EP0143932A1 - Process for the electrochemical roughening of aluminium surfaces in the manufacture of offset printing plates - Google Patents

Process for the electrochemical roughening of aluminium surfaces in the manufacture of offset printing plates Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0143932A1
EP0143932A1 EP84111438A EP84111438A EP0143932A1 EP 0143932 A1 EP0143932 A1 EP 0143932A1 EP 84111438 A EP84111438 A EP 84111438A EP 84111438 A EP84111438 A EP 84111438A EP 0143932 A1 EP0143932 A1 EP 0143932A1
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Prior art keywords
electrolyte
aluminum
current density
nitric acid
boric acid
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EP84111438A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0143932B1 (en
Inventor
Wolf-Rüdiger Dr.-Ing. Depiereux
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Cessione Monarch Machine Tool Co
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DEPIEREUX OBERFLACHENTECHNIK GmbH
DEPIEREUX OBERFLACHENTECHNIK G
Depiereux Oberflachentechnik GmbH
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41N—PRINTING PLATES OR FOILS; MATERIALS FOR SURFACES USED IN PRINTING MACHINES FOR PRINTING, INKING, DAMPING, OR THE LIKE; PREPARING SUCH SURFACES FOR USE AND CONSERVING THEM
    • B41N3/00—Preparing for use and conserving printing surfaces
    • B41N3/03—Chemical or electrical pretreatment
    • B41N3/034—Chemical or electrical pretreatment characterised by the electrochemical treatment of the aluminum support, e.g. anodisation, electro-graining; Sealing of the anodised layer; Treatment of the anodic layer with inorganic compounds; Colouring of the anodic layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25F3/00—Electrolytic etching or polishing
    • C25F3/02—Etching
    • C25F3/04—Etching of light metals

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the electrochemical roughening of aluminum surfaces in the production of offset printing plates using an electrolyte containing nitric acid, boric acid and water under alternating current.
  • the surface roughness there is first the requirement that it is homogeneous over the entire surface and that isolated pit-shaped depressions are excluded.
  • the fineness of the surface roughness that is to say with regard to the pore size, depending on the specific use of the printing plates.
  • the surface roughness is determined by a large number of parameters of the method used.
  • the composition of the electrolyte, its temperature, the current density and the dwell time of the individual plate or the continuously transported strip in the electrolyte are of particular importance here. It should be noted, however, that the combination of these parameters that applies to a particular process cannot be changed without further ado without taking the risk of obtaining useless process products. Furthermore, it is associated with considerable expenditure of time and money during operation in an existing system to determine the values of the electrolytes, e.g. Change temperature and bath composition in order to obtain different surface parameters according to the different requirements of the printing industry.
  • a method for uniform and fine electrolytic or electrochemical roughening of aluminum surfaces is known (DE-PS 21 49 899), which is an electrolyte provides that contains 0.5 to 2 percent by weight of hydrochloric acid or 0.5 to 3 percent by weight of nitric acid and 0.1 to 1.5 percent by weight of boric acid, a current density of 0.5 to 10 A / dm being used.
  • individual cell slats are moved through the electrolyte in cycles, the residence time in the electrolyte being 5 minutes.
  • a significant change in the roughness values, as is required for certain printing processes, cannot be achieved in this known method by increasing the acid content and / or increasing the current density. Such a change in the parameters mentioned would rather lead to an irregular and therefore unusable surface structure.
  • a process for the electrochemical roughening of aluminum and its use as a carrier material for offset printing plates is known (DE-OS 32 22 170), in which an aqueous electrolyte is used which, in addition to hydrochloric acid and / or nitric acid, contains hydrogen peroxide.
  • the electrolyte can contain aluminum chloride and / or aluminum nitrate.
  • the known method aims to create an aluminum carrier with a fine, roughened, essentially scar-free surface. It is therefore not intended or suitable for the production of a coarser surface.
  • a process for the electrolytic roughening of aluminum and for its use as a carrier material for offset printing plates is also known (EP-OS 0 089 508), in which a Electrolyte is used, which must contain nitric acid and oxalic acid. Boric acid, aluminum nitrate and / or hydrogen peroxide can then also be contained in the electrolyte as additives. According to this publication, too, addition of boric acid to nitric acid should not lead to surfaces which are sufficient in particular for the requirements in the printing plate field.
  • the present invention is based on the object of designing a method of the type mentioned at the outset such that a uniform surface roughness can be chosen between fine and coarse with simple means in the production of offset printing plates with a high production volume.
  • This object is achieved in a method of the type mentioned in the introduction in that the material to be roughened is passed through the electrolyte as a continuous band, in that the electrolyte contains 3 to 15 g / 1 aluminum and the current density is between 15 and 90 A / dm 2 .
  • the current density represents the most easily variable parameter involved in the process. Since this process also involves guiding the material to be roughened in the form of a continuous belt, high production quantities can be achieved. The possibility of using higher current densities leads to a significant reduction in the dwell times and thus to increased productivity.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

In a method of electrochemically roughening aluminium surfaces in the manufacture of offset printing plates, use is made of an electrolyte containing nitric acid, boric acid and water. Alternating current is employed and the material to be roughened is passed as a continuous band through the electrolyte. The electrolyte contains from three to fifteen g/l of aluminium. The current density employed is between 15 and 90 A/dm2.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum elektrochemischen Aufrauhen von Aluminiumoberflächen bei der Herstellung von Offsetdruckplatten unter Verwendung eines Salpetersäure, Borsäure und Wasser enthaltenden Elektrolyten unter Wechselstrom.The invention relates to a method for the electrochemical roughening of aluminum surfaces in the production of offset printing plates using an electrolyte containing nitric acid, boric acid and water under alternating current.

Zur Herstellung von Offsetdruckplatten ist es bekannt, aus Aluminium oder Aluminiumlegierungen bestehende Einzelplatten oder Bänder, die nach Abschluß des Verfahrens in Einzelplatten aufgeteilt werden, elektrochemisch aufzurauhen, danach in einem weiteren Elektrolyten zu anodisieren und damit zu stabilisieren und schließlich die so bearbeiteten Oberflächen mit einer fotosensiblen Beschichtung zu versehen. Die erzeugte Oberflächenrauhigkeit dient dabei primär dazu, eine feste Verankerung der Beschichtung auf der Platte sowie die Wasserführung an den bildfreien Stellen in der Druckmaschine zu gewährleisten.For the production of offset printing plates, it is known to electrochemically roughen individual plates or strips consisting of aluminum or aluminum alloys, which are divided into individual plates after the process has ended, then anodize them in a further electrolyte and thus to sta bilize and finally to provide the surfaces processed in this way with a photosensitive coating. The surface roughness generated primarily serves to ensure that the coating is firmly anchored on the plate and that the water is routed to the non-image areas in the printing press.

Hinsichtlich der Oberflächenrauhigkeit besteht zunächst die Forderung, daß sie über die gesamte Oberfläche homogen ist und daß vereinzelte grubenförmige Vertiefungen ausgeschlossen sind. Überdies bestehen hinsichtlich der Feinheit der Oberflächenrauhigkeit, also hinsichtlich der Porengröße, je nach dem speziellen Verwendungszweck der Druckplatten abweichende Anforderungen.With regard to the surface roughness, there is first the requirement that it is homogeneous over the entire surface and that isolated pit-shaped depressions are excluded. In addition, there are different requirements with regard to the fineness of the surface roughness, that is to say with regard to the pore size, depending on the specific use of the printing plates.

Die Oberflächenrauhigkeit wird durch eine Vielzahl von Parametern des angewendeten Verfahrens bestimmt. Hier sind insbesondere die Zusammensetzung des Elektrolyten, dessen Temperatur, die Stromdichte und die Verweilzeit der Einzelplatte bzw. des kontinuierlich weiter transportierten Bandes im Elektrolyten von Bedeutung. Zu beachten ist dabei aber, daß die für ein bestimmtes Verfahren geltende Kombination dieser Parameter nicht ohne weiteres geändert werden kann, ohne die Gefahr einzugehen, unbrauchbare Verfahrenserzeugnisse zu erhalten. Überdies ist es mit erheblichem Zeit- und Kostenaufwand verbunden, während des laufenden Betriebes in einer bestehenden Anlage die Werte der Elektrolyten, z.B. Temperatur und Badzusammensetzung, zu verändern, um unterschiedliche Oberflächenparameter entsprechend den verschiedenartigen Anforderungen der Druckindustrie zu erhalten.The surface roughness is determined by a large number of parameters of the method used. The composition of the electrolyte, its temperature, the current density and the dwell time of the individual plate or the continuously transported strip in the electrolyte are of particular importance here. It should be noted, however, that the combination of these parameters that applies to a particular process cannot be changed without further ado without taking the risk of obtaining useless process products. Furthermore, it is associated with considerable expenditure of time and money during operation in an existing system to determine the values of the electrolytes, e.g. Change temperature and bath composition in order to obtain different surface parameters according to the different requirements of the printing industry.

So ist ein Verfahren zum gleichmäßigen und feinen elektrolytischen oder elektrochemischen Aufrauhen von Aluminiumoberflächen bekannt (DE-PS 21 49 899), das einen Elektrolyten vorsieht, der o,5 bis 2 Gewichtsprozent Salzsäure bzw. o,5 bis 3 Gewichtsprozent Salpetersäure und 0,1 bis 1,5 Gewichtsprozent Borsäure enthält, wobei eine Stromdichte von 0,5 bis 10 A/dm angewendet werden soll. Bei diesem Verfahren werden Enzelolatten taktweise durch den Elektrolyten bewegt, wobei die Verweilzeit im Elektrolyten 5 Minuten beträgt. Eine wesentliche Änderung der Rauhigkeitswerte, wie sie für bestimmte Druckvorgänge erforderlich ist, ist nun bei diesem bekannten Verfahren nicht etwa dadurch zu erzielen, daß der Säureanteil erhöht und/oder die Stromdichte gesteigert wird. Ein solche Veränderung der genannten Parameter würde vielmehr zu einer unregelmäßigen und damit unbrauchbaren Oberflächenstruktur führen.A method for uniform and fine electrolytic or electrochemical roughening of aluminum surfaces is known (DE-PS 21 49 899), which is an electrolyte provides that contains 0.5 to 2 percent by weight of hydrochloric acid or 0.5 to 3 percent by weight of nitric acid and 0.1 to 1.5 percent by weight of boric acid, a current density of 0.5 to 10 A / dm being used. In this process, individual cell slats are moved through the electrolyte in cycles, the residence time in the electrolyte being 5 minutes. A significant change in the roughness values, as is required for certain printing processes, cannot be achieved in this known method by increasing the acid content and / or increasing the current density. Such a change in the parameters mentioned would rather lead to an irregular and therefore unusable surface structure.

Ferner ist ein Verfahren zum elektrochemischen Aufrauhen von Aluminium und dessen Verwendung als Trägermaterial für Offsetdruckplatten bekannt (DE-OS 32 22 170), bei dem ein wäßriger Elektrolyt verwendet wird, der neben Salzsäure und/oder Salpetersäure Wasserstoffperoxid enthält. Zusätzlich kann der Elektrolyt Aluminiumchlorid und/oder Aluminiumnitrat enthalten. Die Verwendung eines Zusatzes von Borsäure zu Salpetersäure soll nach dieser Druckschrift nicht zu Oberflächen führen, die für die Anforderungen auf dem Druckplattengebiet ausreichend sind.Furthermore, a process for the electrochemical roughening of aluminum and its use as a carrier material for offset printing plates is known (DE-OS 32 22 170), in which an aqueous electrolyte is used which, in addition to hydrochloric acid and / or nitric acid, contains hydrogen peroxide. In addition, the electrolyte can contain aluminum chloride and / or aluminum nitrate. According to this publication, the use of an addition of boric acid to nitric acid should not lead to surfaces which are sufficient for the requirements in the printing plate field.

Das bekannte Verfahren zielt darauf, einer Aluminiumträger mit einer feinen, aufgerauhten, im wesentlichen narbenfreien Oberfläche zu schaffen. Es ist demzufolge nicht auch für die Herstellung einer gröberen Oberfläche bestimmt oder geeignet.The known method aims to create an aluminum carrier with a fine, roughened, essentially scar-free surface. It is therefore not intended or suitable for the production of a coarser surface.

Es ist ferner ein Verfahren zur elektrolytischen Aufrauhung von Aluminium und zu dessen Verwendung als Trägermaterial für Offsetdruckplatten bekannt (EP-OS 0 089 508), bei dem ein Elektrolyt verwendet wird, der zwingend Salpetersäure und Oxalsäure enthalten muß. Als Zusätze können dann noch Borsäure, Aluminiumnitrat und/oder Wasserstoffperoxid im Elektrolyten enthalten sein. Auch nach dieser Druckschrift soll ein Zusatz von Borsäure zu Salpetersäure nicht zu Oberflächen führen, die insbesondere für die Anforderungen auf dem Druckplattengebiet ausreichend sind.A process for the electrolytic roughening of aluminum and for its use as a carrier material for offset printing plates is also known (EP-OS 0 089 508), in which a Electrolyte is used, which must contain nitric acid and oxalic acid. Boric acid, aluminum nitrate and / or hydrogen peroxide can then also be contained in the electrolyte as additives. According to this publication, too, addition of boric acid to nitric acid should not lead to surfaces which are sufficient in particular for the requirements in the printing plate field.

Hinsichtlich der mit diesem bekannten Verfahren angestrebten Oberflächenrauhigkeit gelten die vorstehenden Ausführungen betreffend die DE-OS 32 22 170.With regard to the surface roughness sought with this known method, the above statements regarding DE-OS 32 22 170 apply.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt nun die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren der eingangs erwähnten Art so auszubilden, daß bei hoher Produktionsmenge eine gleichmäßige Oberflächenrauhigkeit bei der Herstellung von Offsetdruckplatten mit einfachen Mitteln zwischen fein und grob gewählt werden kann.The present invention is based on the object of designing a method of the type mentioned at the outset such that a uniform surface roughness can be chosen between fine and coarse with simple means in the production of offset printing plates with a high production volume.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem Verfahren der eingangs erwähnten Art dadurch gelöst, daß das aufzurauhende Material als kontinuierliches Band durch den Elektrolyten hindurchgeführt wird, daß der Elektrolyt 3 bis 15 g/1 Aluminium enthält und die Stromdichte zwischen 15 und 90 A/dm2 liegt.This object is achieved in a method of the type mentioned in the introduction in that the material to be roughened is passed through the electrolyte as a continuous band, in that the electrolyte contains 3 to 15 g / 1 aluminum and the current density is between 15 and 90 A / dm 2 .

Durch die Konstanthaltung des Aluminiumanteils im Elektrolyten auf einem bestimmten Wert innerhalb des angegebenen Bereichs wird es in überraschender Weise möglich, die Stromdichte in den genannten weiten Grenzen zu variieren und damit entgegen der aus dem Stand der Technik nahegelegten Befürchtung eine gleichmäßige, den Anforderungen der Druckindustrie entsprechende, nach Wunsch feine oder gröbere Oberflächenrauhigkeit zu erhalten. Von Vorteil ist dabei insbesondere, daß eine erwünschte Änderung der Oberflächenrauhigkeit durch die Änderung der Stromdichte allein herbeigeführt werden kann, die Stromdichte aber den am einfachsten variablen beteiligten Parameter des Verfahrens darstellt. Da dieses Verfahren zudem die Führung des aufzurauhenden Materials in Form eines kontinuierlichen Bandes vorsieht, sind hohe Produktionsmengen erreichbar. Die Möglichkeit des Einsatzes höherer Stromdichten führt zu einer wesentlichen Reduzierung der Verweilzeiten und damit zu einer gesteigerten Produktivität.By keeping the aluminum content in the electrolyte constant at a certain value within the specified range, it is surprisingly possible to vary the current density within the wide limits mentioned and thus, contrary to the fear suggested by the prior art, a uniform, corresponding to the requirements of the printing industry to obtain fine or coarse surface roughness as desired. It is particularly advantageous that a desired change in the surface roughness can be brought about by changing the current density alone. the current density represents the most easily variable parameter involved in the process. Since this process also involves guiding the material to be roughened in the form of a continuous belt, high production quantities can be achieved. The possibility of using higher current densities leads to a significant reduction in the dwell times and thus to increased productivity.

Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen des Verfahrens sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche.Advantageous developments of the method are the subject of the dependent claims.

Im folgenden Teil der Beschreibung werden einige Ausführungsbeispiele des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens beschrieben.In the following part of the description, some exemplary embodiments of the method according to the invention are described.

1.Ausführungsbeispiel:1.Example:

  • Zusammensetzung des Elektrolyten:
    Figure imgb0001
    Composition of the electrolyte:
    Figure imgb0001

Dabei wurde nacheinander mit vier Stromdichten gearbeitet, wobei sich bei den einzelnen Stromdichten folgende arithmetische Mittenrauhwerte Ra ergaben:

Figure imgb0002
Figure imgb0003
 Four current densities were worked in succession, with the following arithmetic mean roughness values Ra resulting for the individual current densities:
Figure imgb0002
Figure imgb0003

2.Ausführungsbeispiel:2.Example:

Figure imgb0004
Dabei wurde nacheinander mit drei Stromdichten gearbeitet, wobei sich bei den einzelnen Stromdichten folgende arithmetische Mittenrauhwerte Ra ergaben:
Figure imgb0005
Figure imgb0004
 Three current densities were used in succession, the following arithmetic mean roughness values Ra being obtained for the individual current densities:
Figure imgb0005

3.Ausführungsbeispiel:

Figure imgb0006
3.Example:
Figure imgb0006

Dabei wurde nacheinander mit fünf Stromdichten gearbeitet, wobei sich bei den einzelnen Stromdichten folgende arithmetische Mittenrauhwerte Ra ergaben:

Figure imgb0007
Five current densities were worked in succession, with the following arithmetic mean roughness values Ra resulting for the individual current densities:
Figure imgb0007

Claims (9)

1. Verfahren zum elektrochemischen Aufrauhen von Aluminiumoberflächen bei der Herstellung von Offsetdruckplatten unter Verwendung eines Salpetersäure, Borsäure und Wasser enthaltenden Elektrolyten unter Wechselstrom, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das aufzurauhende Material als kontinuierliches Band durch den Elektrolyten hindurchgeführt wird, daß der Elektrolyt 3 bis 15 g/1 Aluminium enthält und die Stromdichte zwischen 15 und 90 A/dm 2 liegt.1. A process for the electrochemical roughening of aluminum surfaces in the production of offset printing plates using an electrolyte containing nitric acid, boric acid and water under alternating current, characterized in that the material to be roughened is passed through the electrolyte as a continuous band such that the electrolyte contains 3 to 15 g / 1 contains aluminum and the current density is between 15 and 90 A / dm 2 . 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Elektrolyt 4 bis 15 g/l Salpetersäure und 3 bis 12 g/l Borsäure enthält und die Zeit für das Hindurchführen des bandförmigen Materials durch den Elektrolyten zwischen 20 und 90 s liegt.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the electrolyte contains 4 to 15 g / l nitric acid and 3 to 12 g / l boric acid and the time for the passage of the band-shaped material through the electrolyte is between 20 and 90 s. 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Elektrolyt 6 bis 10 g/l Salpetersäure, 5 bis 10 g/l Borsäure und 5 bis 8 g/l Aluminium enthält und daß die Zeit für das Hindurchführen des bandförmigen Materials durch den Elektrolyten 30 bis 60 s beträgt.3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the electrolyte contains 6 to 10 g / l nitric acid, 5 to 10 g / l boric acid and 5 to 8 g / l aluminum and that the time for the passage of the band-shaped material through the electrolyte is 30 to 60 s. 4. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Temperatur des Elektrolyten zwischen 30 und 55 °C liegt.4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the temperature of the electrolyte is between 30 and 55 ° C. 5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Temperatur des Elektrolyten 40 °C beträgt.5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the temperature of the electrolyte is 40 ° C. 6. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Stromdichte zwischen 20 und 70 A/dm2 liegt.6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the current density is between 20 and 70 A / dm 2 . 7. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Elektrolyt 8,5 g/l Salpetersäure, 10,0 g/l Borsäure und 5,0 g/l Aluminium enthält und daß bei einer Behandlungsdauer von 60 s die Stromdichte zwischen 20 und 60 A/dm2 liegt.7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the electrolyte contains 8.5 g / l nitric acid, 10.0 g / l boric acid and 5.0 g / l aluminum and that with a treatment time of 60 s, the current density between 20 and 60 A / dm 2 . 8. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Elektrolyt 6,5 g/l Salpetersäure, 5,5 g/l Borsäure und 5,0 g/l Aluminium enthält und daß bei einer Behandlungsdauer von 6o s die Stromdichte zwischen 20 und 40 A/dm2 liegt.8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the electrolyte contains 6.5 g / l nitric acid, 5.5 g / l boric acid and 5.0 g / l aluminum and that with a treatment time of 6o s Current density is between 20 and 40 A / dm 2 . 9. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Elektrolyt 6,5 g/1 Salpetersäure, 10,0 g/l Borsäure und 5,0 g/l Aluminium enthält und daß bei einer Behandlungsdauer von 36 s die Stromdichte zwischen 30 und 70 A/dm2 liegt.9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the electrolyte contains 6.5 g / 1 nitric acid, 10.0 g / l boric acid and 5.0 g / l aluminum and that with a treatment time of 36 s Current density is between 30 and 70 A / dm 2 .
EP84111438A 1983-10-29 1984-09-26 Process for the electrochemical roughening of aluminium surfaces in the manufacture of offset printing plates Expired EP0143932B1 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT84111438T ATE30747T1 (en) 1983-10-29 1984-09-26 METHOD OF ELECTROCHEMICAL ROUGHING OF ALUMINUM SURFACES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF OFFSET PRINTING PLATES.

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DE3339410 1983-10-29
DE3339410A DE3339410C1 (en) 1983-10-29 1983-10-29 Process for the electrochemical roughening of aluminum surfaces in the production of offset printing plates

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EP0143932A1 true EP0143932A1 (en) 1985-06-12
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US20090297323A1 (en) * 2008-05-30 2009-12-03 Genesis Worldwide Ii, Inc. Method and apparatus for stacking sheet materials

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EP0089508A1 (en) * 1982-03-18 1983-09-28 American Hoechst Corporation Process for the electrolytic roughening of aluminium and its application as a support for offset printing plates
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US4416972A (en) * 1981-06-26 1983-11-22 American Hoechst Corporation Electrolytic graining of aluminum with nitric and boric acids
EP0089508A1 (en) * 1982-03-18 1983-09-28 American Hoechst Corporation Process for the electrolytic roughening of aluminium and its application as a support for offset printing plates

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US4564429A (en) 1986-01-14
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DE3339410C1 (en) 1991-08-29

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