EP0162269B1 - Process and device for reheating flue gases - Google Patents

Process and device for reheating flue gases Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0162269B1
EP0162269B1 EP85104409A EP85104409A EP0162269B1 EP 0162269 B1 EP0162269 B1 EP 0162269B1 EP 85104409 A EP85104409 A EP 85104409A EP 85104409 A EP85104409 A EP 85104409A EP 0162269 B1 EP0162269 B1 EP 0162269B1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
flue gas
flue
heat
heated
heat exchanger
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EP85104409A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0162269A3 (en
EP0162269A2 (en
Inventor
Horst Daschmann
Klaus Dipl.-Ing. Schmitt
Jürgen Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Künzel
Siegfried Dipl.-Ing. Rochna
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Balcke Duerr AG
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Balcke Duerr AG
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Priority to AT85104409T priority Critical patent/ATE46960T1/en
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23JREMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/08Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of heaters
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/02Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of carbon, e.g. graphite

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for reheating a flue gas coming from the flue gas cleaning system working according to the wet method by means of a heat exchanger arranged in the flue gas stream with a plurality of pipes through which a heat transfer medium flows and around which the cleaned gases flow, which are then discharged into the atmosphere via a chimney , and an apparatus for performing this method.
  • flue gases In order to comply with the legally required immission requirements, flue gases must be cleaned, u. a. be desulfurized. Particularly favorable values can be achieved with flue gas cleaning systems that use the wet process. However, the cleaned flue gases emerging from such flue gas cleaning systems are not only cooled to a temperature of approximately 50 ° C. by the wet cleaning process, but are also saturated with water vapor. In order to be able to discharge such cleaned flue gases into the atmosphere, two methods are currently available, namely firstly the flue gases are discharged via a cooling tower, the exhaust gas flow of which is mixed with the flue gases, and secondly, a recuperative or regenerative reheating of the cleaned flue gases before their discharge into the atmosphere by means of a chimney.
  • the present invention relates exclusively to the reheating of the cleaned flue gases before they are discharged into the atmosphere via a chimney.
  • a method for reheating cleaned flue gases by means of a heat exchanger in which the flue gas coming from wet cleaning and passed through a droplet separator is first heated in such a way that all water drops still present in the flue gas evaporate and that dry flue gas is then heated by downstream heat exchangers to the temperature required for introduction into the chimney.
  • a mixing chamber is connected upstream of this, in which hot air is mixed with the water vapor-saturated flue gas and the mixture is thereby brought to a temperature above the dew point of the mixture.
  • the cleaned flue gas is further heated in the heat exchanger by simultaneous cooling of the uncleaned flue gas which is conducted in countercurrent or crossflow.
  • a further heat exchanger heated with steam is provided for heating the hot air added in the mixing chamber.
  • a corresponding system is also known from DE-A-2 703 681.
  • DE-A-2 724 030 there is a recirculation line via which part of the already heated, cleaned flue gas is fed to a dryer connected upstream of the heat exchanger, so that by wiping with the damp flue gas flowing in from the flue gas cleaning system, it is already in front of the Heat exchanger a mixture temperature above the dew point temperature is generated.
  • the cleaned flue gases are heated in the heat exchanger by simultaneous cooling of the uncleaned flue gases in cross-flow or counterflow.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method and a device for reheating flue gases coming from a flue gas purification system which works according to the wet method, the heat exchangers of which are arranged in the flue gas stream and which have a service life correspond to those of the other system components, whereby the investment costs are in an economically reasonable range.
  • the solution to this problem by the method according to the invention is characterized in that, for heating the flue gas until all the water drops still present, the flue gas flows through an indirect pre-heat exchanger connected to the droplet separator, consisting essentially of graphite and provided with pipes, the heat carrier of which flows through an im is essentially heated from graphite, provided with pipes, indirect flue gas cooler, which removes part of its heat from the unpurified flue gas stream before wet cleaning.
  • the pipes and essential components of which are made of graphite By drying the moist flue gases in an indirect pre-heat exchanger, the pipes and essential components of which are made of graphite, the flue gases become theirs corrosive effect taken so that they can then be heated by downstream heat exchangers made of metal, preferably high-alloy steel, to the temperature required for introduction into the chimney.
  • the use of relatively expensive heat exchange surfaces made of graphite is thus limited to a part of the heat exchanger surface arranged in the flue gas flow.
  • the unpurified flue gas flow can be cooled down to areas below its dew point temperature without the risk of corrosion, which improves the heating and drying of the cleaned flue gas in the pre-heat exchanger.
  • the investment costs are therefore in an economic range, especially if the considerably increased service life of the heat exchanger surfaces used for reheating is taken into account.
  • Components that have already proven themselves in the chemical industry can be used for the pre-heat exchanger and the flue gas cooler.
  • Such heat exchangers can be designed in a modular design, so that appropriate heat exchangers can be put together for each individual case.
  • the heat transfer medium preferably water, circulates in a closed circuit.
  • the heat used to reheat the cleaned flue gases is extracted from the uncleaned flue gas which, for example, has a temperature of approximately 140 ° Celsius before entering wet cleaning.
  • the flue gas cooler arranged in the unpurified flue gas stream cools the flue gases to below the dew point, so that a high level of corrosion z. B. occurs through sulphurous acid, the flue gas cooler withstands these extreme stresses because it consists of graphite in its essential parts.
  • An improvement of the method according to the invention can be achieved by branching some of the heated and dried flue gas flow into the chimney before discharge and introducing it streak-free into the cleaned flue gas flow via a static mixer connected downstream of the droplet separator.
  • This recirculating partial flow of the heated, cleaned flue gas pre-dries the flue gas supplied to the heat exchangers, so that a reduction of the heat exchange surfaces consisting essentially of graphite can be achieved by this addition of dry, heated flue gas.
  • the device for carrying out the method according to the invention is characterized in that the tubes of the pre-heat exchanger used for drying the cleaned flue gas or of the flue gas cooler arranged in the uncleaned flue gas stream are made of synthetic resin impregnated electrographite. According to a further feature of the invention, these tubes can be wrapped like a net with carbon fibers that are under tension.
  • a boiler system 1 In the system shown in Fig. 1, a boiler system 1 is shown, the flue gases laden with pollutants are fed through a flue gas line 2 to a flue gas cleaning system 3 working according to the wet process.
  • This flue gas cleaning system 3 is followed by a water separator 4, so that the cleaned flue gases, which the Cooled flue gas cleaning system 3 to approx. 50 ° Celsius and leave saturated with water vapor, only contain small residual amounts of water drops.
  • the cleaned flue gases pass through a clean gas line 5 through a silencer 6 into a chimney 7, through which they are discharged into the atmosphere.
  • a flue gas blower 8 is arranged in front of the silencer 6 in the clean gas line 5.
  • an essentially graphite pre-heat exchanger 9 is arranged, in which the flue gas coming from the flue gas cleaning system 3 is heated in such a way that all moisture still present in the flue gas evaporates.
  • the cleaned flue gas thus emerges heated and dried from the pre-heat exchanger 9 and then passes into a heat exchanger 10 which is made of metal, preferably high-alloy steel.
  • a heat exchanger 10 which is made of metal, preferably high-alloy steel.
  • a cleaning device 11 which, for example, consists of a plurality of lance screw blowers, the cleaning being carried out by blowing off the heating surfaces with a steam jet.
  • a steam jet for example, dry, superheated superheated steam with a pressure of 12 to 16 bar and a superheating temperature of approx. 350 ° Celsius is used as cleaning steam.
  • a portion of the flue gas preheated and dried in the pre-heat exchanger 9 and heated in the heat exchanger 10 is branched off between the heat exchanger 10 and the flue gas blower 8 and fed into the clean gas line 5 through a recirculation line 12 between the water separator and the cleaning device 11.
  • the returned part of the flue gas flow is 5 to 10% of the total gas throughput.
  • a recirculation blower 13 is used in the recirculation line 12 to transport the recirculating flue gas and to overcome the pressure difference.
  • the recirculating partial stream of the heated flue gas which is admixed with the moist and cold flue gas stream and in this way causes predrying, is fed to the moist flue gas stream with the aid of a static mixer 14.
  • This mixer 14 ensures that a uniform temperature distribution over the entire flow cross section is achieved after a short mixing section.
  • the heat transfer medium for the pre-heat exchanger 9 and the downstream heat exchanger 10 is circulated in a circuit line 15 and heated in a flue gas cooler 16 which is arranged in front of the flue gas cleaning system 3 in the flue gas line 2.
  • This flue gas cooler 16 consists essentially of graphite and thus corresponds to the pre-heat exchanger 9. Like this, the flue gas cooler 16 is preceded by a cleaning device 11.
  • the heat transfer between the flue gas cooler 16 and the pre-heat exchanger 9 or heat exchanger 10 takes place with the aid of a circulation pump system 17, which is also shown schematically.
  • the cleaned flue gases are re-heated by means of a heat carrier which is circulated in a closed circuit, preferably formed by water, and which removes heat from the uncleaned flue gas, which has a temperature of approximately 140 ° Celsius before entering the flue gas cleaning system 3.
  • a heat carrier which is circulated in a closed circuit, preferably formed by water, and which removes heat from the uncleaned flue gas, which has a temperature of approximately 140 ° Celsius before entering the flue gas cleaning system 3.
  • two pumps connected in parallel are provided in the circulation pump system 17 so that the pump system remains functional even if one pump fails.
  • the flue gas cooler 16 Although in the flue gas cooler 16 the uncleaned flue gases are cooled down to below the dew point and a high corrosive stress, for example due to sulphurous acid, occurs, the flue gas cooler 16 has a long service life since it consists essentially of graphite. The pipes of the flue gas cooler 16 are regularly cleaned by the cleaning device 11.
  • a heater stage 18 can be provided downstream of the heat exchanger 10, as shown in FIG. This z. B. steam heated heater stage 18 not only has the task of achieving a further increase in the flue gas temperature, but also preheat the flue gases flowing back through the recirculation line 12 when starting. In addition, when the system is switched off, such a heating stage 18 keeps the heat exchanger surfaces endangered by swaths from the flue gas cleaning system 3.
  • a pipe 19 used in the pre-heat exchanger 9 or in the flue gas cooler 16 shows a smooth-walled pipe which has been produced from synthetic resin-impregnated electrographite in a continuous pressing process.
  • This tube 19 is wrapped like a net with carbon fibers 20, which are under high tension and thus serve to reinforce the graphite tube.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chimneys And Flues (AREA)

Abstract

1. A method of reheating flue gases coming from a flue-gas purification plant operating by the wet process, using a heat exchanger disposed in the stream of flue gas and comprising a number of tubes through which a heat transfer medium flows and round which the purified gases flow before being discharged through a chimney to atmosphere, the flue gas coming from wet purification and conveyed over a mist collector first being heated until all the water droplets remaining in the flue gas evaporate, after which the dry flue gas is heated by downstream heat exchangers to the temperature required for entering the chimney, characterized in that in order to heat the flue gas until all the remaining water droplets evaporate, the flue gas flows through a tubed indirect additional heat exchanger (9) disposed downstream of the mist collector (4) and consisting mainly of graphite and containing a heat transfer medium which is heated by a tubed indirect flue gas cooler (16) which consists mainly of graphite and withdraws some of the heat from the stream of unpurified flue gas before wet purification (3).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Wiederaufheizung von einer nach dem Naßverfahren arbeitenden Rauchgasreinigungsanlage kommenden Rauchgasen mittels eines im Rauchgasstrom angeordneten Wärmeaustauschers mit einer Mehrzahl von Rohren die von einem Wärmeträger durchflossen und von den gereinigten Gasen umströmt werden, die anschließend über einen Schornstein in die Atmosphäre abgeleitet werden, sowie eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung dieses Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for reheating a flue gas coming from the flue gas cleaning system working according to the wet method by means of a heat exchanger arranged in the flue gas stream with a plurality of pipes through which a heat transfer medium flows and around which the cleaned gases flow, which are then discharged into the atmosphere via a chimney , and an apparatus for performing this method.

Um gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Immissionsauflagen zu erfüllen, müssen Rauchgase gereinigt, u. a. entschwefelt werden. Besonders günstige Werte lassen sich mit nach dem Naßverfahren arbeitenden Rauchgasreinigungsanlagen erzielen. Die aus derartigen Rauchgasreinigungsanlagen austretenden, gereinigten Rauchgase werden jedoch durch den nassen Reinigungsprozeß nicht nur auf eine Temperatur von ca. 50° Celsius abgekühlt, sondern sind darüber hinaus mit Wasserdampf gesättigt. Um derartige gereinigte Rauchgase in die Atmosphäre ableiten zu können, stehen derzeit zwei Verfahren zur Verfügung, nämlich einmal eine Ableitung der Rauchgase über einen Kühlturm, dessen Abluftstrom die Rauchgase beigemischt werden, und zum anderen eine rekuperative oder regenerative Wiederaufheizung der gereinigten Rauchgase vor deren Ableitung in die Atmosphäre mittels eines Schornsteins.In order to comply with the legally required immission requirements, flue gases must be cleaned, u. a. be desulfurized. Particularly favorable values can be achieved with flue gas cleaning systems that use the wet process. However, the cleaned flue gases emerging from such flue gas cleaning systems are not only cooled to a temperature of approximately 50 ° C. by the wet cleaning process, but are also saturated with water vapor. In order to be able to discharge such cleaned flue gases into the atmosphere, two methods are currently available, namely firstly the flue gases are discharged via a cooling tower, the exhaust gas flow of which is mixed with the flue gases, and secondly, a recuperative or regenerative reheating of the cleaned flue gases before their discharge into the atmosphere by means of a chimney.

Sowohl für mit Rauchgasreinigungsanlagen nachzurüstende Altanlagen als auch für Neubauten läßt sich das wirtschaftlichste Verfahren nur unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen Standortbedingungen ermitteln, wie Energiekosten, Lastfahrplan, Anordnung der Rauchgasreinigungsanlage in Zuordnung zu den übrigen Kraftwerkskomponenten und verbleibender Betriebszeit. Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ausschließlich die Wiederaufheizung der gereinigten Rauchgase vor ihrer Ableitung in die Atmosphäre über einen Schornstein.Both for old systems to be retrofitted with flue gas cleaning systems and for new buildings, the most economical method can only be determined taking into account the respective site conditions, such as energy costs, load schedule, arrangement of the flue gas cleaning system in association with the other power plant components and remaining operating time. The present invention relates exclusively to the reheating of the cleaned flue gases before they are discharged into the atmosphere via a chimney.

Bei der Wiederaufheizung der aus einer nach dem Naßverfahren arbeitenden Rauchgasreinigungsanlage kommenden Rauchgase mittels eines im Rauchgasstrom angeordneten Wärmeaustauschers werden dessen vom wärmeabgebenden Wärmeträger durchflossene und vom aufzuheizenden Rauchgas umströmte Rohre einer hohen korrosiven Beanspruchung ausgesetzt, da die gereinigten Rauchgase mit von der Naßreinigung herrührendem Wasserdampf gesättigt sind, der in Verbindung mit Restgehalten an chemischen Verunreinigungen starke Korrosionen hervorruft. Auch aus hochlegierten Stählen hergestellte Wärmeaustauscher erreichen somit nur eine unbefriedigende Standzeit.When the flue gases coming from a flue gas cleaning system working according to the wet process are reheated by means of a heat exchanger arranged in the flue gas stream, the pipes through which the heat-emitting heat carrier flows and around which the flue gas to be heated flows are exposed to a high corrosive stress, since the cleaned flue gases are saturated with water vapor originating from the wet cleaning. which, in conjunction with residual chemical contaminants, causes severe corrosion. Even heat exchangers made from high-alloy steels only achieve an unsatisfactory service life.

Aus der DE-A-2 724 030 ist ein Verfahren zur Wiederaufheizung von gereinigten Rauchgasen mittels eines Wärmeaustauschers bekannt, bei dem das aus der Naßreinigung kommende und über einen Tropfenabscheider geleitete Rauchgas zuerst derart aufgeheizt wird, daß sämtliche im Rauchgas noch vorhandene Wassertropfen verdampfen und das trockene Rauchgas anschließend durch nachgeschaltete Wärmeaustauscher auf die für die Einleitung in den Schornstein erforderliche Temperatur erhitzt wird. Zur Verhinderung von Taupunktsunterschreitungen des gereinigten Rauchgases im Wärmeaustauscher ist diesem eine Mischkammer vorgeschaltet, in der dem wasserdampfgesättigten Rauchgas Heißluft zugemischt und die Mischung dadurch auf eine Temperatur oberhalb des Taupunkts der Mischung gebracht wird. Die weitere Aufheizung des gereinigten Rauchgases im Wärmeaustauscher erfolgt durch gleichzeitige Abkühlung des im Gegen- oder Kreuzstrom geführten ungereinigten Rauchgases. Zur Erhitzung der in der Mischkammer zugegebenen Heißluft ist ein mit Wasserdampf beheizter, weiterer Wärmeaustauscher vorgesehen.From DE-A-2 724 030 a method for reheating cleaned flue gases by means of a heat exchanger is known, in which the flue gas coming from wet cleaning and passed through a droplet separator is first heated in such a way that all water drops still present in the flue gas evaporate and that dry flue gas is then heated by downstream heat exchangers to the temperature required for introduction into the chimney. To prevent the cleaned flue gas from falling below the dew point in the heat exchanger, a mixing chamber is connected upstream of this, in which hot air is mixed with the water vapor-saturated flue gas and the mixture is thereby brought to a temperature above the dew point of the mixture. The cleaned flue gas is further heated in the heat exchanger by simultaneous cooling of the uncleaned flue gas which is conducted in countercurrent or crossflow. A further heat exchanger heated with steam is provided for heating the hot air added in the mixing chamber.

Eine entsprechende Anlage ist weiterhin aus der DE-A-2 703 681 bekannt. Hier ist im Unterschied zur DE-A-2 724 030 eine Rezirkulationsleitung vorhanden, über die ein Teil des bereits erhitzten, gereinigten Rauchgases einem dem Wärmeaustauscher vorgeschalteten Trockner zugeführt wird, so daß durch Wischung mit dem von der Rauchgasreinigungsanlage zuströmenden, feuchten Rauchgas bereits vor dem Wärmeaustauscher eine oberhalb der Taupunktstemperatur liegende Mischungstemperatur erzeugt wird. Ebenso die bei der DE-A-2 724 030 erfolgt die Aufheizung der gereinigten Rauchgase im Wärmeaustaucher durch gleichzeitiges Abkühlen der ungereinigten Rauchgase im Kreuz-oder Gegenstrom.A corresponding system is also known from DE-A-2 703 681. In contrast to DE-A-2 724 030, there is a recirculation line via which part of the already heated, cleaned flue gas is fed to a dryer connected upstream of the heat exchanger, so that by wiping with the damp flue gas flowing in from the flue gas cleaning system, it is already in front of the Heat exchanger a mixture temperature above the dew point temperature is generated. Likewise in DE-A-2 724 030, the cleaned flue gases are heated in the heat exchanger by simultaneous cooling of the uncleaned flue gases in cross-flow or counterflow.

Ausgehend von dem aus der DE-A-2 703 681 bekannten Verfahren liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Wiederaufheizung von aus einer nach dem Naßverfahren arbeitenden Rauchgasreinigungsanlage kommenden Rauchgasen zu schaffen, deren im Rauchgasstrom angeordnete Wärmeaustauscher Standzeiten erreichen, die denen der anderen Anlagenkomponenten entsprechen, wobei die Investitionskosten in wirtschaftlich vertretbarem Rahmen liegen.On the basis of the method known from DE-A-2 703 681, the object of the invention is to provide a method and a device for reheating flue gases coming from a flue gas purification system which works according to the wet method, the heat exchangers of which are arranged in the flue gas stream and which have a service life correspond to those of the other system components, whereby the investment costs are in an economically reasonable range.

Die Lösung dieser Aufgabenstellung durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Aufheizung des Rauchgases bis zur Verdampfung sämtlicher noch vorhandener Wassertropfen das Rauchgas einen dem Tropfenabscheider nachgeschalteten, im wesentlichen aus Graphit bestehenden, mit Rohren versehenen, indirekten Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher durchströmt, dessen Wärmeträger durch einen im wesentlichen aus Graphit bestehenden, mit Rohren versehenen, indirekten Rauchgaskühler aufgeheizt wird, der dem ungereinigten Rauchgasstrom vor der Naßreinigung einen Teil seiner Wärme entzieht.The solution to this problem by the method according to the invention is characterized in that, for heating the flue gas until all the water drops still present, the flue gas flows through an indirect pre-heat exchanger connected to the droplet separator, consisting essentially of graphite and provided with pipes, the heat carrier of which flows through an im is essentially heated from graphite, provided with pipes, indirect flue gas cooler, which removes part of its heat from the unpurified flue gas stream before wet cleaning.

Durch die Trocknung der feuchten Rauchgase in einem indirekten Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher, dessen Rohre und wesentliche Bestandteile aus Graphit bestehen, wird den Rauchgasen ihre korrosive Wirkung genommen, so daß sie anschließend durch nachgeschaltete Wärmeaustauscher aus Metall, vorzugsweise aus hochlegiertem Stahl, auf die für die Einleitung in den Schornstein erforderliche Temperatur erhitzt werden können. Der Einsatz verhältnismäßig teurer Wärmeaustauschflächen aus Graphit wird somit erfindungsgemäß auf einen Teil der im Rauchgasstrom angeordneten Wärmetauscherfläche beschränkt. Durch die Verwendung von Graphit auch bei dem den Wärmeträger aufheizenden Rauchgaskühler läßt sich der ungereinigte Rauchgasstrom ohne die Gefahr von Korrosion bis in Bereiche unterhalb seiner Taupunktstemperatur abkühlen, wodurch die Erwärmung und Trocknung des gereinigten Rauchgases im Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher verbessert wird. Die Investitionskosten liegen somit in einem wirtschaftlichen Bereich, insbesondere wenn die erheblich gesteigerte Standzeit der für die Wiederaufheizung verwendeten Wärmetauscherflächen berücksichtigt wird. Für den Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher und den Rauchgaskühler können Bauteile verwendet werden, wie sie sich bereits in der chemischen Industrie bewährt haben. Derartige Wärmeaustauscher können in Modulbauweise ausgeführt werden, so daß für jeden Einzelfall entsprechende Wärmeaustauscher zusammengestellt werden können.By drying the moist flue gases in an indirect pre-heat exchanger, the pipes and essential components of which are made of graphite, the flue gases become theirs corrosive effect taken so that they can then be heated by downstream heat exchangers made of metal, preferably high-alloy steel, to the temperature required for introduction into the chimney. The use of relatively expensive heat exchange surfaces made of graphite is thus limited to a part of the heat exchanger surface arranged in the flue gas flow. By using graphite also in the flue gas cooler that heats the heat transfer medium, the unpurified flue gas flow can be cooled down to areas below its dew point temperature without the risk of corrosion, which improves the heating and drying of the cleaned flue gas in the pre-heat exchanger. The investment costs are therefore in an economic range, especially if the considerably increased service life of the heat exchanger surfaces used for reheating is taken into account. Components that have already proven themselves in the chemical industry can be used for the pre-heat exchanger and the flue gas cooler. Such heat exchangers can be designed in a modular design, so that appropriate heat exchangers can be put together for each individual case.

Bei dem regenerativen Verfahren der Erfindung läuft der Wärmeträger, vorzugsweise Wasser, in einem geschlossenen Kreislauf um. Die zur Wiederaufheizung der gereinigten Rauchgase dienende Wärme wird dem ungereinigten Rauchgas entzogen, das vor Eintritt in die Naßreinigung beispielsweise eine Temperatur von etwa 140° Celsius hat. Obwohl der im ungereinigten Rauchgasstrom angeordnete Rauchgaskühler die Rauchgase bis unter den Taupunkt abkühlt, so daß eine hohe Korrosionsbeanspruchung z. B. durch schweflige Säure auftritt, widersteht der Rauchgaskühler diesen extremen Beanspruchungen, weil er in seinen wesentlichen Teilen aus Graphit besteht.In the regenerative method of the invention, the heat transfer medium, preferably water, circulates in a closed circuit. The heat used to reheat the cleaned flue gases is extracted from the uncleaned flue gas which, for example, has a temperature of approximately 140 ° Celsius before entering wet cleaning. Although the flue gas cooler arranged in the unpurified flue gas stream cools the flue gases to below the dew point, so that a high level of corrosion z. B. occurs through sulphurous acid, the flue gas cooler withstands these extreme stresses because it consists of graphite in its essential parts.

Eine Verbesserung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens läßt sich dadurch erzielen, ein Teil des erhitzten und getrockneten Rauchgasstromes vor der Ableitung in den Schornstein abgezweigt und über einen dem Tropfenabscheider nachgeschalteten statischen Mischer strähnenfrei in den gereinigten Rauchgasstrom eingeleitet wird. Durch diesen rezirkulierenden Teilstrom des aufgeheizten gereinigten Rauchgases erfolgt eine Vortrocknung des den Wärmeaustauschern zugeführten Rauchgases, so daß sich durch diese Beimischung von trockenem, erhitztem Rauchgas eine Reduzierung der im wesentlichen aus Graphit bestehenden Wärmeaustauschflächen erzielen läßt.An improvement of the method according to the invention can be achieved by branching some of the heated and dried flue gas flow into the chimney before discharge and introducing it streak-free into the cleaned flue gas flow via a static mixer connected downstream of the droplet separator. This recirculating partial flow of the heated, cleaned flue gas pre-dries the flue gas supplied to the heat exchangers, so that a reduction of the heat exchange surfaces consisting essentially of graphite can be achieved by this addition of dry, heated flue gas.

Die Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Rohre des zur Trocknung des gereinigten Rauchgases verwendeten Vorschaltwärmeaustauschers bzw. des im ungereinigten Rauchgasstrom angeordneten Rauchgaskühlers aus kunstharzimprägniertem Elektrographit hergestellt sind. Gemäß einem weiteren Merkmal der Erfindung können diese Rohre mit unter Vorspannung stehenden Carbonfasern netzartig umwickelt sein.The device for carrying out the method according to the invention is characterized in that the tubes of the pre-heat exchanger used for drying the cleaned flue gas or of the flue gas cooler arranged in the uncleaned flue gas stream are made of synthetic resin impregnated electrographite. According to a further feature of the invention, these tubes can be wrapped like a net with carbon fibers that are under tension.

Durch die Verwendung kunstharzimprägnierten Elektrographits ergibt sich nicht nur eine sehr gute Korrosionsbeständigkeit und eine thermische Dauerbelastbarkeit bis 200° Celsius, sondern auch die Möglichkeit, die Rohre des Vorschaltwärmeaustauschers und des Rauchgaskühlers in einem kontinuierlichen Preßvorgang herzustellen. Das netzartige Umwickeln derartiger Rohre mit unter hoher Vorspannung stehenden Carbonfasern ergibt eine beträchtliche Erhöhung des Berstdruckes dieser Rohre, so daß die Wärmeaustauscher wesentlich unempfindlicher gegen Dampfschlage und unzulässige Drucküberschreitungen werden. Da Carbonfasern eine negative thermische Längenausdehnung haben, hat eine Temperaturerhöhung der aus Elektrographit bestehenden Rohre eine zunehmende Vorspannung zur Folge. Auch wenn infolge Überbeanspruchung ein Riß in derartigen Rohren auftritt, bleibt das Rohr bis zu einem Differenzdruck von mehreren bar Überdruck flüssigkeitsdicht, weil die das Rohr netzartig umgebenden Carbonfasern aufgrund ihrer hohen Vorspannung die Öffnung des Risses verhindern. Durch das vollelastische verhalten der Carbonfasern wird schließlich erreicht, daß auch bei stark wechselnder bzw. schwellender Belastung die Vorspannung erhalten bleibt. Die chemische Beständigkeit von Carbonfasern ist im übrigen identisch mit der von Graphit und von Phenolharz, das zur Imprägnierung des Elektrographits verwendet wird.The use of electrographite impregnated with synthetic resin not only results in very good corrosion resistance and a permanent thermal load of up to 200 ° Celsius, but also the possibility of producing the tubes of the pre-heat exchanger and the flue gas cooler in a continuous pressing process. The net-like wrapping of such tubes with carbon fibers under high prestress results in a considerable increase in the bursting pressure of these tubes, so that the heat exchangers become considerably less sensitive to steam strikes and impermissible excess pressure. Since carbon fibers have a negative thermal expansion, an increase in the temperature of the pipes made of electrographite results in an increasing preload. Even if a crack occurs in such pipes as a result of excessive stress, the pipe remains liquid-tight up to a differential pressure of several bar overpressure, because the carbon fibers surrounding the pipe, like a net, prevent the crack from opening due to their high pretension. The fully elastic behavior of the carbon fibers ultimately ensures that the pretension is retained even when the load changes or swells. The chemical resistance of carbon fibers is otherwise identical to that of graphite and phenolic resin, which is used to impregnate electrographite.

Auf der Zeichnung ist ein Ausführungsbeispiel für eine nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren arbeitende Anlage zur Wiederaufheizung von Rauchgasen und ein Ausführungsbeispiel für ein aus kunstharzimprägniertem Elektrographit hergestelltes und netzartig mit Carbonfasern umwickeltes Rohr dargestellt, und zwar zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 eine schematische Darstellung eines ersten Ausführungsbeispiels, bei dem die Aufheizung der gereinigten Rauchgase durch Wärmeverschiebung erfolgt, und
  • Fig. 2 ein Ausführungsbeispiel für ein aus Graphit bestehendes Rohr zur Verwendung in den Vorschaltwärmetauschern bzw. im Rauchgaserhitzer gemäß Fig. 1.
The drawing shows an exemplary embodiment of a system for reheating flue gases which operates according to the method according to the invention and an exemplary embodiment of a tube which is produced from synthetic resin-impregnated electrographite and is wrapped like a net with carbon fibers, namely:
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a first embodiment in which the heating of the cleaned flue gases is carried out by heat displacement, and
  • FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a pipe made of graphite for use in the pre-heat exchangers or in the flue gas heater according to FIG. 1.

Bei der in Fig. 1 dargestellten Anlage ist eine Kesselanlage 1 dargestellt, deren mit Schadstoffen beladene Rauchgase durch eine Rauchgasleitung 2 einer nach dem Naßverfahren arbeitenden Rauchgasreinigungsanlage 3 zugeführt werden. Dieser Rauchgasreinigungsanlage 3 ist ein Wasserabscheider 4 nachgeschaltet, so daß die gereinigten Rauchgase, welche die Rauchgasreinigungsanlage 3 auf ca. 50° Celsius abgekühlt und mit Wasserdampf gesättigt verlassen, nur geringe Restmengen Wassertropfen enthalten. Die gereinigten Rauchgase gelangen durch eine Reingasleitung 5 über einen Schalldämpfer 6 in einen Schornstein 7, durch den sie in die Atmosphäre abgeleitet werden. Vor dem Schalldämpfer 6 ist in der Reingasleitung 5 ein Rauchgasgebläse 8 angeordnet.In the system shown in Fig. 1, a boiler system 1 is shown, the flue gases laden with pollutants are fed through a flue gas line 2 to a flue gas cleaning system 3 working according to the wet process. This flue gas cleaning system 3 is followed by a water separator 4, so that the cleaned flue gases, which the Cooled flue gas cleaning system 3 to approx. 50 ° Celsius and leave saturated with water vapor, only contain small residual amounts of water drops. The cleaned flue gases pass through a clean gas line 5 through a silencer 6 into a chimney 7, through which they are discharged into the atmosphere. A flue gas blower 8 is arranged in front of the silencer 6 in the clean gas line 5.

In der Reingasleitung 5 ist ein im wesentlichen aus Graphit bestehender Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher 9 angeordnet, in dem das aus der Rauchgasreinigungsanlage 3 kommende Rauchgas derart aufgeheizt wird, daß sämtliche im Rauchgas noch vorhandene Feuchtigkeit verdampft. Das gereinigte Rauchgas tritt somit aufgeheizt und getrocknet aus dem Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher 9 aus und gelangt anschließend in einen Wärmeaustauscher 10, der aus Metall, vorzugsweise hochlegiertem Stahl besteht. Durch die Aufheizung und Trocknung des Rauchgases vor dem Eintritt in den Wärmeaustauscher 10 wird dessen korrosive Beanspruchung derart stark herabgesetzt, daß er in üblicher Technik aus Rippenrohren hergestellt werden kann. Dem im wesentlichen aus Graphit bestehenden Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher 9 ist eine Reinigungseinrichtung 11 vorgeschaltet, die beispielsweise aus mehreren Lanzenschraubbläsern besteht, wobei die Reinigung durch das Abblasen der Heizflächen mit einem Dampfstrahl erfolgt. Als Reinigungsdampf wird beispielsweise trockener, überhitzter Heißdampf mit einem Druck von 12 bis 16 bar und einer Überhitzungstemperatur von ca. 350° Celsius verwendet.In the clean gas line 5, an essentially graphite pre-heat exchanger 9 is arranged, in which the flue gas coming from the flue gas cleaning system 3 is heated in such a way that all moisture still present in the flue gas evaporates. The cleaned flue gas thus emerges heated and dried from the pre-heat exchanger 9 and then passes into a heat exchanger 10 which is made of metal, preferably high-alloy steel. By heating and drying the flue gas before entering the heat exchanger 10, its corrosive stress is reduced to such an extent that it can be produced from finned tubes using conventional technology. The pre-heat exchanger 9, which essentially consists of graphite, is preceded by a cleaning device 11 which, for example, consists of a plurality of lance screw blowers, the cleaning being carried out by blowing off the heating surfaces with a steam jet. For example, dry, superheated superheated steam with a pressure of 12 to 16 bar and a superheating temperature of approx. 350 ° Celsius is used as cleaning steam.

Ein Teil des im Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher 9 vorgewärmten und getrockneten und im Wärmeaustauscher 10 aufgeheizten Rauchgases wird zwischen dem Wärmeaustauscher 10 und dem Rauchgasgebläse 8 abgezweigt und durch eine Rezirkulationsleitung 12 zwischen Wasserabscheider und Reinigungseinrichtung 11 in die Reingasleitung 5 eingespeist. Je nach Aufheizungsgrad der gereinigten Rauchgase beträgt der zurückgeführte Teil des Rauchgasstromes 5 bis 10 % des gesamten Gasdurchsatzes. Für den Transport des rezirkulierenden Rauchgases und zur Überwindung des Druckunterschiedes ist in der Rezirkulationsleitung 12 ein Rezirkulationsgebläse 13 eingesetzt. Der rezirkulierende Teilstrom des aufgeheizten Rauchgases, der dem feuchten und kalten Rauchgasstrom beigemischt wird und auf diese Weise eine Vortrocknung bewirkt, wird dem feuchten Rauchgasstrom mit Hilfe eines statischen Mischers 14 zugeführt. Dieser Mischer 14 sorgt dafür, daß nach kurzer Mischstrecke eine gleichmäßige Temperaturverteilung über den gesamten Strömungsquerschnitt erreicht wird.A portion of the flue gas preheated and dried in the pre-heat exchanger 9 and heated in the heat exchanger 10 is branched off between the heat exchanger 10 and the flue gas blower 8 and fed into the clean gas line 5 through a recirculation line 12 between the water separator and the cleaning device 11. Depending on the degree of heating of the cleaned flue gases, the returned part of the flue gas flow is 5 to 10% of the total gas throughput. A recirculation blower 13 is used in the recirculation line 12 to transport the recirculating flue gas and to overcome the pressure difference. The recirculating partial stream of the heated flue gas, which is admixed with the moist and cold flue gas stream and in this way causes predrying, is fed to the moist flue gas stream with the aid of a static mixer 14. This mixer 14 ensures that a uniform temperature distribution over the entire flow cross section is achieved after a short mixing section.

Der Wärmeträger für den Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher 9 und den nachgeschalteten Wärmeaustauscher 10 wird in einer Kreislaufleitung 15 umgewälzt und in einem Rauchgaskühler 16 aufgeheizt, der vor der Rauchgasreinigungsanlage 3 in der Rauchgasleitung 2 angeordnet ist. Dieser Rauchgaskühler 16 besteht im wesentlichen aus Graphit und entspricht somit dem Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher 9. Ebenso wie diesem ist dem Rauchgaskühler 16 eine Reinigungseinrichtung 11 vorgeschaltet. Die Wärmeverschiebung zwischen dem Rauchgaskühler 16 und dem Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher 9 bzw. Wärmeaustauscher 10 erfolgt mit Hilfe einer Umwälzpumpanlage 17, die ebenfalls schematisch dargestellt ist.The heat transfer medium for the pre-heat exchanger 9 and the downstream heat exchanger 10 is circulated in a circuit line 15 and heated in a flue gas cooler 16 which is arranged in front of the flue gas cleaning system 3 in the flue gas line 2. This flue gas cooler 16 consists essentially of graphite and thus corresponds to the pre-heat exchanger 9. Like this, the flue gas cooler 16 is preceded by a cleaning device 11. The heat transfer between the flue gas cooler 16 and the pre-heat exchanger 9 or heat exchanger 10 takes place with the aid of a circulation pump system 17, which is also shown schematically.

Bei dieser Ausführungsform werden die gereinigten Rauchgase mittels eines im geschlossenen Kreislauf umgewälzten, vorzugsweise durch Wasser gebildeten Wärmeträgers wiederaufgeheizt, welches dem ungereinigten Rauchgas, das vor dem Eintritt in die Rauchgasreinigungsanlage 3 eine Temperatur von etwa 140° Celsius hat, Wärme entzieht. Um die Zirkulation des Wärmeträgers zwischen Rauchgaskühler 16 und Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher 9 sowie Wärmeaustauscher 10 sicherzustellen, sind zwei parallel geschaltete Pumpen in der Umwälzpumpanlage 17 vorgesehen, so daß auch beim Ausfall einer Pumpe die Pumpanlage funktionsfähig bleibt.In this embodiment, the cleaned flue gases are re-heated by means of a heat carrier which is circulated in a closed circuit, preferably formed by water, and which removes heat from the uncleaned flue gas, which has a temperature of approximately 140 ° Celsius before entering the flue gas cleaning system 3. In order to ensure the circulation of the heat transfer medium between the flue gas cooler 16 and the pre-heat exchanger 9 and the heat exchanger 10, two pumps connected in parallel are provided in the circulation pump system 17 so that the pump system remains functional even if one pump fails.

Obwohl im Rauchgaskühler 16 die ungereinigten Rauchgase bis unter den Taupunkt abgekühlt werden und hierbei eine hohe korrosive Beanspruchung, zum Beispiel durch schweflige Säure, auftritt, besitzt der Rauchgaskühler 16 eine hohe Standzeit, da er im wesentlichen aus Graphit besteht. Die Rohre des Rauchgaskühlers 16 werden regelmäßig durch die Reinigungseinrichtung 11 gesäubert.Although in the flue gas cooler 16 the uncleaned flue gases are cooled down to below the dew point and a high corrosive stress, for example due to sulphurous acid, occurs, the flue gas cooler 16 has a long service life since it consists essentially of graphite. The pipes of the flue gas cooler 16 are regularly cleaned by the cleaning device 11.

In Sonderfällen, in den eine besonders hohe Rauchgastemperatur vor Eintritt in den Schornstein 7 gefordert wird, kann gemäß Fig. 1 eine dem Wärmeaustauscher 10 nachgeschaltete Erhitzerstufe 18 vorgesehen werden. Diese z. B. mit Dampf beheizte Erhitzerstufe 18 hat nicht nur die Aufgabe, eine weitere Erhöhung der Rauchgastemperatur zu erzielen, sondern auch beim Anfahren die durch die Rezirkulationsleitung 12 rückströmenden Rauchgase vorzuwärmen. Außerdem werden durch eine derartige Erhitzerstufe 18 beim Abschalten der Anlage die durch Schwaden aus der Rauchgasreinigungsanlage 3 gefährdeten Wärmetauscherflächen trocken gehalten.In special cases, in which a particularly high flue gas temperature is required before entering the chimney 7, a heater stage 18 can be provided downstream of the heat exchanger 10, as shown in FIG. This z. B. steam heated heater stage 18 not only has the task of achieving a further increase in the flue gas temperature, but also preheat the flue gases flowing back through the recirculation line 12 when starting. In addition, when the system is switched off, such a heating stage 18 keeps the heat exchanger surfaces endangered by swaths from the flue gas cleaning system 3.

Das in Fig. 2 dargestellte Ausführungsbeispiel eines im Vorschaltwärmeaustauscher 9 bzw. im Rauchgaskühler 16 verwendeten Rohres 19 zeigt ein glattwandiges Rohr, das aus kunstharzimprägniertem Elektrographit im kontinuierlichen Preßverfahren hergestellt worden ist. Dieses Rohr 19 ist netzartig mit Carbonfasern 20 umwickelt, die unter hoher Vorspannung stehen und somit als Armierung des Graphitrohres dienen.The embodiment shown in Fig. 2 of a pipe 19 used in the pre-heat exchanger 9 or in the flue gas cooler 16 shows a smooth-walled pipe which has been produced from synthetic resin-impregnated electrographite in a continuous pressing process. This tube 19 is wrapped like a net with carbon fibers 20, which are under high tension and thus serve to reinforce the graphite tube.

Claims (4)

1. A method of reheating flue gases coming from a flue-gas purification plant operating by the wet process, using a heat exchanger disposed in the stream of flue gas and comprising a number of tubes through which a heat transfer medium flows and round which the purified gases flow before being discharged through a chimney to atmosphere, the flue gas coming from wet purification and conveyed over a mist collector first being heated until all the water droplets remaining in the flue gas evaporate, after which the dry flue gas is heated by downstream heat exchangers to the temperature required for entering the chimney, characterized in that in order to heat the flue gas until all the remaining water droplets evaporate, the flue gas flows through a tubed indirect additional heat exchanger (9) disposed downstream of the mist collector (4) and consisting mainly of graphite and containing a heat transfer medium which is heated by a tubed indirect flue gas cooler (16) which consists mainly of graphite and withdraws some of the heat from the stream of unpurified flue gas before wet purification (3).
2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that a part of the heated, dried stream of flue gas is branched off before sending into the chimney (7) and is introduced without bunching through a static mixer (14) downstream of the mist collector (4) into the stream of purified flue gas.
3. A means for working the method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the tubes (19) in the additional heat exchanger (9) used for drying the purified flue gas and in the flue-gas cooler (16) disposed in the stream of unpurified flue gas are made of electrographite impregnated with synthetic resin.
4. A means according to claim 3, characterised in that the tubes (19) are wrapped in a net of prestressed carbon fibres (20).
EP85104409A 1984-04-21 1985-04-12 Process and device for reheating flue gases Expired EP0162269B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

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AT85104409T ATE46960T1 (en) 1984-04-21 1985-04-12 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR REHEATING FLUE GASES.

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DE3415238 1984-04-21
DE19843415238 DE3415238A1 (en) 1984-04-21 1984-04-21 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR REHEATING SMOKE GASES

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EP0162269A2 EP0162269A2 (en) 1985-11-27
EP0162269A3 EP0162269A3 (en) 1987-09-16
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DE4004358A1 (en) * 1990-02-13 1991-08-14 Metallgesellschaft Ag Prevention of smoke from gas from incineration process
DE4008617A1 (en) * 1990-03-17 1991-09-19 Kraftanlagen Ag Exhaust gas layout from e.g. boiler plant - has wet desulphurisation, heat exchangers, solids filters and heat carrier so that system prevents corrosion of pressurising fans
DE102009054574B3 (en) * 2009-12-11 2011-03-03 Sgl Carbon Se Heat exchanger tube or heat exchanger plate with open-pore silicon carbide network and process for their preparation
DE102009054910A1 (en) * 2009-12-17 2011-06-22 Sgl Carbon Se, 65203 Fiber-reinforced body
CN102121703B (en) * 2010-12-28 2012-07-25 哈尔滨工业大学 Mixed type flue gas reheating system suitable for wet type flue gas purification process of high-cold region
CN103486603B (en) * 2013-10-11 2016-05-11 光大环保(中国)有限公司 A kind of flue gas processing device and processing method
CN107082464A (en) * 2017-06-22 2017-08-22 聊城信源集团有限公司 A kind of desulfurization wastewater zero discharge treatment flue and processing system

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JPS4830665A (en) * 1971-08-24 1973-04-23
DE2703681A1 (en) * 1977-01-29 1978-08-03 Blohm Voss Ag Flue gases purification process - separates impurities by hot gas drying between scrubber and heat exchanger
DE2720078C2 (en) * 1977-05-05 1982-10-21 Sigri Elektrographit Gmbh, 8901 Meitingen Process for increasing the heat-exchanging area of graphite elements in a heat exchanger
DE2724030A1 (en) * 1977-05-27 1978-12-07 Metallgesellschaft Ag Reheating of combusted waste gases for atmospheric discharge - after wet cleaning to achieve cooling and steam saturation
DE3116309C2 (en) * 1981-04-24 1985-05-02 Sigri Elektrographit Gmbh, 8901 Meitingen Graphite tube

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DE3573466D1 (en) 1989-11-09
DE3415238A1 (en) 1985-10-31
EP0162269A2 (en) 1985-11-27
ATE46960T1 (en) 1989-10-15

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