Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
  • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
  • F28F1/42—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being both outside and inside the tubular element
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N5/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy
  • F01N5/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy the devices using heat
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
  • F16C37/00—Cooling of bearings
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
  • F16D65/00—Parts or details
  • F16D65/02—Braking members; Mounting thereof
  • F16D65/10—Drums for externally- or internally-engaging brakes
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
  • F16D65/00—Parts or details
  • F16D65/78—Features relating to cooling
  • F16D65/82—Features relating to cooling for internally-engaging brakes
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
  • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
  • F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
  • F24H1/18—Water-storage heaters
  • F24H1/20—Water-storage heaters with immersed heating elements, e.g. electric elements or furnace tubes
  • F24H1/205—Water-storage heaters with immersed heating elements, e.g. electric elements or furnace tubes with furnace tubes
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
  • F28D20/0052—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using the ground body or aquifers as heat storage medium
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
  • F28D21/0001—Recuperative heat exchangers
  • F28D21/0003—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from exhaust gases
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
  • Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
  • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

• each additional step used for improvement adds to the exchanger's cost due to manufacturing complexity and materials so tradeoffs had to be made between efficiency and economics.
• a primary object of this invention is to provide a configuration of fins extending both internally and externally through a partition which forms an inner chamber, whereby a low flow resistance of the medium contained in this chamber is achieved.
• Another object of this invention is to provide fins with large exposed surface areas, constructed of high thermally conductive materials placed so as to sequentially and directly impact the flowing medium while maintaining a low flow resistance.
• the present invention resides in a heat exchanger being of a simple and easily reproducable construction, with an associated low cost to manufacture, wherein a partition, which forms an enclosure and separates two mediuma, has an array of highly heat conductive fins which project and traverse through the full width of and generally to the center of the enclosure, thereby being perpendicular to the flow of the inner medium and partially extending into both mediums whereby the fins become a thermal link between the two mediums.
• Another characteristic of this invention is the use of dissimilar thermally conductive materials.
• the aforementioned enclosure is constructed of a lower thermally conductive material as compared to the fins which are made of a very high thermally conductive material.
• an outer enclosure encases the aforementioned enclosure whereby the outer medium can be circulated past the fins extending from the inner enclosure which are in a direct thermal relationship between the two mediums.
• Each fin has large surface area exposure to the two mediums thereby causing a head-on impact and increased turbulence to augment heat exchange.
• Each fin is mounted perpendicular to the flow of the moving medium thereby causing a head-on impact and increased turbulence to augment heat exchange.
• the arrangement of multiple fins, placed in a laterally staggered fashion relative to one another causes the internal medium to flow in a serpentine pattern sequentially impacting each successive fin without diminishing the mass of the flow.
• the superiority of this arrangement particularly when combined with dissimilar thermally conductive materials is momentary compression and entrapment of the medium upon impacting each fin and a progressively staged heat exchange.
• the fins nearest the source medium inlet assume a high temperature, whereas progressively towards the outlet they are reduced in temperature.
• An increased thermal exchange results when a higher temperature gradient exists between the fin and the receiving medium, whereby this advantage is gained by the usage of the laterally staggered fin arrangement or countercurrent flow techniques.
• Another advantage with this arrangement is a vertically induced draft caused by the heated fins within the inner enclosure.
• the length of the heat exchanger can be easily varied, which also alters the number of fins or thermal transfer stages. Therefore, depending on the amount of heat exchange desired, the length of the unit may be readily chosen and is easily accomplished just by adding further sections.
• the fins extending into the outer medium can accomodate various mediums and flow directions of those mediums, e.g., crossflow, countercurrent, etc..
• this exchanger begins to accumulate heat in the fins thereby providing a means for thermal storage and subsequent dispersal.
• the entire heat exchanger is easily reproducable, low in cost, compact in size, light in weight, and has versatility in application.
• the embodiments of this invention later described have particular utility in applications wherein problems have previously plagued industry.
• Present day flue waste heat recovery exchangers suffer from low performance and high cost which has brought them into low regard with the public in general. This is mainly due to their tube type construction which does not provide sufficient impact surface area and turbulence to the excaping heated gases.
• the employment of generally known techniques would be restricted by regulations demanding very low resistance to the flow of the exhaust gases.
• these problems have been overcome with the present invention and experiments have shown the present invention, with its low cost, far surpasses the performance of even the most highly acclaimed and expensive units on the market today.
• the present invention is applied internally to the water heater, wherein the heated gases in the vent stack communicate with protruding thermally conductive fins located therein, and capture this normally wasted heat, channeling it directly into the water contained in the tank, thereby reducing fuel consumption of the unit.
• Another application of this invention is to passive solar walls, e.g., trombe walls. These walls have been enjoying an increased popularity due to rising energy costs. However, without a means for effectively conducting the solar energy into the wall, a long time is required for full thermal saturation of the wall, therefore, decreasing their effectiveness.
• the conductive plate is only attached to the outside of a conduit or tube.
• the tube and collector plate are constructed of a similar highly thermally conductive material, and welded or pressed togther so as to conduct the thermal solar energy to the liquid contained in the conduit.
• the present invention as applied to a solar flat plate collector has a multiple advantage, in that the high thermally conductive plate passes completely through the conduit or tube, separating this tube into halves, which are attached to the plate by flanges located on the edges of each tube half. This simple construction is easily mass-produced, and yields high thermal transfer efficiency, and further, reduces unit cost by not needing the highly thermally conductive materials to be used throughout.
• the thermal dissipator of the present invention using the advantages of fins and dissimilar conductive materials, comprises: a first member or housing having a low thermal conductivity, into which high thermally conductive fins are embedded or pressed, in which these fins directly cool the first member by utilization of thermally conductive fins extending externally and substantially beyond the first member into an outer medium or ambient atmosphere.
• An application of this invention to an oil pan or container of a vehicle engine or transmission, or an electrical transformer housing, or hydraulic fluid reservior yields an effective cooler for the oil contained therein.
• Previous units, in this application have predominantly been constructed of the same material throughout, with either external fins attached, or internal tubes attached to the container, so as to provide an increased surface radiator for thermal dissapation.
• Figure 1 is an isometric view of the present invention as applied to flue waste heat recovery units.
• Figure 2 is an isometric view of an alternative configuration of a flue waste heat recovery unit.
• Figure 3 is a cutaway top view along lines A-A of the unit depicted in figure 4.
• Figure 4 is a frontal cutaway view of the flue waste heat recovery unit shown in figure 1.
• Figure 5 is a cutaway view of the flue waste heat recovery unit depicting a typical airflow pattern of the outer medium within the unit shown in figure 1.
• Figure 6 is a cutaway view of the flue waste heat recovery unit depicting a typical airflow through the inner chamber of the invention, as in figure 1, describing a serpentine airflow pattern.
• Figure 7 illustrates a building or structure utilizing a submerged or buried application of this, invention less the outer casing as applied for cooling premises.
• Figure 8 illustrates a water heater or steam boiler unit, cutaway view, utilizing the conductive fins with said fins dispersing heat directly into the liquid medium.
• Figure 9 is an isometric cutaway view of an alternate flue waste heat recovery embodiment.
• Figure 10 is a cutaway view of an embodiment of the invention as adapted to an engine exhaust waste heat recovery unit and muffler combination.
• Figure 11 is an isometric view depicting an application in the heat exchanger mode, employing highly heat conductive fins or plate of generally thicker material than that of the barrier or vail through which the fins protrude, as would be applied to a transmission pan
• Figure 12 illustrates a cutaway isometric view of a plate-type waste heat recovery embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 13 is an isometric cutaway view of a heat dissipating roller bearing, utilizing embedded fins.
• Figure 14 is an elevational view of a vehicle brak drum utilizing attached heat dissipative fins.
• FIGS. 1-6 The construction of the invention as applied to flue waste heat recovery is in general best illustrated in the provided views in FIGS. 1-6 showing the relationship between the various parts.
• fluepipe is herein generally employed for clarity to include such apparatus and conducting means as chimney, smokestack, ducts, and the like.
• furnace herein is utilized for clarity and would include all combustion heating devices, e.g., furnaces, stoves, boilers, etc., utilizing discharge or exhaust flues.
• room air is herein generally employed for clarity to mean atmospheric mediums, whether liquid or gas, to be used for heating or cooling purposes.
• the waste heat recovery unit assembly shown in FIG. 1 is indicated by the letter "A", as being essentially a replacement for an existing section of fluepipe, and is composed of an enlarged inner enclosure (1) and outer enclosure (2) which are shown as being rectangular in form in this particular embodiment, though round, square, oval, or other symmetrical or asymmetrical construction may be employed.
• the inner enclosure (1) is connected to the outer enclosure (2) by means of a pair of end plates (5), thereby forming and sealing outer chamber (14).
• End caps (7) are generally comprised of covers with starting collars attached so as to fit directly onto existing fluepipes. The end caps (7) fasten to the inner enclosure (1) forming inner chamber (13).
• Heat conductive fins (3) are inserted, by pressure, into the inner enclosure (1) through slots which are slightly narrower than the thickness of fins (3), thereby sealing the joints.
• the fins (3) traverse and project sustantially into the outer chamber (14) and generally into the middle of the inner chamber (13). Approximately half of the number of fins (3) are interposed with and evenly spaced from the other half of the number of fins (3) mounted on the opposite side of the inner enclosure (13). Thereby, the fins (3) form a 'laterally staggered array, as shown in FIG. 6.
• This configuration maximizes turbulence with minimal resistance to the flow of heated flue gases rising in the inner chamber (13) and causes the gases to stay essentially in one mass and sequentially head-on impact each fin (3) whereby the gases are momentary compressed, entrapped, and the deflected to the subsequent fin as the gases travel in a serpentine pattern through the inner chamber (13), thereby transferring the heat from the gases through the fins (3) into the outer chamber (14).
• room air is forced by a fan (6) through inlet (16) into an outer chamber (14), then circulated upwardly, communicating with the fins (3) which traverse the outer chamber (14), proceeding then over the airflow dividers (8), down the opposing side of the outer chamber (14), completing the U shaped airflow pattern, and thereupon exiting through the outlet (15) and register (10).
• a ductwork may be attached to outlet (15) alternatively, so as to disperse the heated air throughout the premises.
• the main body of unit “A” should preferrable be constructed of materials that are of a lesser thermal conductivity, e.g., tin, iron, steel, etc., as compared to the highly thermally conductive materials that comprise the fins (3), e.g., copper, aluminum, and alloys. These fins (3) may have improved surfaces, e.g., coated, corrugated, clad, or constructed in many physical configurations, e.g., mesh attachment, tapered, etc.
• a lesser thermal conductivity e.g., tin, iron, steel, etc.
• These fins (3) may have improved surfaces, e.g., coated, corrugated, clad, or constructed in many physical configurations, e.g., mesh attachment, tapered, etc.
• Shown in figures 3 and 4 is an attached fin cleaning apparatus, for overcoming surface fouling, and maintaining thermal transfer efficiency.
• Singularly comprised of a rod (4), which passes through lineally aligned precision fitted guide holes (17), positioned in both inner and outer enclosures (1 & 2) so that when the rods (4) are manually pulled outward, the attached scraper blade (9) presses against and cleans the full width and length of the fin's (3) upper portion.
• said scraper combination (9 & 4) sequentially starting at the top scraper, then on to the next lower one, the debris accrued and removed is finally deposited into the firebox of the attached stove.
• Scraper combination (9 & 4) when in a closed position, rests against and parallel to inner enclosure's (1) interior wall, during normal use of the waste heat recovery device "A". However, if both the upper and the lower surfaces of the fin (3) were desired to be cleaned, only a slight modification would be required. Furthermore, for convenient operation when the waste heat recovery unit "A" is installed, a bi-metallic thermostat (11) is provided which activates the fan (6) when a certain ambient outer chamber (14) temperature is present. This feature, combined with a fan speed control and line switch (12), provides convenient operation of the waste heat recovery unit.
• Figure 7 describes a further application of this heat exchanger, wherein the inner enclosure (1) is shown embedded into a subterranian medium (20), e.g., earth, mud, or water.
• a subterranian medium (20) e.g., earth, mud, or water.
• the room air present in building (18) is drawn by a fan (6) through the inner enclosure (1), and transfers the heat of the room air into the cooler subterranian medium by means of the array of thermally conductive fins (3) attached to the inner enclosure (1), and protruding therefrom.
• the inner enclosure (1) should preferrably be constructed of corrosion-resistant material, e.g., plastic, stainless steel, tile.
• the fins e.g., plastic, stainless steel, tile.
• the fin (3) should preferrably be constructed of corrosion-resistant and highly thermally conductive materials, e.g., copper, aluminum, brass, alloys.
• the fin (3) extension length into the subterranian medium (20) is determined by this medium's thermal conductance and saturation capacity.
• FIG 8 describes a further application of the present invention embodied as a water heater.
• Heat conductive fins (3) extend into the water (22) contained in the tank (21) , and project through the walls of and into the interior of the inner enclosure (1).
• the heated products of combustion rise from, the combustion chamber (20), and sequentially impact upon each successive thermally conductive fin (3), thereby transferring the heat present in said gases through the fins (3) directly into the water (22) which surrounds the inner enclosure (1).
• the thermostat (11) regulates the temperature of the water (22) within the tank (21).
• this unit makes advantage of counter-current flow of the two adjacent mediums for increased heat exchange.
• This unit may be attached to a furnace or stove by essentially replacing a section of the existing fluepipe with this unit.
• the medium e.g., room air, to be heated is forced by a fan (6) through an inlet at the top of the unit, and passes substantially the full length of the outer chamber (14), and subsequentially emerges from the mesh covered outlet port (15) in a directed flow determined by the manual positioning of deflector (30).
• Figure 10 depicts the usage of this invention as a vehicle heater and muffler combination, being similar in construction and operation as the device in Figure 1.
• the vehicle engine exhaust gases pass through the existing exhaust manifold (24) and continue through the inner enclosure (1), where the gases sequentially impact the heat conductive fins (3), thereby transferring the heat present in the gases to the fins (3), which conduct the heat to the outer chamber (14).
• the thermally conductive fins (3) are sealed, e.g., welded or glued to the inner enclosure (1) so as to prevent cross- contamination, therby providing for safe and convenient operation.
• FIG. 11 Shown in Figure 11 is an embodiment of the present invention as an oil cooler consisting of a pan or casing (23) constructed of dissimilar thermally conductive materials. The materials of construction of this unit are similar to those described for unit "A" of Figure 1.
• the array of high thermally conductive fins (3) project through the wall of the pan (23) into an outer atmosphere.
• the hot oil contained in the pan (23) lies in direct contact with the array of thermally conductive fins (3), and is cooled through the use of the fins (3) by transferring the heat present in the oil to the outer, preferrably moving atmosphere or ambient air.
• FIG 12 Shown in figure 12 is an embodiment of the present invention as a waste heat recovery unit, which forms essentially a replacement section of an existing fluepipe, or the like, and utilizes a highly heat conductive fin (26) to which has attached upon opposite sides, two flanged tube halves forming an inner enclosure (1). Attached to each end of the inner enclosure (1) and fin (26) assembly, which is shown as running the entire length of the outer enclosure (2) , are means for the attachment, to existing pipes, ducts, and the like.
• a fan (6) forces room air into a plenum integral with the top of this unit, where the air accumulates and is evenly distributed down into the outer chamber (14), wherein the room air picks up heat present in the fin (26), and inner enclosure (1), prior to discharge into the lower plenum and out the register (10).
• the materials utilized in construction are similar to those described for Figure 1.
• Figure 13 illustrates new applications utilizing dissimilar thermally conductive metals, as applied to bearings, motor housings, clutch housings, and the like, shown herein as being applied to a roller bearing (27), which has been installed into a housing (28).
• the housing (28) is constructed of a thermally lower conductive material as compared to the embedded, highly thermally conductive fins (26), which contact the bearing's outer race and project radially outward from the housing (28).
• the thermal energy generated within the bearing (27) is quickly conducted and dissipated through the fins (26) to the ambient atmosphere or medium.
• thermally conductive fins (26) e.g., copper, aluminum, brass, alloys
• a lower thermally conductive brake drum (29) e.g., cast iron, steel
• Recyclic Dryers fibers, clothes, grains, papers, etc.
• Integrated devices e.g., Combustion chambers with exchangers: wood and coal stoves, fireplaces, furnaces, boilers, etc.
• AIR-LIQUID HEAT EXCHANGERS wood and coal stoves, fireplaces, furnaces, boilers, etc.
• Heaters Preheaters, Boilers, Distillation Processes, Refining
• Solar thermal storage transfer focused concentrators, water reservoirs and tanks, etc.
• Coolers for Machinery Transformer oil, Hydraulic oil. Transmission and Motor oil, etc.
• Conventional hot water space heating systems with individual room controlled heat exchangers
• Earth Heat utilization (Geothermal Heating, Cooling tubes for buildings, etc. ) Heating floors, sidewalks, driveways, swimming pool walls, etc.
• Heat sinks (soldering welding, etc.)

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Geometry (AREA)
• Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
• Surgical Instruments (AREA)
• Gloves (AREA)
• Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)

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• 1983
  • 1983-05-13 WO PCT/US1983/000730 patent/WO1983004432A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1983-05-13 EP EP19830902150 patent/EP0111538A4/de not_active Withdrawn
• 1984
  • 1984-02-09 NO NO840483A patent/NO840483L/no unknown
  • 1984-02-10 DK DK0597/84A patent/DK59784D0/da not_active Application Discontinuation

Patent Citations (2)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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