EP0168810B1 - Chalumeau à souder pour soudage par plasma-MIG - Google Patents

Chalumeau à souder pour soudage par plasma-MIG Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0168810B1
EP0168810B1 EP85108880A EP85108880A EP0168810B1 EP 0168810 B1 EP0168810 B1 EP 0168810B1 EP 85108880 A EP85108880 A EP 85108880A EP 85108880 A EP85108880 A EP 85108880A EP 0168810 B1 EP0168810 B1 EP 0168810B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plasma
nozzle
inert gas
gas nozzle
torch according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP85108880A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0168810A1 (fr
Inventor
Peter Blechert
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Mahle Behr GmbH and Co KG
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Behr GmbH and Co KG
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Publication of EP0168810A1 publication Critical patent/EP0168810A1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3421—Transferred arc or pilot arc mode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3425—Melting or consuming electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3452—Supplementary electrodes between cathode and anode, e.g. cascade

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a welding torch for plasma MIG welding with a melting electrode which is guided in a central electrical contact arrangement in the torch, an electrically conductive plasma nozzle which at least partially surrounds it and an inserted, non-melting annular plasma anode, between which and the workpiece the electrode enveloping plasma arc can be maintained, with an inert gas nozzle surrounding the plasma nozzle and with a protective gas nozzle surrounding all these parts.
  • the metal inert gas process is preferred for welding light metal, in particular aluminum and aluminum alloys.
  • This process is an inert gas welding process, in which an arc (MIG arc) is led from a melting electrode to the workpiece.
  • a protective gas for example argon or an argon mixture, is supplied.
  • the MIG process ensures a high energy density and the oxide skin of the light metal is torn open satisfactorily.
  • a disadvantage of the MIG process is that the supply of heat and thus also the penetration depth are dependent on the supply of the filler material (melting electrode). As a result, the MIG arch cannot be used to preheat the beginning of the seam. At the start of the seam, the entire cross-section to be welded cannot be recorded. In addition, the penetration shape cannot be adapted to predetermined workpiece contours. Finally, the pure MIG process also has the disadvantage of a relatively high spatter ejection.
  • a combined plasma MIG welding process is used instead of a pure MIG process.
  • There are two arcs in this process namely a MIG arc and a plasma arc.
  • the plasma arc envelops the MIG arc to a greater or lesser extent and can be used to preheat the seam at the start of a weld.
  • the combination of the two arcs has further advantages in connection with the minimization + intensive cooling of the focusing nozzle; for example, the plasma arc can partially melt the melting electrode, so that different process states can be reached, depending on whether the plasma arc or the MIG arc dominates.
  • the combination of the two arcs also results in an even better removal of the oxide skin on the surface of the workpiece and better cleaning of the same.
  • the spatter frequency is also much lower than with the pure MIG process.
  • a preferably annular plasma nozzle is provided which surrounds the melting electrode, through which the plasma gas can escape and in whose opening a non-melting plasma anode is inserted.
  • the plasma arc leading to the workpiece and enveloping the MIG arc attaches to this plasma anode.
  • the power supply to the plasma anode takes place via the plasma nozzle, i.e. H. the plasma nozzle must be made of an electrically conductive material.
  • Such a welding torch is described in the article "Plasma-MIG welding - a new torch and arc starting method in the journal" Metal Construction •, January 1981, page 36 ff.
  • This welding torch has a melting wire electrode, from which a MIG arc is drawn to the workpiece.
  • the wire electrode is surrounded by a non-melting plasma anode, from which the plasma arc emanates and envelops the MIG arc.
  • An intermediate or focussing gas is fed behind the plasma anode, which constricts and bundles the plasma arc.
  • the guidance of the focusing gas is taken over by a focusing nozzle. Behind this focusing nozzle, protective gas is supplied via a protective gas nozzle, which prevents atmospheric oxygen from entering the melt pool.
  • the focus gas guide and the shielding gas guide are connected to each other via channels.
  • a problem with such a plasma MIG welding torch is that the torch head is relatively large due to the concentrically surrounding nozzles (plasma nozzle, focusing nozzle, shielding gas nozzle).
  • the large diameter of the torch head precludes its use in many applications (e.g. when welding fillet welds).
  • the bore of the plasma anode has a relatively large diameter of the order of 14 mm, which results in a very wide plasma arc with a low energy density, so that the welding torch can only be used for comparatively wide seams and only a very small range of variation between the plasma characteristics and MIG characteristic is possible.
  • the invention has for its object to design a welding torch of the type mentioned in such a way that the plasma arc is considerably narrower than the plasma arc of known plasma MIG welding torches, which requires a significantly smaller outlet diameter of the nozzle opening of the torch.
  • the task is therefore to provide a construction that allows such a small nozzle diameter under the existing conditions.
  • the plasma anode and the plasma nozzle can therefore be made very small in inner diameter. It will also be possible to introduce the melting electrode and the contact tube guiding it much further into the plasma nozzle, since there is no fear of flashovers or discharges between this guide and contact tube and the plasma nozzle. This also reduces the deviation of the wire from the torch axis and the resulting uneven arc. This also gives the plasma anode and thus the plasma arc a relatively small diameter, which can still be constricted and stabilized by the focusing action of the ring-shaped inert gas jet. This enables welding of narrow seams or seams that are difficult to access.
  • the melting of the electrode and the melting of the base material + can influence the shape of the seam much better.
  • the entire burner can be made very small, for example with a total diameter of 30 to 35 mm.
  • the new welding torch is particularly suitable for welding aluminum and is preferably used for welding robots.
  • the current is fed to the plasma nozzle in a pulsating manner and at a frequency of 1 to 20 kHz. This allows control of the constriction of the plasma arc during welding without changing the nozzle for the purpose of adaptation to the seam geometry.
  • the plasma nozzle but also the inert gas nozzle, is to be water-cooled, as is known per se, it is advantageous to use the highly conductive copper for its production, which can be made correspondingly thin.
  • the hard anodized layer cannot be applied to copper.
  • the copper can first be galvanically coated with an aluminum layer which can then be hard anodized.
  • the formation of the plasma nozzle and inert gas nozzle in this way has proven to be particularly advantageous. Because of these insulating layers and their arrangement, it is only possible (instead of the previous inadequate ignition mechanisms) with the help of z. B.
  • the plasma anode arranged in the plasma nozzle can also be provided with a collar which overlaps the mouth of the plasma nozzle and which can be provided with a conical edge which tapers in the direction of the gas flow.
  • This configuration has the advantage that the end of the plasma nozzle facing the workpiece to be welded is formed entirely by the plasma anode, to which the plasma arc can start relatively broadly, so that the formation of an irregular arc, as is often the case in known embodiments occurred, is prevented.
  • the plasma arc also has an exactly circular shape and envelops the MIG arc. It can be influenced by the inert gas flow in addition for the purpose of bundling.
  • the conical edge of the plasma anode has the advantage that adaptation to the overall conical configuration is achieved and turbulence in the gas stream is prevented.
  • spacing ribs are provided which are distributed around the circumference from the respective inner part Bridge the annular gap between the concentrically nested parts. Such spacing ribs increase the stability of the arrangement on the one hand and on the other hand also guarantee that the concentric arrangement is maintained. This, in turn, ensures that gas jets emerge in a uniform ring, which also help to ensure that the plasma arc runs centrally and largely without interference.
  • the design of the cooling channels also depends on the design being as thin-walled as possible.
  • the cooling channels are divided into return flows by dividing walls and the dividing walls are designed in the form of rows of grooves arranged on both sides of the dividing wall in a semicircular shape, so that the two sides extend in each case support the dividing wall arches with their feet on the assigned walls.
  • this configuration enables narrow annular cooling spaces in the nozzles to be divided into outward and return flow.
  • it permits excellent stabilization of these cavities, which, together with the arrangement of spacing ribs between concentric parts, decisively improves the overall stability of the new burner despite the small dimensions and despite the arrangement of cavities.
  • the annular plasma anode can advantageously be conical on the outside, its opening angle being selected such that it can be inserted into a corresponding opening of the plasma nozzle with self-locking. This makes it easy to assemble the plasma anode and replace it if necessary.
  • Fig. 1 the torch head of a plasma MIG welding torch is designated by the reference numeral 1.
  • a workpiece is shown schematically and bears the reference number 2.
  • a melting wire electrode 4 is guided in a guide and contact tube 3. This wire electrode melts and supplies the filler material for the weld. It is tracked by a feed mechanism, not shown here.
  • the guide and contact tube 3 is connected to the positive pole of a DC voltage source 5, the negative pole of which is connected to the workpiece 2.
  • a schematically indicated arc 6 is maintained between the wire electrode 4 and the workpiece 2. This arc is the MIG arc.
  • the guide and contact tube 3 which is tapered in its front part, is surrounded by the plasma nozzle 7.
  • This plasma nozzle is made of copper and also tapers in the front area.
  • the plasma gas is fed inside the plasma nozzle in the direction of arrow 8.
  • argon is preferred because it offers the best ignition properties and the best arc stability due to its low ionization energy and its relatively high density.
  • the plasma anode 9 is inserted into the workpiece-side opening of the plasma nozzle 7.
  • This plasma anode has the shape of a ring made of carbon-copper sintered material, which can withstand high currents and does not form any alloys with any splashes.
  • the current supply to the plasma anode 9 takes place via the plasma nozzle 7, which is connected to the positive pole of a DC voltage source 10.
  • the negative pole of this DC voltage source is also on the workpiece 2.
  • the power supply to the plasma anode 9 is thus carried out indirectly via the plasma nozzle 7, just as the power supply to the wire electrode 4 takes place indirectly via the guide and contact tube 3.
  • An arc 11 the so-called plasma arc, is formed between the plasma anode 9 and the workpiece 2. This arc surrounds the MIG arc in a ring.
  • the plasma nozzle 7 is surrounded by an inert gas nozzle 12, which serves as a focusing nozzle.
  • This inert gas nozzle is made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
  • focusing gas is supplied in the direction of the arrow. This focusing gas envelops the plasma arc and ensures that it is centered and focused.
  • the inert gas nozzle 12 in turn is surrounded by the protective gas nozzle 14. Between this protective gas nozzle and the inert gas nozzle 15 protective gas is supplied in the direction of arrow.
  • This protective gas has the same or a similar composition as the focusing gas, i.e. it consists of an argon-helium mixture.
  • the protective gas has the task of preventing atmospheric oxygen from entering the welding point.
  • a union nut 16 On the outside of the protective gas nozzle 14 is a union nut 16, with which the burner head can be attached to the burner body, not shown here.
  • the inner surface of the plasma nozzle 7 facing the guide and contact tube 3 is provided with insulation which is resistant to high temperatures.
  • this insulation consists of a layer 17 of high-temperature-resistant lacquer, to which ceramic dust components are added. Because of this insulating layer, the diameter of the plasma nozzle 7 and also the plasma anode 9 can be selected to be significantly smaller without the risk of discharges between the plasma nozzle and the guide and contact tube 3 via spark or ionization paths.
  • the inner diameter of the plasma anode 9 is approximately 6 mm. This leads to a very narrow and concentrated plasma jet and also enables the entire burner head to have a very small diameter.
  • the tapered front part of the guide and contact tube 3 can be extended into the area of the plasma anode.
  • the free end of the wire electrode 4 can thus be bent without contact with the plasma anode by approximately the same angle as in known embodiments with a much larger diameter of the plasma anode.
  • the small diameter of the plasma arc also has the advantage that this arc can completely or partially take over the melting of the wire electrode. Various welding characteristics can be achieved in this way.
  • the small distance between the MIG arc and the plasma arc also has advantages when igniting the two arcs.
  • the wire electrode 4 initially becomes very long sam advanced until it touches the aluminum workpiece 2.
  • the wire feed switches off until the preheating time has expired and the MIG arc ignites within the plasma arc without spattering.
  • the weld seam is welded cleanly and completely even at the start of the welding process.
  • the small diameter of the plasma anode is also made possible by the fact that a cooling channel for cooling liquid, in particular water, is provided in the plasma nozzle 7.
  • the cooling channel is worked into the plasma nozzle in a ring shape and is divided by a metallic partition 18 into a cooling water supply 19 and a cooling water return 20.
  • the cooling liquid thus flows around the partition wall 18, reaching the area of the plasma anode and cooling it sufficiently.
  • the cooling channel and the partition 18 each have an annular, tapered shape.
  • the plasma nozzle 7 can consist, for example, of two concentric tubes which are connected in the region of the nozzle mouthpiece by electron beam welding.
  • the plasma anode has the shape of a cone widening in the exit direction of the plasma gas with an opening angle of approximately 1 °. As a result, the plasma anode sits in the mouthpiece of the plasma nozzle due to self-locking and can be inserted or exchanged easily and without further fastening means.
  • the annular plasma anode 9 is provided with a circumferential collar 21, which increases its area facing the workpiece 2. This ensures that an exactly annular plasma arc is formed without irregularities.
  • the collar 21 is provided with a chamfer 22 on its outside. This chamfering maintains a certain minimum distance from the focusing nozzle 12, so that the risk of discharge between the plasma anode and the focusing nozzle is avoided and the focusing gas flow is not swirled.
  • the focusing nozzle 12 which is made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, is provided with a hard anodized layer 23 in the region of the nozzle mouth.
  • This hard anodized layer has an insulating effect and enables the mouthpiece of the inert gas nozzle to be guided up to close to the plasma arc without fear of damage to the inert gas nozzle when the wire electrode 4 is bent. Due to the small inner diameter of 9 to 10 mm of the inert gas nozzle, the focusing gas can thus be brought up to very close to the plasma arc, which enables very good focusing and focusing of this plasma arc.
  • the inert gas nozzle 12 is provided with cooling similar to that of the plasma nozzle 7.
  • An annular cooling channel is divided by a partition 24 into a cooling water supply 25 and a cooling water return 26.
  • the cooling channel is guided up to the front area of the nozzle mouthpiece of the inert gas nozzle, so that it can be sufficiently cooled despite its proximity to the plasma arc.
  • the inert gas nozzle can also consist of two concentric tubes which are connected in the mouth area by electron beam welding.
  • the protective gas nozzle 14 is also provided with a hard anodized layer 27 in its mouth area.
  • This hard anodized layer has the same functions as the anodizing of the inert gas nozzle 12.
  • the focusing gas and the protective gas can be regulated independently of one another in order to be able to precisely set the different process states possible with the combined plasma MIG process.
  • the separation of the focusing gas from the shielding gas also achieves better bundling of the plasma arc, a stronger melting of the wire electrode and a smaller proportion of spatter.
  • the contact tube 3 for the electrode 4 is also drawn into the area of the plasma nozzle 7 ′ in the burner nozzle of FIG. 2. Here even so far that the lower end of the contact tube 3 engages in the plasma anode 9.
  • the plasma nozzle 7 ' is made of copper for better heat dissipation.
  • An aluminum layer is then first applied to this material by electroplating, which can then be anodized to the hard anodized layer 32.
  • the inert gas nozzle is also provided at its lower end with a mouthpiece 31 made of copper, which is provided in the same way with the hard anodized layer 32, which is, however, also applied to the upper region of the inert gas nozzle 12 '.
  • the protective gas nozzle 14 'can consist of aluminum and be hard-anodized. It is cooled by the flow 15 of the protective gas flowing between it and the internal parts.
  • the small dimensions approximately 50 f.Lm
  • other advantages of this type of insulating layer are the good heat transfer, the wear resistance and the spatter-repellent properties.
  • the cooling channels in the plasma nozzle 7 ' are subdivided by inserted partition walls 18' into the feed 19 'and return 20', as was also the case with the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 1.
  • the partition wall 18 ' is provided with recesses in the form of grooves 37 on the inside and outside, which have a semicircular cross section and, since they are are arranged one after the other on the circumference, in this way a number of inside and forms external arches, which are supported with their feet 38 and 39 respectively on the inner wall part of the plasma nozzle 7 'or on the outer wall part thereof.
  • the partition 24 ' is formed in the inert gas nozzle 12'.
  • This configuration leads to a reinforcement of these nozzles.
  • spacing cams 33 and 34 are provided on the outer circumference of the plasma nozzle 7 'and on the outer circumference of the inert gas nozzle 12', respectively, which bridge the annular gap 36 and 35 between the concentrically arranged parts. The stability of the burner constructed in this way can be kept very high despite the small dimensions.
  • the nozzle mouth 31 of the inert gas nozzle is designed in a particularly streamlined manner.
  • the diameter d of the opening of the inert gas nozzle is in the range between 7 and 9 mm. This means that the overall diameter of the burner designed in this way can be less than 35 mm.
  • the nozzle mouth 31 of the inert gas nozzle is made of copper, because a pilot arc can be generated between the plasma anode 9 or its conical collar 21 and the opposite part 31a of the nozzle mouth 31 of the inert gas nozzle 12 ', which is used for ignition of the plasma arc can be used.
  • this pilot arc since it must be ignited at high frequency is only possible by combining galvanoaluminating and subsequent hard anodizing of the copper nozzles, which prevents flashovers.
  • at least four insulating layers are provided between the contact points of the plasma and inert gas nozzle due to the construction. (This in turn enables the plasma and inert gas nozzles to be supported on the cams 33).
  • FIG. 2a shows the opening angle a which can also be provided in the embodiment of FIG. 1 and in which the plasma anode 9 in the burner can be exchanged quickly and easily.
  • the coolant flow in the plasma nozzle 7 'or in the inert gas nozzle 12' is, as in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, in a flow 19 'or 25' and divided a return 26 'or 20'.
  • an annular filter 30 is used, the z. B. can consist of sintered material.

Claims (11)

1. Chalumeau à souder pour soudage par plasma-MIG comportant une électrode (4) destinée à la fusion, qui est guidée dans un dispositif de contact électrique situé au centre du chalumeau, une buse de plasma (7, 7') conductrice du courant électrique, qui entoure, au moins en partie, cette dernière, avec une anode à plasma (21), de forme annulaire et non soumise à la fusion, qui permet d'entretenir entre elle-même et la pièce un arc- plasma (11) enveloppant l'électrode, un arc auxiliaire qui brûle entre la buse de plasma et la buse de gaz inerte ainsi qu'une buse de gaz inerte qui entoure la buse de plasma et une buse de gaz de protection qui enferme toutes ces pièces, caractérisé par les caractéristiques suivantes :
a) Le dispositif de contact de l'électrode est constitué par un tube de contact (3) qui se rétrécit par rapport à la buse de plasma (7, 7') en adoptant un profil conique, est pourvu d'un alésage rigoureusement adapté au diamètre de l'électrode et est entouré, tout au moins à son extrémité de sortie de l'électrode (7, 7'), par la buse de plasma (7, 7') ou l'anode à plasma (21).
b) La buse de plasma (7, 7'), la buse de gaz inerte (12, 12') et la buse de gaz de protection (14, 14') sont pourvues, au moins dans la région de leur embouchure, d'une couche isolante résistant à des températures très élevées, en particulier d'une couche dure d'aluminium anodisé (17, 23, 32).
c) L'électrode (4) pénètre, à travers la buse de plasma (7, 7'), jusqu'à la zone de la buse de gaz inerte (12, 12').
d) La buse de gaz inerte (12, 12') est réalisée de telle sorte que le jet de gaz produit sert pour la concentration contrôlable du jet de plasma.
e) La buse de gaz inerte (12, 12') présente un diamètre (d) de passage dont l'ordre de grandeur est de 6 à 11 mm, en particulier de 7 à 9 mm.
2. Chalumeau à souder selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la buse de gaz se rétrécit coniquement suivant la direction du courant de gaz (13).
3. Chalumeau à souder selon les revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce que l'alimentation en courant de la buse de plasma (7, 7') s'effectue par impulsions, émises à une fréquence de 1 à 20 kHz.
4. Chalumeau à souder selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la buse de plasma (7'), tout au moins, et/ou la buse de gaz inerte (12') est pourvue d'une couche d'aluminium plaquée par électrolyse avec formation consécutive d'une couche dure anodisée.
5. Chalumeau à souder selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que les couches dures anodisées sont disposées de manière à présenter quatre couches isolantes au moins aux endroits de contact des buses de plasma et de gaz inerte.
6. Chalumeau à souder selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que l'anode à plasma (9) disposée dans la buse de plasma (7) est pourvue d'un collet (21) qui recouvre l'embouchure de la buse de plasma.
7. Chalumeau à souder selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que le collet (21) est pourvu d'un bord à profil conique (22) qui se rétrécit suivant le sens du courant.
8. Chalumeau à souder selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la buse de plasma (7'), la buse de gaz inerte (12') et la buse de gaz de protection (14') sont réalisées dans une matière à parois minces et centrées ensemble au moyen de bossages d'écartement (33, 34) favorables à l'écoulement et qui, partant de la partie intérieure, sont répartis sur l'écoulement et pontent la fente annulaire (35, 36) séparant les parties.
9. Chalumeau à souder selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la buse de gaz inerte (12') et la buse de plasma (7') sont refroidies par eau et, en ce que les canaux de refroidissement de forme annulaire sont partagés en une arrivée et un retour (25', 26' ; 19', 20') par des cloisons de séparation aménagées en leur intérieur et qui comportent des gorges (37) disposées des deux côtés de la cloison de séparation dont les bords s'appuient sur la paroi extérieure en regard.
10. Chalumeau à souder selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que les gorges (37) ont une section de forme semi-circulaire et en ce que les arcs ainsi formés s'appuient par leurs bases (38, 39) sur les parois.
11. Chalumeau à souder selon une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que l'anode à plasma (9) présente extérieurement une forme conique et en ce que son angle d'ouverture (a) est choisi de telle sorte qu'elle puisse être montée avec auto-blocage dans une ouverture correspondante à la buse de plasma (7).
EP85108880A 1984-07-18 1985-07-16 Chalumeau à souder pour soudage par plasma-MIG Expired EP0168810B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3426410 1984-07-18
DE19843426410 DE3426410A1 (de) 1984-07-18 1984-07-18 Schweissbrenner zum plasma-mig-schweissen

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EP0168810A1 EP0168810A1 (fr) 1986-01-22
EP0168810B1 true EP0168810B1 (fr) 1987-11-11

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CN109773359B (zh) * 2019-03-07 2023-09-12 哈尔滨工业大学（威海） 用于窄间隙焊接的等离子-mig复合焊接装置
AT522980B1 (de) * 2019-10-07 2022-06-15 Univ Wien Tech VORRICHTUNG ZUM AUFTRAGSSCHWEIßEN
CN117483772B (zh) * 2023-12-29 2024-03-29 西安赛隆增材技术股份有限公司 一种等离子雾化制粉设备的制粉方法

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EP0168810A1 (fr) 1986-01-22
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