EP0173104B1 - Energieversorgungsanordnung, bestehend aus einer Vielzahl von Energiequellen mit negativen Widerstandskarakteristiken - Google Patents

Energieversorgungsanordnung, bestehend aus einer Vielzahl von Energiequellen mit negativen Widerstandskarakteristiken Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0173104B1
EP0173104B1 EP19850109654 EP85109654A EP0173104B1 EP 0173104 B1 EP0173104 B1 EP 0173104B1 EP 19850109654 EP19850109654 EP 19850109654 EP 85109654 A EP85109654 A EP 85109654A EP 0173104 B1 EP0173104 B1 EP 0173104B1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
current
source
voltage
load
power source
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EP19850109654
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French (fr)
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EP0173104A3 (en
EP0173104A2 (de
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Yoshihiko C/O Nec Corporation Harafuji
Hideki C/O Nec Corporation Yamamoto
Tsutomu Ogata
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NEC Corp
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
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NEC Corp
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
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Priority claimed from JP16309084A external-priority patent/JPS6142230A/ja
Priority claimed from JP16309184A external-priority patent/JPH0628006B2/ja
Application filed by NEC Corp, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp filed Critical NEC Corp
Publication of EP0173104A2 publication Critical patent/EP0173104A2/de
Publication of EP0173104A3 publication Critical patent/EP0173104A3/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
    • G05F1/46—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc
    • G05F1/56—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices
    • G05F1/59—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in series with the load as final control devices including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a power source system for use in supplying a load with electric power from a plurality of power sources.
  • such a conventional power source system comprises a plurality of power sources which are connected either in series or parallel to one another.
  • a load is connected to the power source system through a transmission path, such as a coaxial cable, an optical fiber, or the like and is supplied with a load voltage and a load current from the power source system.
  • the load becomes active when the load voltage and the load current exceed a minimum voltage and a minimum current, respectively.
  • a minimum voltage or current will be called a minimum level.
  • the load voltage is substantially equal to a sum of source voltages produced by the respective power sources while the load current is substantially equal to a source current produced by each power source. From this fact, it is understood that the power sources share the load at rates of load sharing determined by the source voltages of the respective power sources.
  • the load current is substantially equal to a sum of source currents produced by the respective power sources while the load voltage is substantially equal to a source voltage produced by each power source.
  • the source currents serve to determine the rates.
  • each power circuit has a positive resistance characteristic.
  • one of the power sources interrupts its source voltage and current due to occurrence of a fault and that the rate of the one power source is reduced to zero.
  • the remaining power source should be operated at a maximum rate and must keep either the load current or the load voltage greater than the minimum current or voltage, even on occurrence of the fault in the one power source. Stated otherwise, the second electric components must be kept at a level greater than the minimum level.
  • the second electric components are reduced to the minimum level when the remaining power source is operated at the maximum rate.
  • the load must favorably be put into operation even when the second electric components have the minimum level. This means that the minimum level of the second electric components should be higher than the minimum current or the minimum voltage.
  • An extra or superfluous electric power should therefore be supplied from the remaining power source to the load in consideration of a fault of the above-mentioned one power source.
  • the superfluous electric power excessively heats the load and requires the load to include a radiator of a big size. This makes the load large in size and expensive.
  • the power source system is for use in supplying a load 20 with a load voltage V L and a load current I L . It is assumed that the illustrated load 20 becomes active when the load current I L exceeds a minimum load current I m .
  • the power source system comprises a first power source 21 and a second power source 22 connected to the first power source 21 in series.
  • the first power source 21 comprises a first current source 24a, a first resistor 26a of a resistance R1 connected in parallel to the first current source 24a, and a first diode 27a connected in parallel to the first current source 24a.
  • the first resistor 26a is for making the first power source 21 share the load 20 while the first diode 27a serves to form a bypass circuit when the first current source 24a becomes inactive due to occurrence of a fault, as will become clear as the description proceeds.
  • a first d.c. current I A is produced from the first current source 24a to develop a first source voltage V A across the first resistor 26a.
  • the second power source 22 comprises a second current source 24b, a second resistor 26b, and a second diode 27b.
  • the second resistor 26b has the same resistance R1 as the first resistor 26a.
  • a second d.c. current I B is produced from the second current source 24b to develop a second source voltage V B across the second resistor 26b when the second current source 24a becomes active.
  • the load voltage V L is substantially equal to a sum of the first and the second source voltages V A and V B .
  • each of the first and the second power sources 21 and 22 produces a source current substantially equal to the load current I L .
  • the load 20 is shared by the first and the second power sources 21 and 22 at rates of load sharing determined by the first and the second source voltages V A and V B , respectively.
  • Each of the first and the second source voltages V A and V B will be referred to as a first source component for determining the rates while each of the source currents will be referred to as a second source component.
  • the load current I L is given by: In Fig. 2, the abscissa and the ordinate represent the first source voltage V A and the load current I L , respectively.
  • the first source voltage V A is varied between zero and the load voltage V L along the abscissa.
  • Equation (1) can be made to correspond to a first characteristic 31.
  • the load current I L is reduced with an increase of the first source voltage V A .
  • Equation (2) can be made to correspond to a second characteristic 32 in which the load current I L is varied between the second d.c. current I B and a second minimum current I L2 in a manner similar to the first characteristic 31.
  • Each of the first and the second characteristics 31 and 32 may be named a positive resistance characteristic.
  • the first charactristic 31 intersects the second characteristic 32 at a cross point 33.
  • the load current I L becomes equal to a normal load current I L0 , as illustrated in Fig. 2.
  • the resistance R1 of the first resistor 26a is identical with that of the second resistor 26b, the first source voltage V A becomes equal to the second source voltage V B and to a half of the load voltage V L .
  • the first and the second power sources 21 and 22 equally share the load 20.
  • the load 20 should favorably be operated even when the second power source 22 becomes inactive. Accordingly, the first minimum current I L1 must be greater than the minimum load current I m of the load 20. Practically, the first characteristic 31 may be reduced to a lower limit depicted at a broken line 31' due to a variation of the first current source 21. As a result, the first minimum current I L1 may decrease to a practical minimum current I L1 '. The practical minimum current I L1 ' should therefore be kept greater than the minimum load current I m .
  • the second minimum current I L2 must be greater than the minimum load current I m in consideration of a variation of the second current source 22.
  • each of the first and the second d.c. currents I A and I B is selected so that the load 20 is kept active even when either one of the first and the second power sources 21 and 22 is interrupted.
  • the normal load current I L0 must be greater than the minimum load current I m at least by a current increment represented by (I L0 - I L1 ').
  • the illustrated power source system has a disadvantage as pointed out in the preamble of the instant specification.
  • another conventional power source system comprises first and second power sources which are indicated at 41 and 42 and which are connected together in parallel.
  • the power source system illustrated in Fig. 3 has a duality relation to that illustrated in Fig. 1 and is for use in supplying a load depicted at 20 with a load current I L and a load voltage V L , like in Fig. 1. It is assumed that the load 20 has a minimum load voltage V m at which the load 20 becomes active.
  • the first power source 41 comprises a first voltage source 43a, a first series diode 44a, and a first series resistor 45a, which are all connected in series.
  • the first voltage source 43a produces a first d.c. voltage E A .
  • the first series resistor 45a has a resistance R2 and is for determining a rate of load sharing like each of the first and the second resistors 27a and 27b (Fig. 1) while the first series diode 44a serves to isolate the first power source 41 from the power source system when the first voltage source 43a becomes inactive.
  • the second power source 42 comprises a second voltage source 43b for producing a second d.c. voltage E B , a second series diode 44b, and a second series resistor 45b having the same resistance R2 as the first series resistor 45a.
  • first and the second power sources 41 and 42 produce first and second source currents i A and i B determined by the first and the second series resistors 45a and 45b, respectively.
  • each of the first and the second power sources 41 and 42 produces a source voltage which is substantially equal to the load voltage V L . It is readily understood that the first and the second power sources 41 and 42 share the load 20 at the rates determined by the first and the second source currents i A and i B .
  • each of the first and the second source currents i A and i B will be called a first source component while each of the source voltages will be called a second source component.
  • First and second operation characteristics 46 and 47 are graphical representations of Equations (4) and (5), respectively. As shown by the first operation characteristic 46, the load voltage V L is gradually reduced from the first d.c. voltage E A with an increase of the first source current i A . Likewise, the load voltage V L is reduced as the second source current i B increases, as readily understood from the second operation characteristic 47.
  • the first and the second power sources 41 and 42 are simultaneously operated with the first and the second d.c. voltages E A and E B equal to each other, the first source current i A becomes equal to the second source current i B . In this event, each of the first and the second source currents i A and i B becomes equal to a half (I L /2) of the load current.
  • the load 20 is equally shared by the first and the second power sources 41 and 42 and is supplied with a normal load voltage V L0 as the load voltage V L .
  • the second power source 42 be interrupted for some reason.
  • the second diode 44b is interrupted and the first power source 41 alone bears the load 20 by supplying the load current I L to the load 20.
  • the source voltage of the first power source 41 is reduced to a minimum source voltage V L1 .
  • the first operation characteristic 46 may decrease to a practical characteristic depicted at 46' due to a variation of the first d.c. voltage E A .
  • the minimum source voltage V L1 might be reduced to a practical minimum source voltage V L1 '.
  • the minimum load voltage V m of the load 20 should be greater than the practical minimum source voltage V L1 '. This results in an increase of the normal load voltage V L0 .
  • the illustrated power source system has a disadvantage similar to that illustrated in Fig. 1.
  • a power source system comprises first and second power sources 51 and 52 which are connected together in series in a manner similar to the first and the second power sources 21 and 22 (Fig. 1) and which supply a load 20 with a load voltage V L and a load current I L .
  • the load 20 becomes active when the load current I L is equal to or greater than a minimum load current I m , like in Fig. 1.
  • the first power source 51 produces a first source voltage V A and a first source current while the second power source 52 produces a second source voltage V B and a second source current.
  • Each of the first and the second source voltages V A and V B serves to determine the rate of load sharing and may be called a first source component while each of the first and the second source currents is substantially equal to the load current I L and may be called a second source component.
  • the first power source 51 comprises a first current source, a first diode, and a first resistor which are indicated at 54a, 55a, and 56a, respectively, and which are similar to those illustrated in Fig. 1.
  • the first current source 54a is for producing a first d.c. current I A while the first resistor 56a is operable to produce a first shared voltage across the first resistor 56a.
  • the second power source 52 comprises a second current source 54b, a second diode 55b, and a second resistor 56b having the same resistance R10 as the first resistor 56a.
  • the second current source 54b is for producing a second d.c. current I B while the second resistor 56b is operable to produce a second shared voltage across the second resistor 56b.
  • the first and the second shared voltage are substantially equal to the first and the second source voltages V A and V B , respectively, as will become clear later, and may be called first electric components.
  • each of the first and the second d.c. currents I A and I B may be called a second electric component.
  • the first and the second power sources 51 and 52 further comprise first and second current detectors 60a and 60b responsive to the first and the second d.c. currents I A and I B , respectively.
  • the first current detector 60a comprises a magnetic amplifier composed of a saturable reactor.
  • the saturable reactor comprises a first winding 61 connected to the first diode 55a and a second winding 62 having a terminal connected in common to the primary winding 61 and the other terminal connected to the first resistor 56a.
  • the first and the second windings 61 and 62 have first and second numbers N1 and N2 of turns, respectively. It is presumed that the second number N2 of turns is greater than the first number N1 of turns.
  • the first d.c. current I A is supplied to the first current detector 60a and is divided into first and second current which flow through the first and the second windings 61 and 62, respectively.
  • the first current is delivered to the load 20 as the load current I L to the load 20 while the second current is delivered to the first resistor 56a.
  • the second current may therefore be referred to as a resistor current I R .
  • the first current detector 60a produces a control signal specified by a control voltage V c proportional to a linear combination of the first d.c. current I A , the load current I L , and the resistor current I R .
  • the control voltage V c is sent from the first current detector 60a to the first current source 54a (Fig. 5).
  • the illustrated first current source 54a comprises a comparator for comparing the control voltage V c with a predetermined reference voltage V s to produce a difference between the control voltage V c and the predetermined reference voltage V s and a level adjustment circuit for adjusting the first d.c. current I A in response to the difference so that the control voltage V c is coincident with the predetermined reference voltage V s .
  • the above-mentioned comparator and the level adjustment circuit are both known in the art and therefore not shown in Fig. 5.
  • the proportional constants g1 through g3 be determined with reference to Figs. 5 and 6. It is assumed that the first source voltage V A becomes zero as a result of shorting a pair of output terminals of the first current source 54a and that the resultant first d.c. current I A becomes equal to I A0 . In this event, the resistor current I R becomes zero and the first d.c. current I A becomes equal to the load current I L , provided that a reduction of voltage in the first current detector 60a is negligibly small. This means that the first source voltage V A is substantially equal to a voltage developed across the first resistor 56a.
  • V s (g1 + g2) ⁇ I A0 .
  • G (g1 + g3)/(g1 + g2).
  • Equation (7) is equivalent to Equation (11) when the proportional constant g1 of Equation (7) is equal to zero and the proportional constants g2 and g3 thereof have inverse polarities or signs relative to each other. Accordingly, the factor G becomes equal to g3/g2 and takes a negative value.
  • first and second specific characteristics 66 and 67 show relationships of Equations (9) and (12), respectively.
  • the factor G of each of Equations (9) and (12) takes a negative value in the manner mentioned before, gradients of the first and the second specific characteristics 66 and 67 are inverse relative to those of the first and the second characteristics 31 and 32 illustrated in Fig. 2.
  • the load current I L gradually increases from I A0 with an increase of the first source voltage V A .
  • the load current I L increases as the rate of load sharing increases in the first power source 51 (Fig. 5).
  • the load current I L also increases from I B0 with an increase of the rate of the second power source 52.
  • each current detector 60 and each resistor 56 is equivalent to a negative-resistance and may therefore be replaced by the negative-resistance.
  • the combination of each current detector 60 and each resistor 56 may be named a control circuit 70 for controlling each of the first and the second d.c. currents I A and I B .
  • the first and the second specific characteristics 66 and 67 will be referred to as first and second negative resistance characteristics, respectively.
  • first and the second negative resistance characteristics is practically variable within a controllable range, like each of the first and the second characteristics 31 and 32 illustrated in Fig. 2.
  • first and second lower limit characteristics 66' and 67' are illustrated under the first and the second negative resistance characteristics 66 and 67 in consideration of practical variations thereof, respectively.
  • each of the first and the second source voltages V A and V B is equal to a half (V L /2) of the load voltage V L when the first and the second power sources 51 and 52 are operable at the same rates.
  • the load current I L becomes equal to a normal load current I L0 when the first and the second negative resistance characteristics 66 and 67 do not vary.
  • the normal load current I L0 decreases to a lower limit current I L0 '.
  • the minimum load current I m of the load 20 be lower than the lower limit current I L0 '.
  • the second current source 54b be interrupted and the second diode 55b be put into a conductive state.
  • the first power source 51 solely bears the load 20 by producing the load voltage V L .
  • the first current source 54a produces the first d.c. current I A in accordance with the first negative resistance characteristic 66.
  • the load current I L increases to a maximum load current I L1 .
  • the maximum load current I L1 may be reduced to a lower limit of the maximum load current I L1 . At any rate, the maximum load current I L1 and the lower limit thereof are greater than the minimum load current I m .
  • the load current I L does not become lower than the lower limit current I L0 ' even when either one of the first and the second current sources 54a and 54b is interrupted, as will be readily understood from Fig. 7.
  • the lower limit current I L0 ' of the normal load current I L0 may be minimal and greater than the minimum load current I m of the load 20.
  • a difference (I L0 - I m ) between the normal load current I L0 and the minimum load current I m may somewhat be greater than a difference between the normal load current I L0 and the lower limit current I L0 '.
  • the difference between the normal load current I L0 and the minimum load current I m can considerably be reduced as compared with the current increment shown by Equation (3).
  • the normal load current I L0 may be decreased in comparison with that of the conventional power source system illustrated in Fig. 1.
  • the load current I L increases from the normal load current I L0 when interruption takes place due to occurrence of a fault in either one of the first and the second power sources 51 and 52 illustrated in Fig. 5.
  • a time of interruption is extremely shorter than a time of the normal operation.
  • the load 20 may comprise a small size of a radiator which is included therein for radiation of heat generated by the load 20.
  • the load 20 can thus be reduced in size and becomes economical.
  • another connection of the first current detector 60a comprises a first winding 61 supplied with the first d.c. current I A .
  • the first d.c. current I A passes through the first winding 61 and is thereafter divided into the load current I L and the resistor current I R which are delivered to the load 20 and the first resistor 56a, respectively.
  • the resistor current I R flows through a second winding 62.
  • the factor G into a negative value by selecting the first and the second numbers N1 and N2 of turns.
  • the second number N2 of turns may be greater than the first number N1 of turns.
  • the first and the second negative resistance characteristics 66 and 67 are obtained by determining the proportional constants g1 through g3 in the above-mentioned manner, similar characteristics are achieved in the following manner.
  • the first current detector 60a detects only the resistor current I L to produce the control voltage V c proportional to the resistor current I L .
  • the first current source 54a produces a predetermined current I A0 (Fig. 7) and a first source current I A proportional to the resistor current I R when the control voltage V c is equal to zero and not, respectively.
  • Equation (14) the first negative resistance characteristic 66 (Fig. 7) is obtained when the proportional constant k1 is greater than 1.
  • the first power source 71 comprises a first voltage source 73a, a first series diode 74a, and a first series resistor 75a, which are operable in a manner similar to those illustrated in Fig. 3.
  • the illustrated first power source 71 further comprises a first current detection circuit 76a which will be described later.
  • the second power source 72 comprises a second voltage source 73b, a second series diode 74b, a second series resistor 75b, and a second current detection circuit 76b, which are operable in a manner similar to those of the first power source 71, respectively. Accordingly, description will mainly be directed to the first power source 71.
  • the first power source 71 produces a first source current i A determined by the first series resistor 75a and a source voltage substantially equal to the load voltage V L , like in Fig. 3.
  • the first source current i A and the source voltage will be called a first and a second source component, respectively.
  • the first voltage source 73a is operable to produce a first d.c. voltage E A while the first series resistor 75a determines a first d.c. current.
  • the first d.c. current and the first d.c. voltage E A may be called first and second electric components, respectively.
  • the first d.c. current is delivered as the first source current i A to the load 20 while the first d.c. voltage E A is developed as the source voltage across the first power source 71.
  • a negative resistance may be substituted for a combination of the first current detection circuit 76a and the first series resistor 75a, like in Fig. 5.
  • the combination of the first current detection circuit 76a and the first series resistor 75a serves to control the first d.c. voltage E A in accordance with a negative resistance characteristic to produce the first source current i A and the load voltage V L and will therefore be referred to as the control circuit 70.
  • the first current detection circuit 76a is composed of a magnetic amplifier comprising a saturable reactor.
  • the illustrated saturable reactor comprises a d.c. winding 80 of a number N of turns.
  • the d.c. winding 80 is placed between the first series diode 74a and the first series resistor 75a and allows the first source current i A to pass therethrough.
  • a control voltage V c is derived from the d.c. winding 76a and delivered to the first voltage source 73a.
  • the first voltage source 73a is controlled in accordance with the control voltage V c given by Equation (15).
  • the illustrated first voltage source 73a produces a preselected voltage E A0 when the control voltage V c is equal to zero.
  • the load voltage V L is written with reference to Equation (16) into: If the proportional constant k4 is greater than the resistance R20, namely, (k4 - R20) > 0 , the first power source 71 has the negative resistance characteristic which will be referred to as a first negative resistance characteristic.
  • V L E B0 + (k4 - R20) ⁇ (I L - i A ), (18) where E B0 corresponds to the preselected voltage E A0 and represents a preselected voltage of the second voltage source 73b appearing when the control voltage V c is equal to zero.
  • E B0 corresponds to the preselected voltage E A0 and represents a preselected voltage of the second voltage source 73b appearing when the control voltage V c is equal to zero.
  • the second power source 72 has a second negative resistance characteristic specified by Equation (18) when the proportional constant k4 is greater than R20.
  • the first negative resistance characteristic is shown at 81. It is noted as regards the first negative resistance characteristic that the load voltage V L increases from the preselected voltage E A0 to a maximum load voltage V L1 as the first source current i A increases. Thus, the first negative resistance characteristic 81 rises to the right in Fig. 11. Practically, the characteristic 81 may be reduced to a first lower limit characteristic 81' within a controllable range when the first d.c. voltage E A is varied.
  • the second negative resistance characteristic is also shown at 82 and rises to the left. This means that the load voltage V L increases with an increase of the second source current i B , namely, with a decrease of the first source current i A .
  • a second lower limit characteristic 82' is also illustrated in Fig. 11 in correspondence to the second negative resistance characteristic 82.
  • each of the first and the second power sources 71 and 72 shares the load 20 by producing each of the first and the second source currents i A and i B equal to a half (I L /2) of the load current I L .
  • the load voltage V L is equal to a normal load voltage V L0 which may be reduced to a lower limit voltage V L0 '.
  • the load 20 has a minimum voltage V m lower than the lower limit voltage V L0 '.
  • the second voltage source 73b be interrupted in the power source system.
  • the first voltage source 73a solely bears the load 20 by producing the first source current i A equal to the load current I L .
  • the source voltage of the first power source 71 increases to the maximum load voltage V L1 in accordance with the first negative resistance characteristic 81. Inasmuch as maximum load voltage V L1 is greater than the minimum voltage V m of the load 20, the load 20 is favorably operated even when the second voltage source 73b becomes faulty.
  • the normal load voltage V L0 is selected so that a difference between the normal load voltage V L0 and the minimum voltage V m slightly becomes greater than a difference between the normal load voltage V L0 and the lower limit voltage V L0 '.
  • the difference between the normal load voltage V L0 and the minimum voltage V m can considerably be small in comparison with the voltage difference shown by Equation (6) in conjunction with the conventional power source system illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4.
  • a time of interruption of either one of the first and the second voltage sources 73a and 73b is extremely shorter than a time of the normal operation. Accordingly, the increase of the load voltage V L is transient. It is possible to prevent the load 20 from being superfluously heated. As a result, the load 20 becomes small in size and inexpensive, like in Fig. 5.
  • a power source system comprises a power source (depicted at 85 in Fig. 13) substituted for each of the first and the second power sources 51 and 52 illustrated in Fig. 5.
  • the power source 85 has first and second characteristic curves 86 and 87 (Fig. 12) when used as the first and the second power sources 51 and 52 (Fig. 5), respectively.
  • each of the first and the second characteristic curves 86 and 87 partially shows a negative resistance characteristic like in Fig. 7 and is nonlinearly varied with an increase of each of the first and the second source voltages V A and V B .
  • the first characteristic curve 86 shows a first resistance between zero and a transition voltage V t higher than the half (V L /2) of the load voltage and a second resistance between the transition voltage V t and the load voltage V L .
  • the transition voltage V t is representative of a preselected rate of load sharing.
  • the first resistance is a negative resistance and has a sufficiently small absolute value while the second resistance is a positive resistance.
  • the second characteristic curve 87 is variable relative to the second source voltage V B in a manner similar to the first characteristic curve 86.
  • lower limit characteristic curves 86' and 87' are illustrated in relation to the first and the second characteristic curves 86 and 87, respectively.
  • the normal load current I L0 can approach the minimum current I m of the load 20 in comparison with that of the conventional power source system illustrated in Fig. 1. Accordingly, the load 20 may be small in size and inexpensive, as described in conjunction with Fig. 5.
  • an increase of the load current I L can be reduced as compared with the power source system illustrated in Fig. 5 when a single one of the first and the second power sources alone is operated. This is because each of the first and the second d.c. currents I A and I B does not increase when each source voltage V A and V B exceeds the transition voltage V t .
  • the power source 85 is assumed to be used as the first power source 51 and comprises a current detector 60' illustrated in Fig. 13. Any other elements and signals are similar to those illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6 and are therefore represented by the same reference numerals and symbols.
  • the first current source 54a is operable in cooperation with the current detector 60' in a manner similar to that illustrated in Fig. 5 and produces the first d.c. current I A which is divided into the load current I L and the resistor current I R .
  • the resistor current I R is supplied through the first resistor 56a to the current detector 60'.
  • the current detector 60' comprises a magnetic amplifier depicted at 91.
  • the illustrated magnetic amplifier 91 comprises a d.c. winding 92 and produces a detection signal having a detection voltage V d .
  • the detection voltage V d is proportional to an ampere turn, namely, the resistor current I R .
  • V d g5 ⁇ I R , (20) where g5 represents a proportional constant.
  • the first current source 54a is supplied with the control voltage V c shown by Equation (23) or (24) and is subjected to current control in accordance with the control voltage V c .
  • V c the control voltage
  • Equation (26) it is possible to make a term of k5 ⁇ g5 greater than 1 and to make a term of R10/(k5 ⁇ g5 - 1) coincide with a desired value. Therefore, the negative resistance characteristic can be accomplished when the first d.c. voltage V A is not greater than the transition voltage V t , as shown at 86 in Fig. 12.
  • the first resistor 56a and the current detector 60' are equivalent to a negative resistor and will collectively be called a control circuit 70 as mentioned before.
  • a power source system according to a fourth embodiment of this invention is similar to that illustrated in conjunction with Figs. 9 and 11 except that a power source 100 (Fig. 14) has a nonlinear characteristic as illustrated in Fig. 15 and is operable as each of the first and the second power sources 71 and 72 (Fig. 9).
  • a power source 100 Fig. 14
  • Fig. 9 the power source 100 illustrated in Fig. 14 is used as the first power source 71 (Fig. 9).
  • a current detection circuit 76' in the power source 100 is similar to the current detector 60' illustrated in Fig. 13 and comprises a magnetic amplifier and a limiter which are indicated at 101 and 102, respectively, so as to provide a first one of the nonlinear characteristic indicated at 106 in Fig. 15. It is needless to say that a second one of the nonlinear characteristic 107 is given by the second power source 72 (Fig. 9).
  • each of the first and the second nonlinear characteristics 106 and 107 has a transistion current I t greater than a half of the load current I L , although the transition current I t is illustrated only with respect to the first nonlinear characteristic 106 in Fig. 15.
  • the first d.c. voltage E A is developed by the first voltage source 73a controllable in a manner to be described later.
  • the first source current i A flows through the first diode 74a, the current detection circuit 76', and the first resistor 75a.
  • the first source current i A is combined with the second source current i B (Fig. 9) to be supplied to the load 20 as the load current I L , as illustrated in Fig. 9.
  • the first source current i A is detected by the current detection circuit 76'.
  • the magnetic amplifier 101 produces a detection signal having a detection voltage V d in a manner similar to that illustrated in conjunction with Fig. 13.
  • the detection voltage V d is sent to the limiter 102 for limiting the detection voltage V d at a preselected reference voltage V0.
  • the preselected reference voltage V0 serves to provide the transition current I t .
  • the limiter 102 may be called a comparing circuit.
  • V c V0 + g7 (V d - V0), where g7 represents a proportional constant.
  • Equation (32) it is readily possible to make (k6 ⁇ g6 - R20) a positive value. This means that the load voltage V L increases with an increment of the first source current i A when the first source current i A is not greater than I t . Therefore, the first nonlinear characteristic 106 partially has a negative resistance characteristic.
  • Equation (33) it is possible to select the third term of (k6 ⁇ g6 ⁇ g7 - R20) so that a value of the term becomes equal to a desired value equal to or smaller than zero.
  • the first nonlinear characteristic 106 can have a positive resistance characteristic when the first source current i A exceeds the transition current I t .
  • a voltage detector may be used instead of each current detector illustrated in Figs. 5, 9, 13, and 14.
  • the voltage detector may monitor a voltage across the resistor, such as 56, 75.

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Claims (7)

  1. Energieversorgungssystem zur Versorgung einer Last (20) mit einer Lastspannung (VL) und einem Laststrom (IL), wobei das System mehrere Energiequellen (51, 52) aufweist, die miteinander in Reihe geschaltet sind und von denen jede dazu dient, eine Quellenspannung (VA, VB) und einen Quellenstrom (IA, IB) zu erzeugen, wobei jede Energiequelle eine elektrische Quelle (54a, 54b), einen Widerstand (56a, 56b) und eine Diode (55a, 55b) und Kopplungseinrichtungen zum Koppeln der in Reihe geschalteten Energiequellen an die Last (20) aufweist, um die Summe der Quellenspannungen der Energiequellen an die Last (20) als die Lastspannung (VL) zu liefern, wobei jeder Quellenstrom (IA, IB) veränderlich ist, wenn die betreffende Quellenspannung (VA, VB) bei einem Anstieg des Lastverteilungsanteils der betreffenden Energiequelle zwischen einem niedrigen und einem hohen Wert schwankt,
       dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jede Energiequelle (51, 52) aufweist:
       eine Steuereinrichtung (70), die an die elektrische Quelle (54a, 54b) gekoppelt ist, um den Quellenstrom (IA, IB) entsprechend einer Kennlinie (66, 67) zu steuern, die so verläuft, daß der Quellenstrom (IA, IB) steigt, wenn die Quellenspannung (VA, VB) von dem niedrigen Wert auf den hohen Wert steigt.
  2. Energieversorgungssystem zur Versorgung einer Last (20) mit einer Lastspannung (VL) und einem Laststrom (IL), wobei das System mehrere Energiequellen (71, 72) aufweist, die zueinander parallelgeschaltet sind und von denen jede dazu dient, eine Quellenspannung (EA, EB) und einen Quellenstrom (iA, iB) zu erzeugen, wobei jede Energiequelle eine elektrische Quelle (73a, 73b), einen Widerstand (75a, 75b) und eine Diode (74a, 74b) und eine Kopplungseinrichtung zum Koppeln der parallelgeschalteten Energiequellen an die Last (20) aufweist, um die Summe der Quellenströme (iA, iB) der Energiequellen als den Laststrom (IL) an die Last (20) zu liefern, wobei jede Quellenspannung (EA, EB) veränderlich ist, wenn der betreffende Quellenstrom (iA, iB) bei einem Anstieg des Lastverteilungsanteiles der betreffenden Energiequelle sich zwischen einem niedrigen und einem hohen Wert ändert,
       dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jede Energiequelle (71, 72) aufweist:
       eine Steuerungseinrichtung (70), die an die elektrische    Quelle (73a, 73b) gekoppelt ist, um die elektrische Spannung (EA, EB) entsprechend einer Kennlinie (81, 82) zu steuern, die so verläuft, daß die Quellenspannung ansteigt, wenn der Quellenstrom (iA, iB) von dem niedrigen Wert auf den hohen Wert ansteigt.
  3. Energieversorgungssystem nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Steuereinrichtung (70) jeder Energiequelle (51, 52) aufweist:
       eine Detektoreinrichtung (60a, 60b) zum Detektieren des elektrischen Stroms (IA, IB), um eine erste und eine zweite Stromkomponente entsprechend der Kennlinie (66, 67) zu erzeugen;
       eine Erzeugungseinrichtung zur Erzeugung der ersten Stromkomponente, um den Laststrom (IL) mittels der ersten Stromkomponente zu erzeugen; und
       einen Widerstand (56a, 56b), der auf die zweite Stromkomponete zur Erzeugung einer anteiligen Spannung anspricht, um den Anteil jeder Energiequelle (51, 52) zu bestimmen.
  4. Engergiequellensystem nach Anspruch 3, wobei die Detektoreinrichtung (60a, 60b) aufweist:
       eine Stromliefereinrichtung mit der Kennlinie (66, 67) zum Liefern der ersten und der zweiten Stromkomponente an die Erzeugungseinrichtung bzw. den Widerstand (56a, 56b); und
       eine Steuersignalversorgungseinrichtung, die an die Stromliefereinrichtung und die elektrische Quelle gekoppelt ist zum Versorgen der elektrischen Quelle mit einer Steuerspannung (Vc) in Abhängigkeit von der ersten und der zweiten Stromkomponente.
  5. Energieversorgungssystem nach Anspruch 2, wobei die Steuereinrichtung (70) jeder Energiequelle (71, 72) aufweist:
       einen Widerstand (75a, 75b) zum Bestimmen jedes der Anteile dadurch, daß zugelassen wird, daß ein Gleichstrom (iA, iB) durch ihn hindurchfließt; und
       eine Detektoreinrichtung (76a, 76b) zum Detektieren des Gleichstroms (iA, iB), um die elektrische Quelle mit einem Steuersignal in Abhängigkeit von dem Gleichstrom (iA, iB) zu versorgen, um die Kennlinie bereitzustellen.
  6. Energieversorgungssystem nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei die Steuereinrichtung (70) jeder Energiequelle (51, 52; 71, 72) aufweist:
       einen Widerstand, der an die elektrische Quelle gekoppelt ist, um jeden der Anteile zu bestimmen, indem zugelassen wird, daß ein Gleichstrom als der Quellenstrom durch ihn hindurchfließt, um eine Spannungsreduzierung über ihm zu entwickeln; und
       eine Detektoreinrichtung, die an die elektrische Quelle und an den Widerstand gekoppelt ist zum Detektieren der Spannungsreduzierung, um die elektrische Quelle mit einem Steuersignal in Abhängigkeit von der Spannungsreduzierung zu versorgen, um die Kennlinie (66, 67; 81, 82) bereitzustellen.
  7. Energieversorgungssystem nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, wobei die Steuereinrichtung (70) jeder Energiequelle (51, 52; 71, 72) aufweist:
       eine erste Einrichtung zum Überwachen der ersten Quellenkomponente jeder Energiequelle (51, 52; 71, 72), um festzustellen, ob der Anteil des Quellenstroms jeder Energiequelle einen vorgewählten Wert zwischen dem niedrigen und dem hohen Wert überschreitet; und
       eine zweite Einrichtung, die an die erste Einrichtung gekoppelt ist, zum Erzeugen des Quellenstroms und der Quellenspannung entsprechend der Kennlinie (66, 67; 81, 82) zwischen dem niedrigen und dem vorgewählten Wert und entsprechend einer Kennlinie, die der Kennlinie (66, 67; 81, 82) zwischen dem vorgewählten und dem hohen Wert entgegengesetzt ist.
EP19850109654 1984-08-02 1985-08-01 Energieversorgungsanordnung, bestehend aus einer Vielzahl von Energiequellen mit negativen Widerstandskarakteristiken Expired - Lifetime EP0173104B1 (de)

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JP163090/84 1984-08-02
JP16309084A JPS6142230A (ja) 1984-08-02 1984-08-02 負荷分担方式
JP16309184A JPH0628006B2 (ja) 1984-08-02 1984-08-02 負荷分担方式
JP163091/84 1984-08-02

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DE3587331T2 (de) 1993-08-19
DE3587331D1 (de) 1993-06-17
US4728807A (en) 1988-03-01
EP0173104A3 (en) 1987-07-15
EP0173104A2 (de) 1986-03-05

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