1 (ko) * 2003-10-16 2007-07-16 노키아 코포레이션 감소된 전력 소비를 위한 신호 수신 방법 및 장치
US7356319B2 (en) 2003-10-16 2008-04-08 Nokia Corporation Reduced power consumption
CN1961509B (zh) * 2003-10-16 2012-03-21 诺基亚有限公司 减少功率消耗
WO2010141896A3 (fr) * 2009-06-04 2011-03-24 Qualcomm Incorporated Système et procédé permettant de fournir de l'énergie sur demande à une charge dynamique
US8796882B2 (en) 2009-06-04 2014-08-05 Qualcomm Incorporated System and method for supplying power on demand to a dynamic load

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH0588574B2 (fr) 1993-12-22
JPS61136330A (ja) 1986-06-24
CA1262385A (fr) 1989-10-17
ES549571A0 (es) 1987-11-16
EP0184606A3 (fr) 1988-03-30
IT1183035B (it) 1987-10-05
IT8548870A0 (it) 1985-12-03
ES8800760A1 (es) 1987-11-16

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