EP0120045A1 - Method for the control and opening of casting holes of containers holding liquid metals and device for implementing such method. - Google Patents

Method for the control and opening of casting holes of containers holding liquid metals and device for implementing such method.

Info

Publication number
EP0120045A1
EP0120045A1 EP83902994A EP83902994A EP0120045A1 EP 0120045 A1 EP0120045 A1 EP 0120045A1 EP 83902994 A EP83902994 A EP 83902994A EP 83902994 A EP83902994 A EP 83902994A EP 0120045 A1 EP0120045 A1 EP 0120045A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
container
opening
piston
cylinder
pouring channel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP83902994A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0120045B1 (en
Inventor
Richard Detalle
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AT83902994T priority Critical patent/ATE23958T1/en
Publication of EP0120045A1 publication Critical patent/EP0120045A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0120045B1 publication Critical patent/EP0120045B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/14—Closures
    • B22D41/44—Consumable closure means, i.e. closure means being used only once
    • B22D41/46—Refractory plugging masses
    • B22D41/465—Unplugging a vessel discharge port
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/14—Closures
    • B22D41/22—Closures sliding-gate type, i.e. having a fixed plate and a movable plate in sliding contact with each other for selective registry of their openings
    • B22D41/42—Features relating to gas injection

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the means for opening an orifice formed in a container intended to contain a material capable of solidifying, such as a molten metal, in particular steel or cast iron.
  • the wall of the container receives an internal nozzle and a fixed refractory plate pierced with facing ori ⁇ fices, and a movable external shutter.
  • the metal freezes very quickly in the region of the drilling of the fixed refractory plate and in the pouring channel of the internal nozzle, that is to say when metal has stayed in the container, the metal does not flow when the shutter opens.
  • the freezing of the molten metal comes from an excessive loss of heat which it undergoes in contact with the refractory materials constituting the internal nozzle of the fixed pliac and the movable plate of the obturator and the obligatory geometry of the pouring channel in this zone.
  • the product can be ⁇ in the form of a solid plug, deformable or fuse ⁇ a liquid aggregate as for example lead or more hopefulmen as a sand, for example zircon, silica, chromium, pure graphite or mixed.
  • a characteristic of these proposals is that the shutter product is always supposed to flow through the pouring orifice when the shutter is opened, which may have certain drawbacks elsewhere.
  • a more recent invention described in particular by the patent applied for in Switzerland on July 12, 1968 under the number 10437/68, proposes to avoid or eliminate the above-mentioned freezing of the molten metal in the runner by gas blowing under pressure in the lower part of said runner.
  • the introduction of the gas is obtained in particular by means of a gas supply opening into an additional bore at least formed in the movable obturating plate of the shutter, said piercing may or may not be closed by a fractional r material permeable to gas and metal tight at least when the gas is allowed to pass through said material.
  • Such a method proves to use guarantee a pour— satisfactory opening centering, but nevertheless has certain drawbacks.
  • the gas can indeed continue to pass through one or more channels within a metal plug during solidification.
  • the present invention proposes to introduce a fluid (gas or liquid) discontinuously into the pouring channel so as to allow the transient constitution of the solidifying steel plug followed by its evacuation under the effect of the fluid pressure .
  • This jerky introduction of the fluid produces a succession of shocks of variable amplitude and frequency under the action of an adequate propellant device, and this shock effect leads to the unclogging of the canalo
  • the invention proposes to place inside the pouring channel an obturating cylinder and to eject it inside the container by sending pressurized fluid.
  • the passage of the fluid (gas or liquid) inside the runner can be made through one or more holes or through a porous material.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram of a first embodiment
  • FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the pouring orifice of a container with a shut-off cylinder ⁇
  • FIG. 1 we can see schematically shown a bottom wall of a container for cast metal equipped with a device for casting according to the invention.
  • the wall 1 is provided with an internal nozzle 2 presenting a pouring channel 3. Under the bottom is located a fixed plate 4a having an orifice 5a and the movable shutter plate 4b having an orifice 5b which can be brought below the " channel 3o
  • the orifice 5 opens a gas supply pipe 6 in communication by a rotary shutter 7 with a pressurized gas tank 8.
  • the distributor 7 once rotated, according to an adjustable speed, allows to introduce into the orifice 5 gas under pressure by successive pulses which produces a succession of shocks of variable amplitude and frequency to act on the metal plug, which tends to solidify, propelling it to the inside the container where it liquefies again.
  • the cylinder which emerges widely inside the container, is wedged in the vertical position using sand 11, which also provides; the seal between the cylinder and the wall of the pouring channel.

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/FR83/00191 Sec. 371 Date May 23, 1984 Sec. 102(e) Date May 23, 1984 PCT Filed Sep. 28, 1983 PCT Pub. No. WO84/01315 PCT Pub. Date Apr. 12, 1984.Method for controlling and opening casting holes in containers holding liquid metals, characterized by providing a pressure fluid supply conduit (6), which opens out at the base of a spout (3), a variable speed distributor (7) and a pressure tank (8) being arranged on the supply conduit, and by providing successive pulses to propel inside the container a solidified metal plug.

Description

MODE DE CONTROLE ET D'OUVERTUREDES ORIFICES DE COULEEDESRECIPIENTS CONTENEURSDEMETAUXLIQUIDESETDISPOSITIFDEMISEENOEUVREMETHOD OF MONITORING AND OPENING THE COLOR ORIFICES OF THE CONTAINERS CONTAINING LIQUID METALS AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING
La présente invention a trait aux moyens d'ouverture d'un orifice ménagé dans un récipient destiné à contenir une matière susceptible de se solidifier, comme un métal en fusion, notamment l'acier ou la fonte.The present invention relates to the means for opening an orifice formed in a container intended to contain a material capable of solidifying, such as a molten metal, in particular steel or cast iron.
Elle s'applique aux modes de fermeture et d'ouverture par obturateurs de l'orifice précité, lequel peut être destiné soit à introduire de la matière au sein du métal en fusion au travers de la paroi -du conteneur, soit à vider le conteneur de tout ou partie de son contenu.It applies to the methods of closing and opening by shutters of the abovementioned orifice, which may be intended either to introduce material into the molten metal through the wall of the container, or to empty the container. of all or part of its content.
De façon générale, la paroi du conteneur reçoit une busette interne et une plaque refractaire fixe percée d'ori¬ fices en vis-à— is, et un obturateur externe mobile.In general, the wall of the container receives an internal nozzle and a fixed refractory plate pierced with facing ori¬ fices, and a movable external shutter.
A l'emploi de tels obturateurs extérieurs, on a constaté que le métal fige très vite dans la région du perçage de la plaque refractaire fixe et dans le canal de coulée de la busette interne, c'est-à-dire que, lorsque du métal a séjourné dans le conteneur, le métal ne s'écoule pas à l'ouverture de l'obturateur. Le figeage du métal fondu provient d'une perte excessive de chaleur qu'il subit au contact des matériaux réfractaires constitutifs de la busette interne de la pliaque fixe et de la plaque mobile de l'obturateur et de la géométrie obligatoire du canal de coulée dans cette zone.When using such external plugs, it has been found that the metal freezes very quickly in the region of the drilling of the fixed refractory plate and in the pouring channel of the internal nozzle, that is to say when metal has stayed in the container, the metal does not flow when the shutter opens. The freezing of the molten metal comes from an excessive loss of heat which it undergoes in contact with the refractory materials constituting the internal nozzle of the fixed pliac and the movable plate of the obturator and the obligatory geometry of the pouring channel in this zone.
A l'apparition du phénomène indiqué, on procédait jusqu'à présent en insufflant de l'oxygène dans le canal de coulée pour obtenir un réchauffement de la région intéressée suffisant pour le rétablissement du jet de coulée, cette insufflation étant généralement effectuée par l'extérieur du conteneur, l'obturateur étant grand ouvert.The appearance of the indicated phenomenon has hitherto been carried out by blowing oxygen into the pouring channel in order to obtain a heating of the region concerned sufficient for reestablishing the casting jet, this insufflation generally being effected by outside of the container, the shutter being wide open.
On a cherché à éviter cet inconvénient en interdisant l'accès du canal de coulée au métal fondu avant la première ouverture de l'obturateur, notamment par l'introduction d'un produit dans le canal de coulée préalablement au remplissage du conteneur par le métal liquide. Le produit peut se^présente sous la forme d'un bouchon solide, déformable ou fusible^ d'un agrégat liquide comme par' exemple du plomb ou plus généralemen sous la forme d'un sable, par exemple du zircon, de la silice, de la chro ite, du graphite pur ou en mélange. Une caractéris¬ tique de ces propositions est que le produit obturateur est toujours sensé s'écouler par l'orifice de coulée lors de l'ou¬ verture de l'obturateur, ce qui peut présenter certains inconvénients par ailleurs.We have sought to avoid this drawback by prohibiting access to the molten metal from the pouring channel before the first opening of the shutter, in particular by the introduction of a product in the pouring channel before filling the container with liquid metal. The product can be ^ in the form of a solid plug, deformable or fuse ^ a liquid aggregate as for example lead or more généralemen as a sand, for example zircon, silica, chromium, pure graphite or mixed. A characteristic of these proposals is that the shutter product is always supposed to flow through the pouring orifice when the shutter is opened, which may have certain drawbacks elsewhere.
Il s'avère à l'emploi que ces procédés ne permettent pas de garantir totalement la coulée du métal après ouverture de l'obturateur. Quel que soit le produit utilisé, il se forme parfois un pont de solidi ication suffisamment résistant pour soutenir le métal liquide. Pour cette raison, on en revient actuellement à la solution initiale consistant à insuffler, de l'oxygène par le canal de coulée. Outre les inconvénients propres à ce procédé, il arrive que, dans certains cas, la conception du dispositif de coulée rende difficile ou même impossible l'accès à l'orifice de coulée. C'est le cas en particulier lorsque la busette est prolongée par un tube long destiné à la protection du jet de métal ou lorsque la coulée s'effectue sous vide. Une invention plus récente, décrite notamment par le brevet demandé en Suisse le 12 juillet .1968 sous le n° 10437/68, se propose d'éviter ou d'éliminer le figeage précité du métal fondu dans le canal de coulée par insufflation de gaz sous pression dans la partie inférieure dudit canal de coulée. L'introduction du gaz est obtenue notamment au moyen d'une adduction de gaz débouchant dans un perçage supplémentaire au moins ménagé dans la plaque obtura¬ trice mobile de l'obturateur, ledit perçage pouvant être ou non obturé par une matière r fractaire perméable aux gaz et étanche au métal au moins lorsque le gaz est admis à passer au travers de ladite matièrββ Un tel procédé s'avère à l'emploi garantir un pour— centage d'ouverture satisfaisant mais présente cependant certains inconvénients.It turns out in use that these methods do not fully guarantee the casting of the metal after opening the shutter. Whatever the product used, sometimes a solidification bridge is formed which is strong enough to support the liquid metal. For this reason, we are currently coming back to the initial solution of blowing oxygen through the pouring channel. In addition to the drawbacks specific to this process, it sometimes happens that, in certain cases, the design of the pouring device makes it difficult or even impossible to access the pouring orifice. This is particularly the case when the nozzle is extended by a long tube intended for the protection of the metal jet or when the casting takes place under vacuum. A more recent invention, described in particular by the patent applied for in Switzerland on July 12, 1968 under the number 10437/68, proposes to avoid or eliminate the above-mentioned freezing of the molten metal in the runner by gas blowing under pressure in the lower part of said runner. The introduction of the gas is obtained in particular by means of a gas supply opening into an additional bore at least formed in the movable obturating plate of the shutter, said piercing may or may not be closed by a fractional r material permeable to gas and metal tight at least when the gas is allowed to pass through said material. Such a method proves to use guarantee a pour— satisfactory opening centering, but nevertheless has certain drawbacks.
L'expérience montre en effet qu'une circulatiolr- perraanente de gaz dans le canal de coulée ne garantit pas forcément l'absence totale de solidification du métal.Experience indeed shows that a circulating gas in the pouring channel does not necessarily guarantee the total absence of solidification of the metal.
Le gaz peut en effet continuer à passer à travers un ou plusieurs canaux au sein d'un bouchon de métal en cours de solidi ication.The gas can indeed continue to pass through one or more channels within a metal plug during solidification.
Lorsqu'on arrête l'insufflation de gaz et que l'on désire réaliser la coulée en faisant coulisser la plaque mobile jusqu'à la position adéquate, lesdits canaux se bouchent instantanément et le bouchon d'acier solidifié devient suffi¬ samment cohérent pour interdire la coulée du métal chaud contenu dans le récipient. La présente invention se propose d'introduire un fluide (gaz ou liquide) de manière discontinue dans le canal de coulée de manière à permettre la constitution transitoire du bouchon d'acier en solidification suivie de son évacuation sous l'effet de la pression du fluide. Cette introduction saccadée du fluide produit une succession de chocs d'amplitude et de fréquence variables sous l'action d'un dispositif propulseur adéquat, et cet effet de choc entraîne la désobstruction du canaloWhen the gas insufflation is stopped and it is desired to carry out the pouring by sliding the movable plate to the appropriate position, the said channels are instantly blocked and the solidified steel plug becomes sufficiently coherent to prevent pouring the hot metal from the container. The present invention proposes to introduce a fluid (gas or liquid) discontinuously into the pouring channel so as to allow the transient constitution of the solidifying steel plug followed by its evacuation under the effect of the fluid pressure . This jerky introduction of the fluid produces a succession of shocks of variable amplitude and frequency under the action of an adequate propellant device, and this shock effect leads to the unclogging of the canalo
En effet, une pression continue produit des filets de gaz ou de liquide qui s'insinuent entre les zones de solidifi¬ cation et ne produisent pas d'effets d'arrachementoIndeed, a continuous pressure produces threads of gas or liquid which creep between the solidification zones and do not produce tearing-off effects.
Au contraire, une succession de chocs, d'amplitude et de fréquence variables, produit des surpressions momentanées dont l'effet s'apparente à des explosions plus ou moins bruta- , les qui entraînent l'arrachement des zones de solidification. Sous une variante de réalisation, l'invention propose de disposer à l'intérieur du canal de coulée un cylindre obtu¬ rateur et d'éjecter celui-ci à l'intérieur du récipient par l'envoi de fluide sous pression. Le passage du fluide (gaz ou liquide) à l'intérieur du canal de coulée peut se faire par un ou plusieurs trous ou à travers une matière poreuse. •• *— _r_.On the contrary, a succession of shocks, of varying amplitude and frequency, produces momentary overpressures whose effect is similar to more or less brutal explosions, which cause the solidification zones to be torn off. In an alternative embodiment, the invention proposes to place inside the pouring channel an obturating cylinder and to eject it inside the container by sending pressurized fluid. The passage of the fluid (gas or liquid) inside the runner can be made through one or more holes or through a porous material. •• * - _ r _.
L'invention sera maintenant décrite en se référant à titre d'exemple à des formes de réalisation représentées au dessin annexé, et dans lequel : la figure 1 est un schéma d'une première forme de réalisation ; la figure 2 est une vue de détail de l'orifice de coulée d'un récipient avec cylindre obturateurβ En se reportant à la figure 1 , on voit schématiqueraent représentée une paroi de fond de récipient pour métal de coulé équipé d'un dispositif de coulée conforme à l'invention.The invention will now be described with reference by way of example to the embodiments shown in the appended drawing, and in which: FIG. 1 is a diagram of a first embodiment; FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the pouring orifice of a container with a shut-off cylinder β Referring to FIG. 1, we can see schematically shown a bottom wall of a container for cast metal equipped with a device for casting according to the invention.
La paroi 1 est munie d'une busette interne 2 présentan un canal de coulée 3. Sous le fond est située une plaque fixe 4a ayant un orifice 5a et la plaque mobile d'obturateur 4b présentant un orifice 5b pouvant être amené en dessous du» canal 3oThe wall 1 is provided with an internal nozzle 2 presenting a pouring channel 3. Under the bottom is located a fixed plate 4a having an orifice 5a and the movable shutter plate 4b having an orifice 5b which can be brought below the " channel 3o
Selon l'invention, dans l'orifice 5 débouche une canalisation d'adduction de gaz 6 en communication par un obturateur rotatif 7 avec un réservoir de gaz sous pression 8. Le distributeur 7 une fois mis en rotation, suivant une , vitesse réglable, permet d'introduire dans l'orifice 5 du gaz sous pression par impulsions successives ce qui produit une succession de chocs d'amplitude et de fréquence variables pour agir sur le bouchon de métal, qui tend à se solidifier, en le propulsant à l'intérieur du récipient où il se liquéfie à nouveau.According to the invention, in the orifice 5 opens a gas supply pipe 6 in communication by a rotary shutter 7 with a pressurized gas tank 8. The distributor 7 once rotated, according to an adjustable speed, allows to introduce into the orifice 5 gas under pressure by successive pulses which produces a succession of shocks of variable amplitude and frequency to act on the metal plug, which tends to solidify, propelling it to the inside the container where it liquefies again.
Dans le cas du premier débouchage d'un récipient, c'est-à-dire après les opérations de remplissage, traitement et transport du récipient, on était généralement conduit à remplir de sable le canal de coulée de manière à empêcher la formation d'un bouchon d'acier solidifié. Toutefois, cette méthode ne conduit pas toujours à un résultat satisfaisant» Selon une variante de l'invention (figure 2), on introduit alors dans le canal de coulée, avant remplissage du récipient, un cylindre de dimensions convenables rigide,9, comportant à-1'-intérieur un piston cylindrique coulissant 10 (figure 2)„ Le cylindre peut être en acier ou en graphite et le piston - ses dimensions et ses caractéristiques doivent s'opposer à l'infiltration du métal à l'intérieur du cylindre en graphite.In the case of the first opening of a container, that is to say after the filling, treatment and transport of the container, it was generally necessary to fill the pouring channel with sand so as to prevent the formation of a solidified steel plug. However, this method does not always lead to a satisfactory result. "According to a variant of the invention (FIG. 2), then introduced into the pouring channel, before filling the container, a cylinder of suitable dimensions rigid, 9, having inside a cylindrical sliding piston 10 (figure 2) „The cylinder can be made of steel or graphite and the piston - its dimensions and characteristics must be opposed metal infiltration inside the graphite cylinder.
Le cylindre, qui émerge largement à l'intérieur du récipient, est calé dans la position verticale à l'aide de sable 11, qui assure également; l'étanchéité entre le cylindre et la paroi du canal de coulée.The cylinder, which emerges widely inside the container, is wedged in the vertical position using sand 11, which also provides; the seal between the cylinder and the wall of the pouring channel.
Comme pour la disposition de la igure 1 , pour déboucher le récipient on utilise un fluide sous pression arrivant par une conduite 6, par l'intermédiaire d'un dis¬ tributeur. Ce fluide exerce une force ascensionnelle à la base du piston et le projette à l'intérieur du récipient, débouchant ainsi le canal de coulée. As for the arrangement of FIG. 1, to open the container, use is made of a pressurized fluid arriving via a line 6, via a distributor. This fluid exerts a rising force at the base of the piston and projects it inside the container, thus opening the pouring channel.

Claims

O 84/01315O 84/01315
• - _»- - -• - _ »- - -
REVENDICATIONS 1. Procédé de contrôle et d'ouverture des orifices de coulée des récipients conteneurs de métaux liquides^-- caractérisé par ceci qu'il consiste à faire déboucher à la base du canal de coulée une conduite d'arrivée de fluide sous pression, sur laquelle est situé un distributeur à vitesse variable et un réservoir sous pression, et à réaliser des impulsions successives pour propulser à l'intérieur du récipient le bouchon de métal solidifié. CLAIMS 1. Method for controlling and opening the pouring orifices of container containers of liquid metals ^ - characterized by the fact that it consists in opening a pipe for the arrival of pressurized fluid at the base of the pouring channel, on which is located a variable speed distributor and a pressure tank, and to make successive pulses to propel inside the container the solidified metal plug.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par ceci que, préalablement au remplissage du récipient, on introduit dans le canal de coulée un cylindre de dimensions convenables dans lequel est situé un piston émergeant large¬ ment à l'intérieur du récipient, ce dernier avantageusement calé à l'aide de sable.2. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that, before filling the container, a cylinder of suitable dimensions is inserted into the pouring channel in which is located a piston emerging widely inside the container, the latter advantageously wedged using sand.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé, par ceci que le piston est réalisé en graphite et le cylindr est en acier ou en graphite.3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the piston is made of graphite and the cylinder is of steel or graphite.
4. Procédé selon les revendications 1, 2 ou 3 suivant lesquelles les impulsions fournies sont variables en amplitude et en fréquence.4. Method according to claims 1, 2 or 3 according to which the pulses supplied are variable in amplitude and in frequency.
5. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendi¬ cations précédentes, caractérisé par le fait qu'à un récipie pour métal de coulée avec obturateur coulissant on adjoint des moyens d'impulsions par fluide consistant en une source, de fluide sous pression, un distributeur réglable et une conduite débouchant dans le trou de coulée©5. Device according to any one of the preceding revendi¬ cations, characterized in that at a receptacle for casting metal with sliding shutter is added means of impulses by fluid consisting of a source, of fluid under pressure, a adjustable distributor and a pipe opening into the tap hole ©
6. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractéris par ceci qu'il comporte en plus un cylindre et un piston préalablement introduits dans le canal de coulée avant remplissage, le piston étant éjectable vers l'intérieur du récipient par les impulsions de fluide* 6. Device according to claim 5, characterized in that it further comprises a cylinder and a piston previously introduced into the pouring channel before filling, the piston being ejectable towards the interior of the container by the pulses of fluid *
EP83902994A 1982-09-28 1983-09-28 Method for the control and opening of casting holes of containers holding liquid metals and device for implementing such method Expired EP0120045B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83902994T ATE23958T1 (en) 1982-09-28 1983-09-28 PROCEDURE FOR MONITORING AND OPENING THE POURING OPENINGS OF VESSELS CONTAINING LIQUID METALS AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THE PROCESS.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8216322A FR2533473A1 (en) 1982-09-28 1982-09-28 METHOD OF CONTROLLING AND OPENING THE CASTING HOLES OF CONTAINERS CONTAINING LIQUID METALS AND THE LIKE, AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING SAME
FR8216322 1982-09-28

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0120045A1 true EP0120045A1 (en) 1984-10-03
EP0120045B1 EP0120045B1 (en) 1986-12-03

Family

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EP83902994A Expired EP0120045B1 (en) 1982-09-28 1983-09-28 Method for the control and opening of casting holes of containers holding liquid metals and device for implementing such method

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US (1) US4688704A (en)
EP (1) EP0120045B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS59501739A (en)
AT (1) ATE23958T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3368025D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2533473A1 (en)
WO (1) WO1984001315A1 (en)

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Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3368025D1 (en) 1987-01-15
EP0120045B1 (en) 1986-12-03
FR2533473B1 (en) 1985-03-22
US4688704A (en) 1987-08-25
JPS59501739A (en) 1984-10-18
ATE23958T1 (en) 1986-12-15
WO1984001315A1 (en) 1984-04-12
FR2533473A1 (en) 1984-03-30

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