EP0120045B1 - Method for the control and opening of casting holes of containers holding liquid metals and device for implementing such method - Google Patents
Method for the control and opening of casting holes of containers holding liquid metals and device for implementing such method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0120045B1 EP0120045B1 EP83902994A EP83902994A EP0120045B1 EP 0120045 B1 EP0120045 B1 EP 0120045B1 EP 83902994 A EP83902994 A EP 83902994A EP 83902994 A EP83902994 A EP 83902994A EP 0120045 B1 EP0120045 B1 EP 0120045B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- pouring
- receptacle
- cylinder
- plunger
- opening
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
- B22D41/14—Closures
- B22D41/44—Consumable closure means, i.e. closure means being used only once
- B22D41/46—Refractory plugging masses
- B22D41/465—Unplugging a vessel discharge port
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
- B22D41/14—Closures
- B22D41/22—Closures sliding-gate type, i.e. having a fixed plate and a movable plate in sliding contact with each other for selective registry of their openings
- B22D41/42—Features relating to gas injection
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the means for opening an orifice formed in a container intended to contain a material capable of solidifying, such as a molten metal, in particular steel or cast iron.
- the wall of the container receives an internal nozzle and a fixed refractory plate pierced with orifices opposite, and a mobile external shutter.
- the freezing of the molten metal comes from an excessive loss of heat which it undergoes in contact with the refractory materials constituting the internal nozzle of the fixed plate and of the movable plate of the shutter and the obligatory geometry of the pouring channel in this zone.
- the product may be in the form of a solid, deformable or fusible plug, of a liquid aggregate such as for example lead or more generally in the form of a sand, for example of zircon, of silica, of chronite, pure graphite or mixed.
- a characteristic of these proposals is that the shutter product is always supposed to flow through the pouring orifice when the shutter is opened, which can have certain drawbacks moreover.
- a more recent invention proposes to avoid or eliminate the above-mentioned freezing of the molten metal in the runner by blowing pressurized gas into the lower part of said runner.
- the introduction of the gas is obtained in particular by means of a gas supply opening into an additional hole at least formed in the movable obturator plate of the obturator, said hole being able to be or not closed by a refractory material permeable to gases and tight to the metal at least when the gas is allowed to pass through said material.
- the gas can in fact continue to pass through one or more channels within a metal plug being solidified.
- the subject of the invention is a method of controlling and opening the pouring orifices of container containers of liquid metals, which consists in preventing the freezing of the molten metal in the pouring orifice or in causing the return of the frozen metal in the sliding shutter, using a gas supplied by a gas supply line, characterized in that, before filling the container, the following is introduced into the pouring channel a cylinder of suitable dimensions in which is located a piston emerging widely inside the container, said cylinder being advantageously wedged with sand and located above a pressurized fluid inlet regulated by a distributor, said pressure being of sufficient force to propel the piston inside the container.
- these will be made of graphite.
- FIG. 1 there is shown schematically shown a bottom wall of a container for casting metal equipped with a casting device.
- the wall 1 is provided with an internal nozzle 2 having a pouring channel 3. Under the bottom is located a fixed plate 4a having an orifice 5a and the movable shutter plate 4b having an orifice 5b which can be brought below the channel 3.
- a gas supply pipe 6 in communication by a rotary distributor 7 with a pressurized gas tank 8 (fig. 2).
- a cylinder of suitable rigid dimensions, 9, is introduced, comprising inside a sliding cylindrical piston 10 (fig. 1).
- the cylinder can be made of steel or graphite and the piston - its dimensions and characteristics must oppose the infiltration of the metal inside the cylinder - graphite.
- the cylinder which emerges widely inside the container, is wedged in the vertical position using sand 11, which also seals between the cylinder and the wall of the pouring channel.
- the distributor which is preferably of the rotary type, once set in rotation, at an adjustable speed, makes it possible to introduce pressurized gas into the orifice 5, preferably by successive pulses, which produces a succession of impact shocks. variable amplitude and frequency to act on the piston and propel it inward.
Abstract
Description
La présente invention a trait aux moyens d'ouverture d'un orifice ménagé dans un récipient destiné à contenir une matière susceptible de se solidifier, comme un métal en fusion, notamment l'acier ou la fonte.The present invention relates to the means for opening an orifice formed in a container intended to contain a material capable of solidifying, such as a molten metal, in particular steel or cast iron.
Elle s'applique aux modes de fermeture et d'ouverture par obturateurs de l'orifice précité, lequel peut être destiné soit à introduire de la matière au sein du métal en fusion au travers de la paroi du conteneur, soit à vider le conteneur de tout ou partie de son contenu.It applies to the methods of closing and opening by shutters of the abovementioned orifice, which may be intended either to introduce material into the molten metal through the wall of the container, or to empty the container of all or part of its content.
De façon générale, la paroi du conteneur reçoit une busette interne et une plaque réfractaire fixe percée d'orifices vis-à-vis, et un obturateur externe mobile.In general, the wall of the container receives an internal nozzle and a fixed refractory plate pierced with orifices opposite, and a mobile external shutter.
A l'emploi de tels obturateurs extérieurs, on a constaté que le métal fige très vite dans la région du perçage de la plaque réfractaire fixe et dans le canal de coulée de la busette interne, c'est-à-dire que, lorsque du métal a séjourné dans le conteneur, le métal ne s'écoule pas à l'ouverture de l'obturateur. Le figeage du métal fondu provient d'une perte excessive de chaleur qu'il subit au contact des matériaux réfractaires constitutifs de la busette interne de la plaque fixe et de la plaque mobile de l'obturateur et de la géométrie obligatoire du canal de coulée dans cette zone.When using such external plugs, it has been found that the metal freezes very quickly in the region of the drilling of the fixed refractory plate and in the pouring channel of the internal nozzle, that is to say when metal has stayed in the container, the metal does not flow when the shutter opens. The freezing of the molten metal comes from an excessive loss of heat which it undergoes in contact with the refractory materials constituting the internal nozzle of the fixed plate and of the movable plate of the shutter and the obligatory geometry of the pouring channel in this zone.
A l'apparition du phénomène indiqué, on procédait jusqu'à présent en insufflant de l'oxygène dans le canal de coulée pour obtenir un réchauffement de la région intéressée suffisant pour le rétablissement du jet de coulée, cette insufflation étant généralement effectuée par l'extérieur du conteneur, l'obturateur étant grand ouvert.The appearance of the indicated phenomenon has hitherto been carried out by blowing oxygen into the pouring channel to obtain a heating of the region concerned sufficient for the restoration of the casting jet, this insufflation generally being effected by the outside of the container, the shutter being wide open.
On a cherché à éviter cet inconvénient en interdisant l'accès du canal de coulée au métal fondu avant la première ouverture de l'obturateur, notamment par l'introduction d'un produit dans le canal de coulée préalablement au remplissage du conteneur par le métal liquide. Le produit peut se présenter sous la forme d'un bouchon solide, déformable ou fusible, d'un agrégat liquide comme par exemple du plomb ou plus généralement sous la forme d'un sable, par exemple du zircon, de la silice, de la chronite, du graphite pur ou en mélange. Une caractéristique de ces propositions est que le produit obturateur est toujours sensé s'écouler par l'orifice de coulée lors de l'ouverture de l'obturateur, ce qui peut présenter certains inconvénients par ailleurs.We tried to avoid this drawback by prohibiting the access of the pouring channel to the molten metal before the first opening of the shutter, in particular by introducing a product into the pouring channel prior to the filling of the container with the metal. liquid. The product may be in the form of a solid, deformable or fusible plug, of a liquid aggregate such as for example lead or more generally in the form of a sand, for example of zircon, of silica, of chronite, pure graphite or mixed. A characteristic of these proposals is that the shutter product is always supposed to flow through the pouring orifice when the shutter is opened, which can have certain drawbacks moreover.
Il s'avère à l'emploi que ces procédés ne permettent pas de garantir totalement la coulée du métal après ouverture de l'obturateur. Quel que soit le produit utilisé, il se forme parfois un pont de solidification suffisamment résistant pour soutenir le métal liquide. Pour cette raison, on en revient actuellement à la solution initiale consistant à insuffler de l'oxygène par le canal de coulée. Outre les inconvénients propres à ce procédé, il arrive que, dans certains cas, la conception du dispositif de coulée rende difficile ou même impossible l'accès à l'orifice de coulée. C'est le cas en particulier lorsque la busette est prolongée par un tube long destiné à la protection du jet de métal ou lorsque la coulée s'effectue sous vide. Une invention plus récente, décrite notamment par le brevet français 2012888, se propose d'éviter ou d'éliminer le figeage précité du métal fondu dans le canal de coulée par insufflation de gaz sous pression dans la partie inférieure dudit canal de coulée. L'introduction du gaz est obtenue notamment au moyen d'une adduction de gaz débouchant dans un perçage supplémentaire au moins ménagé dans la plaque obturatrice mobile de l'obturateur, ledit perçage pouvant être ou non obturé par une matière réfractaire perméable aux gaz et étanche au métal au moins lorsque le gaz est admis à passer au travers de ladite matière.It turns out in use that these methods do not fully guarantee the casting of the metal after opening the shutter. Whatever the product used, a solidification bridge is sometimes formed which is strong enough to support the liquid metal. For this reason, we are currently coming back to the initial solution of blowing oxygen through the pouring channel. In addition to the drawbacks specific to this process, it sometimes happens that, in certain cases, the design of the pouring device makes it difficult or even impossible to access the pouring orifice. This is particularly the case when the nozzle is extended by a long tube intended for the protection of the metal jet or when the casting takes place under vacuum. A more recent invention, described in particular by French patent 2012888, proposes to avoid or eliminate the above-mentioned freezing of the molten metal in the runner by blowing pressurized gas into the lower part of said runner. The introduction of the gas is obtained in particular by means of a gas supply opening into an additional hole at least formed in the movable obturator plate of the obturator, said hole being able to be or not closed by a refractory material permeable to gases and tight to the metal at least when the gas is allowed to pass through said material.
Un tel procédé s'avère à l'emploi garantir un pourcentage d'ouverture satisfaisant mais présente cependant certains inconvénients.Such a method proves to use guaranteeing a satisfactory opening percentage but nevertheless has certain drawbacks.
L'expérience montre en effet qu'une circulation permanente de gaz dans le canal de coulée ne garantit pas forcément l'absence totale de solidification du métal.Experience has shown that a permanent circulation of gas in the pouring channel does not necessarily guarantee the total absence of solidification of the metal.
Le gaz peut en effet continuer à passer à travers un ou plusieurs canaux au sein d'un bouchon de métal en cours de solidification.The gas can in fact continue to pass through one or more channels within a metal plug being solidified.
Lorsqu'on arrête l'insufflation de gaz et que l'on désire réaliser la coulée en faisant coulisser la plaque mobile jusqu'à la position adéquate, lesdits canaux se bouchent instantanément et le bouchon d'acier solidifié devient suffisamment cohérent pour interdire la coulée du métal chaud contenu dans le récipient.When the gas insufflation is stopped and it is desired to carry out the pouring by sliding the movable plate to the appropriate position, said channels are instantly blocked and the solidified steel plug becomes sufficiently coherent to prevent pouring hot metal in the container.
Il est également connu par le brevet français 24 29063 de pratiquer dans la plaque obturatrice mobile, en plus du perçage destiné à la coulée, un second perçage dans lequel est introduit un bouchon en matériau réfractaire perméable au gaz et à la partie inférieure duquel il est prévu une ou plusieurs adductions de gaz.It is also known from French patent 24 29063 to practice in the movable obturator plate, in addition to the drilling intended for casting, a second drilling in which is introduced a plug of refractory material permeable to gas and at the bottom of which it is provided one or more gas supplies.
On peut ainsi, en position fermée du tiroir, non seulement empêcher le figeage de la colonne de métal en fusion se trouvant au-dessus de la plaque obturatrice mais aussi provoquer le retour du métal à un état permettant la coulée.It is thus possible, in the closed position of the drawer, not only to prevent the freezing of the column of molten metal located above the obturating plate but also to cause the metal to return to a state allowing pouring.
Une telle solution entraîne certaines complications constructives puisque le second perçage doit être tel qu'il soit accessible pour la mise en place du bouchon réfractaire, et qu'il reçoive les conduits d'arrivée de gaz, sans permettre au gaz de s'échapper par la face inférieure de la plaque.Such a solution leads to certain constructive complications since the second drilling must be such that it is accessible for the installation of the refractory plug, and that it receives the gas inlet conduits, without allowing the gas to escape by the underside of the plate.
L'invention permet d'obvier à ces inconvénients. L'invention a pour objet un procédé de contrôle et d'ouverture des orifices de coulée des récipients conteneurs de métaux liquides, consistant à empêcher le figeage du métal fondu dans l'orifice de coulée ou à provoquer le retour du métal figé dans l'obturateur coulissant, à l'aide d'un gaz délivré par une conduite d'adduction de gaz, caractérisé en ce que, préalablement au remplissage du récipient, on introduit dans le canal de coulée un cylindre de dimensions convenables dans lequel est situé un piston émergeant largement à l'intérieur du récipient, ledit cylindre étant avantageusement calé à l'aide de sable et situé au-dessus d'une arrivée de fluide sous pression réglée par un distributeur, ladite pression étant d'une force suffisante pour propulser le piston à l'intérieur du récipient.The invention overcomes these drawbacks. The subject of the invention is a method of controlling and opening the pouring orifices of container containers of liquid metals, which consists in preventing the freezing of the molten metal in the pouring orifice or in causing the return of the frozen metal in the sliding shutter, using a gas supplied by a gas supply line, characterized in that, before filling the container, the following is introduced into the pouring channel a cylinder of suitable dimensions in which is located a piston emerging widely inside the container, said cylinder being advantageously wedged with sand and located above a pressurized fluid inlet regulated by a distributor, said pressure being of sufficient force to propel the piston inside the container.
Dans la mise en couvre de ce procédé, il s'est montré particulièrement avantageux d'opérer au moyen du distributeur l'expulsion du piston par des impulsions successives de gaz. Cette introduction saccadée du fluide produit une succession de chocs d'amplitude et de fréquence variables, de façon à briser plus facilement les adhérences et autres résistances éventuelles.In the covering of this process, it has been shown to be particularly advantageous to operate by means of the distributor the expulsion of the piston by successive pulses of gas. This jerky introduction of the fluid produces a succession of shocks of variable amplitude and frequency, so as to more easily break adhesions and other possible resistance.
De préférence, et afin d'obtenir un coulissement plus aisé du piston dans le cylindre, ceux-ci seront réalisés en graphite.Preferably, and in order to obtain easier sliding of the piston in the cylinder, these will be made of graphite.
L'invention sera maintenant décrite en se référant à titre d'exemple à des formes de réalisation représentées au dessin annexé et dans lequel :
- la figure 1 représente en coupe un appareillage avec cylindre obturateur pour l'orifice de coulée d'un récipient ;
- la figure 2 représente de façon schématique une installation pour la mise en couvre de l'invention.
- Figure 1 shows in section an apparatus with a shutter cylinder for the pouring orifice of a container;
- Figure 2 schematically shows an installation for setting the covers of the invention.
En se reportant à la figure 1, on voit schématiquement représentée une paroi de fond de récipient pour métal de coulée équipé d'un dispositif de coulée.Referring to Figure 1, there is shown schematically shown a bottom wall of a container for casting metal equipped with a casting device.
La paroi 1 est munie d'une busette interne 2 présentant un canal de coulée 3. Sous le fond est située une plaque fixe 4a ayant un orifice 5a et la plaque mobile d'obturateur 4b présentant un orifice 5b pouvant être amené en dessous du canal 3.The wall 1 is provided with an internal nozzle 2 having a
Dans l'orifice 5 débouche une canalisation d'adduction de gaz 6 en communication par un distributeur rotatif 7 avec un réservoir de gaz sous pression 8 (fig. 2).In the orifice 5 opens a gas supply pipe 6 in communication by a rotary distributor 7 with a pressurized gas tank 8 (fig. 2).
Dans le canal de coulée, avant remplissage du récipient, on introduit un cylindre de dimensions convenables rigide, 9, comportant à l'intérieur un piston cylindrique coulissant 10 (fig. 1). Le cylindre peut être en acier ou en graphite et le piston - ses dimensions et ses caractéristiques doivent s'opposer à l'infiltration du métal à l'intérieur du cylindre - en graphite.In the pouring channel, before filling the container, a cylinder of suitable rigid dimensions, 9, is introduced, comprising inside a sliding cylindrical piston 10 (fig. 1). The cylinder can be made of steel or graphite and the piston - its dimensions and characteristics must oppose the infiltration of the metal inside the cylinder - graphite.
Le cylindre, qui émerge largement à l'intérieur du récipient, est calé dans la position verticale à l'aide de sable 11, qui assure également l'étanchéité entre le cylindre et la paroi du canal de coulée.The cylinder, which emerges widely inside the container, is wedged in the vertical
Pour déboucher le récipient on utilise un fluide sous pression arrivant du réservoir 8 par la conduite 6, par l'intermédiaire d'un distributeur 7. Ce fluide exerce une force ascensionnelle à la base du piston et le projette à l'intérieur du récipient, débouchant ainsi le canal de coulée.To open the container, use is made of a pressurized fluid arriving from the
Le distributeur, qui est de préférence du type rotatif, une fois mis en rotation, suivant une vitesse réglable permet d'introduire dans l'orifice 5 du gaz sous pression, de préférence par impulsions successives, ce qui produit une succession de chocs d'amplitude et de fréquence variables pour agir sur le piston et le propulser vers l'intérieur.The distributor, which is preferably of the rotary type, once set in rotation, at an adjustable speed, makes it possible to introduce pressurized gas into the orifice 5, preferably by successive pulses, which produces a succession of impact shocks. variable amplitude and frequency to act on the piston and propel it inward.
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT83902994T ATE23958T1 (en) | 1982-09-28 | 1983-09-28 | PROCEDURE FOR MONITORING AND OPENING THE POURING OPENINGS OF VESSELS CONTAINING LIQUID METALS AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE PROCESS. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8216322A FR2533473A1 (en) | 1982-09-28 | 1982-09-28 | METHOD OF CONTROLLING AND OPENING THE CASTING HOLES OF CONTAINERS CONTAINING LIQUID METALS AND THE LIKE, AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING SAME |
| FR8216322 | 1982-09-28 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0120045A1 EP0120045A1 (en) | 1984-10-03 |
| EP0120045B1 true EP0120045B1 (en) | 1986-12-03 |
Family
ID=9277815
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP83902994A Expired EP0120045B1 (en) | 1982-09-28 | 1983-09-28 | Method for the control and opening of casting holes of containers holding liquid metals and device for implementing such method |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4688704A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0120045B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS59501739A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE23958T1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3368025D1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2533473A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1984001315A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3506426C1 (en) * | 1985-02-23 | 1985-11-28 | Stopinc Ag, Baar | Method for pouring molten metal from a container having a shut-off device |
| US4755994A (en) * | 1985-09-06 | 1988-07-05 | Republic Telcom Systems Corporation | Capacity expander for telephone line |
| US5167902A (en) * | 1991-07-19 | 1992-12-01 | Tri-C Corporation | Device for piercing an obstruction in a well-block opening of a ladle for transporting molten steel |
| DE19620592A1 (en) * | 1996-05-22 | 1997-11-27 | Dislich Margrit | Process for pouring out a molten steel |
| FI20040678A (en) * | 2004-05-13 | 2005-11-14 | Outokumpu Oy | Slide lock for controlling the flow of molten metal |
| DE102014114301A1 (en) * | 2014-10-01 | 2016-04-07 | Hermann Rauen GmbH & Co vorm. Steinhandel Rauen | Apparatus and method for opening a spout channel of metallurgical vessels |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2348199A (en) * | 1943-10-20 | 1944-05-09 | Henry G Freeman | Ladle for molten metal and method of sealing closures therein |
| CH478613A (en) * | 1968-07-12 | 1969-09-30 | Interstop Ag | Sliding closure for containers provided with a bottom pouring opening for pouring liquid metals, in particular steel |
| US3581948A (en) * | 1969-08-11 | 1971-06-01 | Interstop Ag | Sliding gate of a casting ladle for pouring liquid metals |
| US3684267A (en) * | 1970-01-12 | 1972-08-15 | United States Steel Corp | Apparatus for introducing gas to hot metal in a bottom-pour vessel |
| US3809146A (en) * | 1972-02-18 | 1974-05-07 | Steel Corp | Method of opening an intermediate vessel nozzle for continuous casting |
| GB1494477A (en) * | 1973-11-16 | 1977-12-07 | Stopinc Ag | Slide gate nozzle |
| FR2395095A1 (en) * | 1977-06-24 | 1979-01-19 | Detalle Pol | Determn. of gas tightness in sliding gate valve of casting vessel - by supplying gas to the sliding plates when in the closed position and determining gas physical characteristics for comparison with standard |
| GB1581058A (en) * | 1978-03-23 | 1980-12-10 | Robson Refractories | Steel casting |
| FR2429063A1 (en) * | 1978-06-22 | 1980-01-18 | Eurdic Sa | Bottom pour sliding stopper for ladle contg. molten metal esp. steel - where gas at constant pressure is fed into stopper to prevent steel solidifying in stopper holes |
| CA1151835A (en) * | 1979-02-17 | 1983-08-16 | Jan O. Kristiansen | Metallurgical pouring vessels |
| US4325495A (en) * | 1979-07-16 | 1982-04-20 | Pulsonics Corporation | Storage bin activator device and method for restoring bulk material free flow |
| GB2094954B (en) * | 1981-03-13 | 1984-05-10 | Flogates Ltd | Metal pouring apparatus |
| US4450986A (en) * | 1982-07-09 | 1984-05-29 | Harasym Michael F | Apparatus for unplugging a vessel discharge port |
-
1982
- 1982-09-28 FR FR8216322A patent/FR2533473A1/en active Granted
-
1983
- 1983-09-28 JP JP83503083A patent/JPS59501739A/en active Pending
- 1983-09-28 DE DE8383902994T patent/DE3368025D1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-09-28 EP EP83902994A patent/EP0120045B1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-09-28 AT AT83902994T patent/ATE23958T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-09-28 WO PCT/FR1983/000191 patent/WO1984001315A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1983-09-28 US US06/616,470 patent/US4688704A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0120045A1 (en) | 1984-10-03 |
| DE3368025D1 (en) | 1987-01-15 |
| FR2533473B1 (en) | 1985-03-22 |
| US4688704A (en) | 1987-08-25 |
| JPS59501739A (en) | 1984-10-18 |
| ATE23958T1 (en) | 1986-12-15 |
| WO1984001315A1 (en) | 1984-04-12 |
| FR2533473A1 (en) | 1984-03-30 |
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