EP0154143B1 - Concrete sleeper having rail-fastening means - Google Patents

Concrete sleeper having rail-fastening means Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0154143B1
EP0154143B1 EP85100733A EP85100733A EP0154143B1 EP 0154143 B1 EP0154143 B1 EP 0154143B1 EP 85100733 A EP85100733 A EP 85100733A EP 85100733 A EP85100733 A EP 85100733A EP 0154143 B1 EP0154143 B1 EP 0154143B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rail
recess
concrete
concrete sleeper
fastening means
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP85100733A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0154143A2 (en
EP0154143A3 (en
Inventor
Horst E. Steinfeld
Gerd Westerdorff
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fried Krupp AG Hoesch Krupp
Original Assignee
Hoesch AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hoesch AG filed Critical Hoesch AG
Priority to AT85100733T priority Critical patent/ATE33999T1/en
Publication of EP0154143A2 publication Critical patent/EP0154143A2/en
Publication of EP0154143A3 publication Critical patent/EP0154143A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0154143B1 publication Critical patent/EP0154143B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B9/00—Fastening rails on sleepers, or the like
    • E01B9/02—Fastening rails, tie-plates, or chairs directly on sleepers or foundations; Means therefor
    • E01B9/28—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B9/00—Fastening rails on sleepers, or the like
    • E01B9/02—Fastening rails, tie-plates, or chairs directly on sleepers or foundations; Means therefor
    • E01B9/28—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members
    • E01B9/30—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members by resilient steel clips
    • E01B9/303—Fastening on wooden or concrete sleepers or on masonry with clamp members by resilient steel clips the clip being a shaped bar
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
    • B28B7/34—Moulds, cores, or mandrels of special material, e.g. destructible materials
    • B28B7/342—Moulds, cores, or mandrels of special material, e.g. destructible materials which are at least partially destroyed, e.g. broken, molten, before demoulding; Moulding surfaces or spaces shaped by, or in, the ground, or sand or soil, whether bound or not; Cores consisting at least mainly of sand or soil, whether bound or not
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B3/00—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails
    • E01B3/28—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails made from concrete or from natural or artificial stone

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a concrete sleeper with rail fastenings, each having means for lateral support of the rail and two resiliently designed as loops ends for holding down the rails and a connecting web which engages in a recess that only partially penetrates the concrete sleeper and engages under a steel insert in the installed state.
  • Concrete sleepers are used for laying railroad tracks on gravel. They are designed in various ways in order to be able to transmit the forces to be conducted from the rail into the underground with the various types of rail fastenings and to give the track grating sufficient stability.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of designing a concrete sleeper with rail fastenings of the type mentioned at the outset so that in the long term it is able to ensure a low surface pressure both in the concrete and in the area of the steel insert by means of a suitable rail fastening, thereby ensuring is that the largest possible threshold cross section remains with low manufacturing costs, so that the threshold is dimensioned sufficiently to be able to transmit the required forces.
  • the advantages achieved by the invention are, in particular, that there are no crumbling on the concrete caused by vibrations during the driving operation between the rail fastening and the threshold, because the contact surface between the rail fastening and the concrete is protected at the contact points by a steel reinforcement, and that through the continuous formation of the rail fastening the lowest possible surface pressure is achieved in the holding area.
  • This form of training also has the great advantage that exact tolerances can be maintained between the sleeper, rail and rail fastening, since the steel inserts can be manufactured precisely and are used on the sleeper surface.
  • the recesses can also be produced with the smallest tolerances, since they are specified very precisely by fillers in the casting mold for the concrete, and furthermore a further increase in shape accuracy can be achieved by the form-fitting connection of fillers and steel inserts.
  • the concrete sleeper 1 is produced in a mold, not shown. It is an open form in which the concrete sleeper 1 is molded with the head side 18 downward.
  • the concrete sleeper 1 has a recess 2 with a nose 3.
  • the nose 3 is surrounded by a steel insert, which consists of a shaped strip 12.
  • the upper end of the recess 2 is laterally bordered by a surface plate 13.
  • the shaped strip 12 and the surface sheet 13 are connected to one another, for example, by welding.
  • the substantially U-shaped surface plate 13 is angled twice. Its perforated web 14 frames the upper opening of the recess 2 and is flush with the top 18 of the concrete sleeper 1.
  • Legs 19 of the surface plate 13 are pulled down into the concrete and form 2 side surfaces in the upper region of the recess.
  • the side surface adjacent to the rail 10 forms the rail foot contact surface 7. Bends 15 adjoin the legs 19 and bind directly into the concrete.
  • the shaped strip 12 is connected to the surface sheet 13 in this area. It forms the side surfaces 6 and the lower surface 5 of the nose 3 and is more or less embedded in the concrete with a constant width.
  • the rail fastening 4 connecting the rail 10 and the concrete sleeper 1 is U-shaped mig trained.
  • the connecting web 9 engages under the nose 3 and is angled into retaining flanges 20 which are bent at right angles and enclose the nose 3 laterally.
  • These holding flanges 20 are loop-shaped at their ends 11 and hold the rail 10 resiliently at the rail foot 21.
  • the rail attachment 4 is inserted obliquely into the recess 2 so that it slides into the recess next to the nose 3.
  • a drain hole 16 is arranged in a known manner, through which penetrated water can flow down.
  • a corresponding filler 17 according to FIG. 3 is provided for producing the recess 2.
  • This packing 17 preferably consists of styrofoam. It has a recess 23 into which the steel insert is inserted in a form-fitting manner.
  • the interconnected steel inserts and packing 17 are positioned in the mold and locked with pins. These later removable pins form the drain hole 16 in the finished concrete sleeper 1.
  • the packing 17 is advantageously triggered chemically or by heat. It cannot be easily removed mechanically, since the recess 2 according to the invention is undercut.

Abstract

A concrete crosstie has a recess for holding a rail securing member engaging beneath a nose in the recess. Upper ends holding the rail down resiliently are loop-shaped, to obtain a low surface pressure at two spaced areas and exact positioning of the rail securing member in the recess. The greatest possible crosstie cross-section is retained in that the recess only partially penetrates the concrete crosstie. The nose lower and side faces and the rail foot support surface are formed by steel reinforcements connected to the concrete.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Betonschwelle mit Schienenbefestigungen, die jeweils Mittel zum seitlichen Abstützen der Schiene sowie zwei federnd als Schlaufen ausgebildete Enden zum Niederhalten der Schienen und einen Verbindungssteg aufweisen, der in eine die Betonschwelle nur teilweise durchdringende Ausnehmung eingreift und im Einbauzustand eine Stahleinlage untergreift.The invention relates to a concrete sleeper with rail fastenings, each having means for lateral support of the rail and two resiliently designed as loops ends for holding down the rails and a connecting web which engages in a recess that only partially penetrates the concrete sleeper and engages under a steel insert in the installed state.

Betonschwellen werden für die Verlegung von Eisenbahnschienen auf Schotter eingesetzt. Sie werden verschiedenartig ausgebildet, um mit den verschiedenartigen Schienenbefestigungen die von der Schiene in den Untergrund zu leitenden Kräfte übertragen zu können und dem Gleisrost eine ausreichende Stabilität zu verleihen.Concrete sleepers are used for laying railroad tracks on gravel. They are designed in various ways in order to be able to transmit the forces to be conducted from the rail into the underground with the various types of rail fastenings and to give the track grating sufficient stability.

Bei einer Betonschwelle mit Schienenbefestigungen der anfangs beschriebenen Art (vgl. das DE-GM 1726361) erfolgt die Übertragung der Niederhaltekraft durch eine Stahleinlage in Form eines relativ schmalen Stiftes. Dabei ergeben sich sowohl an der Kontaktstelle zwischen dem Stift und dem Verbindungssteg der Schienenbefestigung als auch zwischen dem Stift und dem Beton hohe Flächenpressungen. Insbesondere beim Aufbieten von Kräften in Schienenlängsrichtung besteht die Gefahr, daß die in einer parallelen Ebene zur Schienenlängsrichtung angeordneten Haltebügel der Schienenbefestigung an den Beton angepreßt werden und es dort zu einer Überbeanspruchung kommt. Von Nachteil ist außerdem, daß für den Stift eine zweite Ausnehmung erforderlich ist, wodurch der Herstellungsaufwand für die Schwelle erhöht wird und zugleich die Schwelle in ihrer Tragfähigkeit geschwächt wird. Schließlich ist noch nachteilig, daß es sich bei dem Stift und bei dem Mittel zum seitlichen Abstützen der Schiene um lose Teile handelt, die sich lockern können und unter Umständen sogar verlorengehen.In the case of a concrete sleeper with rail fastenings of the type initially described (cf. DE-GM 1726361), the hold-down force is transmitted through a steel insert in the form of a relatively narrow pin. This results in high surface pressures both at the contact point between the pin and the connecting bar of the rail fastening and between the pin and the concrete. In particular when applying forces in the longitudinal direction of the rail, there is a risk that the retaining brackets of the rail fastening, which are arranged in a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction of the rail, will be pressed against the concrete and there will be excessive stress. Another disadvantage is that a second recess is required for the pin, which increases the manufacturing effort for the threshold and at the same time weakens the load-bearing capacity of the threshold. Finally, it is disadvantageous that the pin and the means for laterally supporting the rail are loose parts that can loosen and may even get lost.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Betonschwelle mit Schienenbefestigungen der eingangs genannten Art so auszubilden, daß sie auf Dauer in der Lage ist, über eine geeignete Schienbefestigung eine geringe Flächenpressung sowohl im Beton wie auch im Bereich der Stahleinlage zu gewährleisten, wobei sichergestellt sein soll, daß bei geringem Herstellungsaufwand ein größtmöglicher Schwellenquerschnitt verbleibt, so daß die Schwelle ausreichend dimensioniert ist, um die erforderlichen Kräfte übertragen zu können.The invention is therefore based on the object of designing a concrete sleeper with rail fastenings of the type mentioned at the outset so that in the long term it is able to ensure a low surface pressure both in the concrete and in the area of the steel insert by means of a suitable rail fastening, thereby ensuring is that the largest possible threshold cross section remains with low manufacturing costs, so that the threshold is dimensioned sufficiently to be able to transmit the required forces.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Anspruchs 1 angegebenen Merkmale gelöst.This object is achieved by the features specified in the characterizing part of claim 1.

Zweckmäßige Ausführungsformen sind in den kennzeichnenden Teilen der Ansprüche 2 und 3 beschrieben.Advantageous embodiments are described in the characterizing parts of claims 2 and 3.

Die mit der Erfindung erzielten Vorteile bestehen insbesondere darin, daß keine Ausbröckelungen am Beton durch Erschütterungen während des Fahrbetriebs zwischen Schienenbefestigung und Schwelle entstehen, weil die Anlagefläche zwischen Schienenbefestigung und Beton an den Kontaktstellen durch eine Stahlarmierung geschützt ist, und daß durch die durchgehende Ausbildung der Schienenbefestigung im Haltebereich eine geringstmögliche Flächenpressung erzielt wird. Diese Ausbildungsform bringt weiterhin den großen Vorteil, daß exakte Toleranzen zwischen Schwelle, Schiene und Schienenbefestigung eingehalten werden können, da die Stahleinlagen exakt gefertigt werden können und an der Schwellenoberfläche eingesetzt werden. Weiterhin vorteilhaft können auch die Ausnehmungen mit geringsten Toleranzen hergestellt werden, da sie durch Füllkörper in der Gießform für den Beton sehr genau vorgegeben werden, und ferner durch die formschlüssige Verbindung von Füllkörper und Stahleinlagen eine weitere Erhöhung der Formgenauigkeit erzielt werden.The advantages achieved by the invention are, in particular, that there are no crumbling on the concrete caused by vibrations during the driving operation between the rail fastening and the threshold, because the contact surface between the rail fastening and the concrete is protected at the contact points by a steel reinforcement, and that through the continuous formation of the rail fastening the lowest possible surface pressure is achieved in the holding area. This form of training also has the great advantage that exact tolerances can be maintained between the sleeper, rail and rail fastening, since the steel inserts can be manufactured precisely and are used on the sleeper surface. Furthermore, the recesses can also be produced with the smallest tolerances, since they are specified very precisely by fillers in the casting mold for the concrete, and furthermore a further increase in shape accuracy can be achieved by the form-fitting connection of fillers and steel inserts.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und wird im folgenden näher beschrieben. Es zeigt

  • Fig. 1 einen Querschnitt durch eine Schwelle im Bereich einer Ausnehmung in Schienenlängsrichtung sowie eine Schienenbefestigung in der Ansicht und
  • Fig. 2 einen vertikalen Längsschnitt gemäß der Linie 11-11 in Fig. 1
  • Fig. 3 einen Füllkörper zur Herstellung der Ausnehmung.
An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing and will be described in more detail below. It shows
  • Fig. 1 shows a cross section through a threshold in the region of a recess in the longitudinal direction of the rail and a rail fastening in the view and
  • FIG. 2 shows a vertical longitudinal section along the line 11-11 in FIG. 1
  • Fig. 3 shows a filler body for producing the recess.

Die Betonschwelle 1 wird in einer nicht dargestellten Gießform hergestellt. Es handelt sich um eine offene Form, in der die Betonschwelle 1 mit der Kopfseite 18 nach unten eingeformt wird.The concrete sleeper 1 is produced in a mold, not shown. It is an open form in which the concrete sleeper 1 is molded with the head side 18 downward.

Die Betonschwelle 1 weist eine Ausnehmung 2 mit einer Nase 3 auf. Die Nase 3 ist von einer Stahleinlage umgeben, die aus einem Formstreifen 12 besteht. Das obere Ende der Ausnehmung 2 ist seitlich von einem Oberflächenblech 13 eingefaßt. Der Formstreifen 12 und das Oberflächenblech 13 sind beispielsweise durch Schweißen miteinander verbunden. Das im wesentlichen Uförmige Oberflächenblech 13 ist zweifach abgewinkelt. Sein durchbrochener Steg 14 umrahmt die obere Öffnung der Ausnehmung 2 und schließt bündig mit der Oberseite 18 der Betonschwelle 1 ab. Schenkel 19 des Oberflächenbleches 13 sind in den Beton herabgezogen und bilden im oberen Bereich der Ausnehmung 2 Seitenflächen. Die der Schiene 10 benachbarte Seitenfläche bildet die Schienenfußanlagefläche 7. An die Schenkel 19 schließen Abwinklungen 15 an, die direkt in den Beton einbinden. Diese Abwinklungen können wellenförmige Außenkonturen haben, um eine bessere Verkrallung mit dem Beton zu ermöglichen. Der Formstreifen 12 ist in diesem Bereich mit dem Oberflächenblech 13 verbunden. Er bildet die Seitenflächen 6 und die Unterfläche 5 der Nase 3 und ist bei gleichbleibender Breite mehr oder minder im Beton eingebettet. Die die Schiene 10 und die Betonschwelle 1 verbindende Schienenbefestigung 4 ist U-förmig ausgebildet. Der Verbindungssteg 9 untergreift die Nase 3 und geht abgewinkelt in Halteflansche 20 über, die rechtwinkelig abgebogen sind und die Nase 3 seitlich umschließen. Diese Halteflansche 20 sind an ihren Enden 11 schlaufenförmig ausgebildet und halten die Schiene 10 am Schienenfuß 21 federnd nieder. Die Schienenbefestigung 4 wird schräg in die Ausnehmung 2 eingeführt, so daß sie neben der Nase 3 in die Ausnehmung gleitet. Nach Spannen der Schienenbefestigung 4 über ihre Schlaufen kann sie mit ihrem Verbindungssteg 9 unter die Unterfläche 5 der Nase 3 geklappt werden und befestigt dann Schiene 10 und Betonschwelle 1 unter definierter Vorspannung federnd miteinander. An der Basis der Ausnehmung 2 ist in bekannter Weise eine Abflußbohrung 16 angeordnet, durch die eingedrungenes Wasser nach unten abfließen kann.The concrete sleeper 1 has a recess 2 with a nose 3. The nose 3 is surrounded by a steel insert, which consists of a shaped strip 12. The upper end of the recess 2 is laterally bordered by a surface plate 13. The shaped strip 12 and the surface sheet 13 are connected to one another, for example, by welding. The substantially U-shaped surface plate 13 is angled twice. Its perforated web 14 frames the upper opening of the recess 2 and is flush with the top 18 of the concrete sleeper 1. Legs 19 of the surface plate 13 are pulled down into the concrete and form 2 side surfaces in the upper region of the recess. The side surface adjacent to the rail 10 forms the rail foot contact surface 7. Bends 15 adjoin the legs 19 and bind directly into the concrete. These bends can have wavy outer contours to allow better clawing to the concrete. The shaped strip 12 is connected to the surface sheet 13 in this area. It forms the side surfaces 6 and the lower surface 5 of the nose 3 and is more or less embedded in the concrete with a constant width. The rail fastening 4 connecting the rail 10 and the concrete sleeper 1 is U-shaped mig trained. The connecting web 9 engages under the nose 3 and is angled into retaining flanges 20 which are bent at right angles and enclose the nose 3 laterally. These holding flanges 20 are loop-shaped at their ends 11 and hold the rail 10 resiliently at the rail foot 21. The rail attachment 4 is inserted obliquely into the recess 2 so that it slides into the recess next to the nose 3. After tensioning the rail fastening 4 over its loops, it can be folded with its connecting web 9 under the lower surface 5 of the nose 3 and then resiliently fastens the rail 10 and the concrete sleeper 1 to one another under a defined prestress. At the base of the recess 2, a drain hole 16 is arranged in a known manner, through which penetrated water can flow down.

Zur Herstellung der Ausnehmung 2 ist ein entsprechender Füllkörper 17 entsprechend Fig. 3 vorgesehen. Dieser Füllkörper 17 besteht vorzugsweise aus Styropor. Er besitzt eine Ausnehmung 23, in die die Stahleinlage formschlüssig eingesetzt wird.A corresponding filler 17 according to FIG. 3 is provided for producing the recess 2. This packing 17 preferably consists of styrofoam. It has a recess 23 into which the steel insert is inserted in a form-fitting manner.

Die miteinander verbundenen Stahleinlagen und Füllkörper 17 werden in die Gießform positioniert und mit Stiften verriegelt. Diese später herausnehmbaren Stifte bilden in der fertigen Betonschwelle 1 die Abflußbohrung 16.The interconnected steel inserts and packing 17 are positioned in the mold and locked with pins. These later removable pins form the drain hole 16 in the finished concrete sleeper 1.

Vorteilhaft wird nach dem Aushärten der Betonschwelle 1 der Füllkörper 17 chemisch oder durch Wärme ausgelöst. Er kann nicht ohne weiteres mechanisch entfernt werden, da die erfindungsgemäße Ausnehmung 2 hinterschnitten ist.After the concrete sleeper 1 has hardened, the packing 17 is advantageously triggered chemically or by heat. It cannot be easily removed mechanically, since the recess 2 according to the invention is undercut.

Claims (4)

1. A concrete sleeper with rail-fastening means, the latter comprising means (7) for laterally supporting the rail as well as two resilient ends (11) formed as loops for holding down the rail (10) and a connecting cross-piece (9) which engages in a recess (2) which only partially penetrates the concrete sleeper (1), said cross-piece in use engaging below a steel liner, characterised in that the steel liner comprises a U-shaped capping strip (12) which is embedded into the concrete and which is looped below a concrete nose portion (3) which is angled downwards into the recess (2), in that the dimensions of the capping strip (12) and of the rail-fastening means (4) are determined in relation to each other so that in the operational state the inside faces of the retaining flanges (20) of the rail-fastening means (4) rest against the associated flat sides (6) of the legs of the U-shaped capping strip (12), and in that at the upper end of the recess (2) there is provided an embedded surface plate (13) which has a downwardly directed leg (19) which has a surface (7) in contact with the foot of the rail.
2. A concrete sleeper according to claim 1, characterised in that the capping strip (12) and the surface plate (13) are connected to each other one below the other and in that the surface plate (13) borders the recess (2) and has two downwardly directed legs (19) with angled flanges (15) which engage laterally in the concrete.
3. A concrete sleeper according to claims 1 and 2, characterised in that the recess (2) is provided with a drainage bore (16).
EP85100733A 1984-03-09 1985-01-25 Concrete sleeper having rail-fastening means Expired EP0154143B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85100733T ATE33999T1 (en) 1984-03-09 1985-01-25 CONCRETE SLEEPER WITH RAIL FASTENINGS.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3408597 1984-03-09
DE3408597A DE3408597C2 (en) 1984-03-09 1984-03-09 Concrete sleeper with rail fastenings

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0154143A2 EP0154143A2 (en) 1985-09-11
EP0154143A3 EP0154143A3 (en) 1986-07-30
EP0154143B1 true EP0154143B1 (en) 1988-05-04

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EP85100733A Expired EP0154143B1 (en) 1984-03-09 1985-01-25 Concrete sleeper having rail-fastening means

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US (1) US4634049A (en)
EP (1) EP0154143B1 (en)
KR (1) KR860007424A (en)
AT (1) ATE33999T1 (en)
AU (1) AU576830B2 (en)
BR (1) BR8501041A (en)
DE (2) DE3408597C2 (en)
IN (1) IN163302B (en)
YU (1) YU45236B (en)
ZA (1) ZA851743B (en)

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US8430334B1 (en) 2007-04-25 2013-04-30 Jonathan Jaffe Railroad tie of non-homogeneous cross section useful in environments deleterious to timber
US7942342B2 (en) 2007-04-25 2011-05-17 Scott Powers Railway tie of non-homogeneous cross section useful in environments deleterious to timber
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IN163302B (en) 1988-09-03
ZA851743B (en) 1985-11-27
US4634049A (en) 1987-01-06
AU3972985A (en) 1985-09-12
YU28085A (en) 1987-10-31
DE3408597C2 (en) 1986-03-13
EP0154143A2 (en) 1985-09-11
AU576830B2 (en) 1988-09-08
BR8501041A (en) 1985-10-29
KR860007424A (en) 1986-10-13
EP0154143A3 (en) 1986-07-30
DE3408597A1 (en) 1985-09-12
DE3562497D1 (en) 1988-06-09
ATE33999T1 (en) 1988-05-15
YU45236B (en) 1992-05-28

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