EP0122578B1 - Méthode de surveilalnce de fatigue d'éléments par exemple dans une centrale atomique - Google Patents

Méthode de surveilalnce de fatigue d'éléments par exemple dans une centrale atomique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0122578B1
EP0122578B1 EP84103962A EP84103962A EP0122578B1 EP 0122578 B1 EP0122578 B1 EP 0122578B1 EP 84103962 A EP84103962 A EP 84103962A EP 84103962 A EP84103962 A EP 84103962A EP 0122578 B1 EP0122578 B1 EP 0122578B1
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Prior art keywords
memory
stress
computing unit
component
stored
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EP84103962A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0122578A2 (fr
EP0122578A3 (en
Inventor
Reinhold Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Braschel
Manfred Dipl.-Ing. Miksch
Rolf Dipl.-Ing. Schiffer
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C3/00—Registering or indicating the condition or the working of machines or other apparatus, other than vehicles

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  • the invention relates to a method for monitoring the fatigue of preferably thermally and / or mechanically loaded components, such as. B. in nuclear power plants or aircraft, with sensors attached to the outside of the monitored components.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method for monitoring the fatigue of components, for. B. in a nuclear power plant to create a continuous, based on actual measurement data operational monitoring.
  • this object is achieved by a method according to claim 1, which is characterized on the one hand in that the measured values measured by sensors on the components to be monitored arrive in a certain time cycle at a process computer which contains a first computing unit which records the measured course of the measured values dissolves into uniform elementary courses charged with different weighting factors and stores them in a first memory such that a superposition of these preferably triangular elementary courses weighted with the weighting factors approximates the actually measured course of the respective measured values, so that the values stored in a second memory for the elementary voltage profiles generated from these elementary profiles of the measured values are called up from these elementary profiles of the measured values and weights in a second arithmetic unit by superimposing them with the above-mentioned weighting factors
  • the elementary voltage curves approximate the actual voltage curve and are stored in a third memory, and that a third arithmetic unit calculates the partial utilization factor of the component resulting from an evaluation cycle from this stored, approximate voltage curve using voltage-dependent fatigue curves and outputs it to a fourth memory in which
  • a component for example a feed water nozzle in a nuclear power plant.
  • the corresponding temperature profiles inside this component are now calculated (temperature backward analysis).
  • the tensile stress profiles in the wall material of the component can be calculated.
  • mechanical measurement values measured on the component can also be converted into partial utilization rates.
  • Advertisements during ultrasound tests can be tracked continuously.
  • This monitoring also makes it possible to carry out repair measures that are necessary in a targeted and thus economical manner.
  • the operational monitoring system enables e.g. B. for all areas in power plants a more precise and, above all, more economical implementation of stress and fatigue analyzes.
  • the invention is applicable not only in the power plant area described by way of example, but also in other areas. Another example is the fatigue check of aircraft components etc.
  • Figure 1 shows a flow diagram for the method for monitoring the fatigue of components in a nuclear power plant.
  • the basis for the fatigue analysis is the material-specific, empirically determined fatigue curve, e.g. B.
  • Fig. 2 shows.
  • the individual reference stress ranges ⁇ v are assigned the maximum permissible number N of load changes.
  • the material fatigue caused by n equal load change fluctuations is determined by the "utilization factor" expressed.
  • the total utilization factor Ug of formula gives it j as the sum of the individual partial utilization factors U according to
  • n in each case, based on the associated reference stress change ⁇ i , the number of load changes actually occurring, and N ; the maximum number of load changes resulting from the curve according to FIG. 2.
  • the temperatures are measured using suitable sensors (13), which in the example are arranged on a pipe section (14).
  • the monitoring device according to the invention makes use of a particularly simple calculation of the voltage distribution, which is therefore described in detail below:
  • the invention makes use of this superposition principle in that it approximates complex temperature profiles from elementary triangular temperature profiles, so-called “elementary transients”, according to a modular principle.
  • An attempt is made to present the externally measured temperature curve R (boundary condition) as a superposition of appropriately weighted elementary transients T l l ... T n '(FIG. 6) of the inner surface surface temperatures R of the inner surface, ie The temperature field T belonging to the surface temperature R is then approximately through given.
  • the elementary transients T i which are used here are due to the temperature profile occurring on the inside of the corresponding component (for example a pipe section (14) according to FIG. 3) defined as shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
  • i denotes the point on the inside opposite the measuring point i
  • E (I) the temperature profile on the inside
  • (x, t) the dependence on the coordinates of place and time.
  • FIG. 6 shows how a uniform, piece-wise linear internal temperature curve T (I) (represented by a continuous line), by means of superposition, elementary transients shifted in time and differently weighted
  • T j (1) , T 2 (I) , T3 (I) , T 4 (I) can be obtained, the courses of which have the shape of simple triangles on the inside, as shown in FIG. 4.
  • the “response” to an elementary transient T E (I) at point x on the inside of a component is the temperature curve E (A) according to FIG. 8 in the opposite Point y on the outside, and by superposition of the “answers” T 1 (A) -T 4 (A) according to FIG. 9, an “answer” to the temperature profile according to FIG.
  • the temperature-backward analysis mentioned uses a measured outside temperature curve to determine the corresponding inside temperature curve according to the following scheme:
  • the outside temperature T (A) is approximately represented as a superposition of answers E i (A), i.e. of elementary curves or elementary transients for the outer surface at location i :
  • the measured curve of the outside temperature would be replaced by a large number of overlapping, time-shifted and differently weighted triangular element temperature curves.
  • the individual weightings r j are determined in such a way that the best possible approximation to the actually measured profile of the outside temperature is achieved.
  • Equation (8) can be described as follows:
  • D is a linear differential operator. As is known, this system can be uniquely solved with given displacements or given forces in the peripheral area, taking into account the body balance conditions.
  • weightings of the individual elementary transients determined in the temperature backward analysis explained with reference to FIGS. 4 to 9 can also be used directly when the individual voltage profiles are superimposed.
  • the relevant weighting factors for the individual temperature transients determined in the temperature backward analysis are determined in block 2 in accordance with the flow diagram shown in FIG. 1.
  • the elementary reference stress curves corresponding to the elementary transients T of the temperature of the inner surface are stored in the block-specific stress file for unit load cases, block 3 in FIG. 1. From this voltage file for unit load cases, the reference voltage curves stored for the respective temperature transient, specific to the module, are called up and multiplied in block 2 by the associated weighting factors. In block 4, the elementary voltage curves called up in the voltage file 3 and weighted in block 2 are followed by Superposition of the actual voltage curve determined.
  • the degree of utilization is calculated in block 5 with the aid of a specific algorithm.
  • This algorithm is known as the "rainflow" or reservoir algorithm. It is essentially based on the fact that the determined voltage curve is broken down into a finite number of simple-period processes. (See K. Roik, lectures on steel construction, Wilhelm Ernst and Son Verlag, 1978, p. 69). A material-dependent partial utilization factor is stored in a memory FAT for each of these processes.
  • the partial utilization factor U to be applied for the individual periodic elementary cycle is then obtained in block 5 using the rainflow algorithm ; , which is included in the determination of the total utilization factor according to equation (2).
  • the result is the cumulative time profile of the overall degree of utilization, which is transferred to peripheral devices.
  • the part of the fatigue monitoring of a certain component described up to now by continuously updating the degree of utilization can be summarized as follows: On the basis of the measurement data that record the outside temperatures, the internal temperatures are first calculated back; the internal temperature curve is broken down into weighted "elementary transients". The individual elementary transients obtained when the temperature profile is divided are individually assigned voltage transients previously calculated from a file and superimposed on a voltage profile. From the superposed stress curve, partial degrees of utilization and the degree of utilization are calculated from the rainflow method using predefined fatigue curves. The replacement of the monitored component can be planned in good time before the overall degree of utilization reaches its highest permissible limit, namely the value 1.
  • the corresponding load cases are identified in block 8 on the basis of various system-specific operating signals, which can essentially be seen in the control room 7 in the exemplary embodiment of a nuclear power plant 1.
  • Such typical load cases are e.g. For example: slow start-up, rapid shutdown, etc.
  • the voltage file shown in block 9 contains the corresponding reference voltage curves. This means: For each load case identified on the basis of certain operating signals or operating signal combinations, the associated voltages are taken from block 9 from the voltage file and compiled in block 10 to form a voltage curve.
  • the data that are stored in the voltage file in block 9 have been determined on the basis of theoretical considerations and / or calculations, or have been measured in the past for special load cases. It is a matter of previously known - calculated or measured - voltage profiles for special load cases, from which the voltage profile is composed in block 10.
  • the flow of information leads again from block 10 to block 5, where the associated partial utilization rate is calculated from this comparison voltage curve with the aid of the rainflow or reservoir algorithm.
  • the calculation of the degree of partial utilization in block 5 by way of blocks 7 to 10, i.e. based on the load case identification and the voltage data determined for identified load cases based on previous processes and / or calculations, thus runs in parallel with the determination of the degree of utilization via the component to be monitored directly measured temperature and other mechanical data and their processing in blocks 2 to 5.
  • the operating data are recorded in a block 11 and stored in a data memory, a so-called log book, indicated by block 12 in FIG. 1.
  • a data memory a so-called log book, indicated by block 12 in FIG. 1.
  • the results of the calculation of the stress distribution in block 4 and the formation of the stress curve in block 10 are continuously compared on the basis of the load case identification in block 8 and that the most unfavorable value is used to determine the degree of utilization to ensure maximum security. This makes it possible to determine the superimposition of voltages for the monitored modules that occurs during certain load cases that can be identified in the load case.
  • the data determined in this way can be used to obtain data for module-related, life-extending operating modes of the system.
  • the measured values relevant to the subject of the application come from three different sources in a nuclear power plant, namely the temperature sensors 13, 20, the mechanical sensors 15, 21 and the sensors 22, the control room 7, from which the nuclear power plant 1 is controlled.
  • the temperature sensors 13, 20 provide the measured values which are required for the temperature backward analysis described above.
  • the mechanical sensors 15, 21 stand for such signal transmitters or sensors, which allow information about mechanical stresses, such as. B. measuring instruments for internal pressure, flow rate, level indicators etc.
  • the operating signals emanating from the sensors 22 of the control room 7 can be used to determine the current operating state (load case) of the operating system 1 or power plant.
  • a first memory FIFO I 37 First In / First Out
  • a second memory FIFO II 38 are connected to the unit for measured value acquisition MWE 34 via a data bus 36.
  • the data that is first read in time is also read out first in time.
  • the memories 37, 38 are buffer memories.
  • the first memory 37 is in alternating connection with the computing unit LCID 39 (load case identification), which is used to identify the individual load cases.
  • the basis for the identification of the individual load cases are the operating signals coming from the sensors 22 of the control room 7.
  • the computing unit LCID 39 determines, based on the load cases identified in this way, from the voltage file for specified load cases LCL 9, comparison voltage values for identified load cases, and component-dependent as well as various weighting factors for these comparison voltage values, which are determined by various sensors, and places them in one of the computing units HSP / VSP 40 for later superposition not represented RAM.
  • the temperature and voltage measurement values prepared by the measurement value acquisition MWE 34 go directly to the second memory FIFO II 38 and from there to the voltage file for unit load cases 3, which contains the memory TLL (Thermal Load Library) 41 for thermal load cases and the memory MLL 42 (Mechanical Load Library) for mechanical load cases.
  • TLL Thermal Load Library
  • MLL 42 Mechanism Load Library
  • the computing unit VSP 40 determines the resulting voltage curve by superimposing it and stores it in the STACK HSP VSP 43 memory. This is divided into two storage units 44 and 45 for the main voltages (HSP) and the determined reference voltages (VSP).
  • the resulting reference stress curve stored in the memory unit 44 of the working memory STACK HSP VSP 43 is calculated in the third arithmetic unit RFL (rainflow) 46 with the aid of the material-related fatigue curves (cf. FIG. 2) stored in the memory FAT (fatigue) 47 with the rainflow mentioned above. or reservoir algorithm processed.
  • the resulting partial utilization levels are added to the utilization level already stored in the RAM USE I 48 memory.
  • the crack growth can be calculated.
  • these main stresses occurring in the arithmetic unit HSP / VSP are stored in the memory unit STACK HSP 44 of the memory STACK HSP / VSP 43 and retrieved from there by a second arithmetic unit RFL 11 and processed on the basis of the stress-dependent crack growth curves stored in the memory RWK 50.
  • the calculation result, the crack growth per load unit is added to the crack lengths previously stored in RAM USE II 51.
  • the process computer 30 is connected to the console CO 35, which has the usual peripheral devices (printer, writer, etc.) and can be read in the degree of utilization and the accumulated crack lengths.
  • the console 35 which is usually in the control room 7, allows the replacement of components that have been used in foreseeable periods to be planned in good time. It also enables the operating system to be operated in the way that is most gentle on the most vulnerable or most worn components.

Claims (8)

1. Procédé pour contrôler la fatigue de composants ou éléments soumis de préférence à une contrainte thermique et/ou mécanique comme par exemple des composants situés dans des centrales nucléaires ou dans des avions, avec des capteurs montés extérieurement sur les composants à contrôler, caractérisé par le fait que les valeurs de mesure mesurées, selon une cadence déterminée, par les capteurs (13,15,20, 21,22) situés sur les composants (14) à contrôler, parviennent à un calculateur de processus (33), qui contient une première unité de calcul (LCID) (39) qui, à partir des valeurs de mesure et sur la base d'un fichier de contraintes (LCL) (9) de cas spécifiés de charges unitaires détermine des facteurs de pondération pour pondérer les cas de charges unitaires mécaniques et/ou directement des contraintes de comparaison spécifiques pour les cas de charge, et les introduit dans une première mémoire de travail, qu'en outre, après détermination des contraintes de comparaison déterminées par la première unité de calcul (LCID) (39) et/ou sur la base des données de mesure introduites à partir d'un fichier (MWE) (34) d'enregistrement de données de mesure dans une seconde mémoire de travail (FIFO II) (38) et après résolution de ces données en des valeurs unitaires pondérées de façon correspondante, une seconde unité de calcul (HSP VSP) (40) associe des valeurs de contraintes de comparaison à ces unités et les pondère, moyennant l'utilisation de deux bibliothèques (TLL, MLL) (3, 41, 42) de cas de charges unitaires et les introduit, conformément à la cadence, dans une troisième mémoire (STACK VSP) (43, 45), qu'en outre une troisième unité de calcul (RFL) (46) commande la troisième mémoire (STACK VSP) et calcule, à partir de l'allure de la contrainte de comparaison et moyennant l'utilisation de courbes de fatigue mémorisées dans une mémoire (FAT) (47), le degré partiel d'utilisation du composant, obtenu pendant un cycle d'évaluation, et ajoute cette valeur au degré d'utilisation obtenu jusqu'alors et mémorisé dans une quatrième mémoire de travail (RAM USE 1) (48), ce qui permet d'obtenir le degré total réel d'utilisation (Uges)-
2. Procédé suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que les capteurs (13, 20) sont des capteurs de température, qui sont disposés sur la face extérieure du composant (14) à contrôler, qui est isolé dans la zone du capteur de température, et que les allures élémentaires de contrainte, mémorisées dans une cinquième mémoire (TTL) (41), sont des allures qui correspondent aux allures thermiques unitaires.
3. Procédé suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que les capteurs (15, 21) sont des capteurs mécaniques et que les allures élémentaires de contrainte, mémorisées dans une sixième mémoire (MLL) (42), sont des allures de. contrainte qui correspondent aux cas de charge mécaniques unités.
4. Procédé suivant la revendication 1 ou l'une des suivantes, caractérisé par le fait qu'à partir des signaux de fonctionnement, qui sont envoyés par un poste de contrôle (7) au système de fonctionnement (1), dont fait partie le composant à contrôler, ladite première unité de calcul (LCID) (39) identifie le cas de charge respectivement déterminé du système de fonctionnement, qu'en outre à ladite première unité de calcul est associée une autre (septième) mémoire (LCL) (9), dans laquelle l'allure de contrainte devant être associée à ce cas de charge identifié est mémorisée d'une manière spécifique au composant et que les allures des contraintes, qui doivent être associées, de façon spécifique pour le composant, aux cas de charge identifiés, parviennent par l'intermédiaire d'une mémoire tampon à la seconde unité de calcul (HSP VSP) (40), et qu'à partir de là, cette unité fournit, par superposition, une approximation de l'allure effective de la contrainte de référence, qui est mémorisée dans ladite troisième mémoire (STACK HSP VSP) (43).
5. Procédé suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que les répartitions de contraintes superposées, déterminées d'une manière spécifique aux composants au moyen des données de mesure des capteurs (13,15,20,21) pendant certains cas de charge déterminés par le poste de contrôle (22) et calculées par la seconde unité de calcul (HSP VSP) (40), sont déterminées et mémorisées conjointement avec le cas de charge.
6. Procédé suivant la revendication 5, caractérisé par le fait que les répartitions des contraintes superposées, calculées, d'une manière spécifique pour les composants, pour des cas de charge déterminés, sont converties au moyen de la troisième unité de calcul (RFL I) (46), en des degrés partiels d'utilisation, spécifiques pour les composants, et sont répertoriées dans le cadre d'une détection (11) des données de fonctionnement.
7. Procédé suivant la revendication 5, caractérisé par le fait que les répartitions des contraintes superposées, recensées lors de la détection (11) des données de fonctionnement et déterminées, d'une manière spécifique pour les composants, pour des cas de charge déterminés, sont mémorisées en tant que telles, ainsi que leur fréquence, dans un fichier séparé pour des cas de charge spécifiés.
8. Procédé suivant la revendication 1 ou 4, caractérisé par le fait que les contraintes principales pondérées, arrivant dans la seconde unité de calcul (HSP VSP) (40), sont mémorisées dans une huitième mémoire (STACK HSP VSP) (43, 44) et sont converties par une quatrième unité de calcul (RFL II) (49), moyennant l'utilisation de courbes de croissance de fissures, qui dépendent de la contrainte et sont mémorisées dans une neuvième mémoire (RWK) (5), en des valeurs de croissance de fissures obtenues pendant un cycle d'évaluation, et ces valeurs de croissance de fissures sont ajoutées aux longueurs de fissures mémorisées dans une dixième mémoire (RAM USE II) (51).
EP84103962A 1983-04-19 1984-04-09 Méthode de surveilalnce de fatigue d'éléments par exemple dans une centrale atomique Expired EP0122578B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19833314181 DE3314181A1 (de) 1983-04-19 1983-04-19 Verfahren zur ueberwachung der ermuedung von bauteilen, z.b. in kernkraftwerken
DE3314181 1983-04-19

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EP0122578A2 EP0122578A2 (fr) 1984-10-24
EP0122578A3 EP0122578A3 (en) 1987-04-01
EP0122578B1 true EP0122578B1 (fr) 1989-07-19

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US (1) US4764882A (fr)
EP (1) EP0122578B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS59206751A (fr)
BR (1) BR8401842A (fr)
DE (2) DE3314181A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES8703028A1 (fr)

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EP0122578A2 (fr) 1984-10-24
ES531767A0 (es) 1987-01-16
US4764882A (en) 1988-08-16
ES8703028A1 (es) 1987-01-16
BR8401842A (pt) 1984-11-27
EP0122578A3 (en) 1987-04-01
DE3314181A1 (de) 1984-10-25
DE3479064D1 (en) 1989-08-24
JPS59206751A (ja) 1984-11-22

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