EP0093612B1

EP0093612B1 - Method for the production of a tube heat exchangerunit

Info

Publication number: EP0093612B1
Application number: EP83302479A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Douglas Harold Wakefield
Original assignee: Corning Ltd
Current assignee: Corning Ltd
Priority date: 1982-05-04
Filing date: 1983-05-03
Publication date: 1986-09-10
Also published as: ES8404048A1; JPS58213197A; ES522577A0; AU1419083A; DE3365996D1; EP0093612A1

Description

This invention relates to tube heat exchangers, and more particularly to a method for the production of a tube heat exchanger unit, which comprises arranging glass tubes in a stack in which they are positioned in holes of a pair of opposed plates spaced apart by a distance corresponding substantially to the length of said unit, the tubes being sufficiently out of contact with each other to permit free flow of gas at elevated temperatures therebetween, which unit is for seating in a housing having an inlet and an outlet for said gas to travel across the stack of tubes and an inlet and an outlet for a liquid or gaseous medium to be passed through the tubes.
Tube heat exchangers of the aforementioned type may either be gas/liquid heat exchangers in which liquid is passed through the tubes and a gas travels across the stack of tubes, i.e. externally of the tubes themselves, or a gas/gas heat exchanger in which a first gas passes through the tubes, and a second gas travels across the stack of tubes. With gas/gas heat exchangers, it is common practice for the tubes to be formed of a borosilicate glass which is able to withstand temperatures of up to about 500°C. In practice, however, the gases employed generally have to exist at considerably lower temperatures, generally not more than about 230°C. This is because the glass tubes pass through openings in perforated metal plates positioned attheir respective ends and are sealed at the plates by means of a resin layer on the metal plates cast around the tubes. This resin seal is usually formed of silicone resin and the casting resins employed generally do not withstand temperatures much above 230°C. An example of a tube heat exchanger of this type is disclosed in GB-A-1552201.
Moreover the casting resins hitherto employed have a tendency to be attacked by many chemicals, such as sulphurous acids which may be present in the gases passed across the stack of tubes to give up their heat content to the gases flowing through the tubes. In an attempt to overcome this problem, GB-A-2 009 914 proposes the provision of a layer of acid and heat resistant material such as mineral wool or glass wool to allow the resin to be protected from such harmful gases. Such measures complicate the construction of the heat exchangers.
The aforementioned temperature limitation has proved to be a serious handicap to the widespread adoption of gas/gas heat exchangers in industry where it is generally desired to be able to employ such heat exchangers at temperatures approaching the limits permitted by glass or at even higher temperatures if the tubes are formed of glass ceramic materials such as the material commercially available under the registered trade mark Vicor which are able to withstand temperatures of up to 1000°C.
A procedure for joining elements of silicon carbide which is described in GB-A-2022490 and which is applicable to the production of heat exchangers, although no mention of tube heat exchangers is made therein, comprises subjecting to non-oxidising atmosphere and sufficiently high temperature material placed in space between the elements. This material comprises silicon carbide particles, carbon and/or a precursor of carbon and free silicon which may be present externally or in the silicon carbide elements and under the aforesaid condition a joint joining together the elements is formed by reaction of the materials present in the joint.
Insofar as the production of such heat exchanger units is concerned mention may be made of GB-A-1552201 in which the tubes are arranged in a stack in which they are positioned in holes in a pair of opposed plates which are associated with non wetting sidewalls to form - moulds in which the silicone resin is placed and dried before removing the side walls. Moreover FR-A-2356494 additionally provides for the tubes to be positioned in holes of preformed boards.
It is an object of this invention to provide a tube heat exchanger unit construction method which will enable tube heat exchangers with glass tubing which can find use at higher temperatures than hitherto and under aggressive conditions to be produced.
According to the present invention, there is provided a method for the production of a tube heat exchanger unit, which comprises arranging glass tubes in a stack in which they are positioned in holes of a pair of opposed plates spaced apart by a distance corresponding substantially to the length of said unit, the tubes being sufficiently out of contact with each other to permit free flow of gas at elevated temperatures therebetween, which unit is for seating in a housing having an inlet and an outlet for said gas to travel across the stack of tubes and an inlet and an outlet for a liquid or gaseous medium to be passed through the tubes, wherein moulds formed of non-wetting sidewalls are first attached to substantially horizontal pivotable support means at positions spaced apart at a distance approximating to the length of said unit, preformed refractory boards having aligned openings for said tubes are positioned in said moulds as bottoms therefor, the glass tubes are inserted through the openings in said boards, the support means is tilted and while retaining the tubes in said boards air drying and curing refractory cement is applied to the uppermost refractory board surface of the assembly thus produced, the refractory cement is covered by another said refractory board passed over the ends of the tubes thereadjacent, the assembly is tilted into an opposite disposition and while retaining the tubes in said boards, air drying and curing refractory cement is applied to the then uppermost board surface before being covered by another said refractory board passed over the ends of tubes thereadjacent, the assembly is returned to a substantially horizontal disposition and the cement is then air dried and cured.
The tubes of the heat exchanger unit produced by the method of the invention will generally be formed of glass, more particularly borosilicate glass for which there are available appropriate fibre-containing refractory pastes, hereintermed fibrous refractory pastes, which can be set therearound. Moreover, there are also available fibrous refractory pastes (and pastes formed therefrom) which are capable of withstanding temperatures about 1000°C and which therefore enable the use of glass ceramic tubes likewise capable of withstanding such temperatures to take place so that gas/gas heat exchange can take place at temperatures of up to about 1000°C. The fibrous refractory pastes which are commercially available are formed by mixing refractory fibres with an inorganic binder which is air curing and has the ability to wet glass or glass ceramic material and the tubular heat exchanger may be produced in simple manner by holding the tubes in the required disposition in holes in preformed refractory boards which are also capable of withstanding the high temperatures which the tubes can withstand.
Fibrous refractory pastes employed in the practice of the present invention will generally contain ceramic fibres in a ceramic matrix. Such material is corrosion resistant to for example sulphurous gases such as may be present in waste gases from combustion plant. Moreover because of the composition thereof, the plates formed from the fibrous refractory paste will be relatively flexible about the tubes but perhaps less flexible than a silicone resin seal. Nevertheless thermal stressing is not generally a significant problem because the set paste, more especially its fibres, and the tubes which pass through the plates will have similar coefficients of expansion.
The operating temperature of a tube heat exchanger unit according to the invention, irrespective of the material of the tubes, will depend upon the constitution of the cast fibrous refractory paste and more particularly the refractory fibre content thereof. The refractory fibres contain alumina and silica as their major constituent and it is the proportion of these components which determines primarily the temperature range within which the cast pastes can be employed. In general, there will be employed 30 to 70 parts by weight of alumina, 70 to 30 parts by weight of silica and minor amounts of titania (up to about 2 parts by weight), iron oxide (up to about 1.3 parts by weight), calcium oxide/magnesium oxide (about 0.2 parts by weight), alkali metal oxides (up to about 0.6 parts by weight expressed as Na₂0) and trace quantities of boric oxide. The cement composition may be one of the air setting ceramic fibre and inert binder based compositions commercially available in the United Kingdom under the name "Mackechnie Pre-mix". A composition of such type which is commercially available has a maximum continuous working temperature of 1260°C and for this purpose contains ceramic fibres having the following composition:
This material is a homogeneous fibrous refractory paste which can be trowelled or hand moulded and will readily adhere to most surfaces with the exception of polyethylene film. Moulded bodies of this pre-mix will air dry to leave a product having low drying shrinkage and highly resistant to thermal shock.
For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same can be carried into effect, reference will now be made by way of example only to the accompanying drawing which:

Figure 1 is a perspective view of a tube heat exchanger unit produceable by the method of this invention; and
Figure 2 is an elevational view of the heat exchanger unit as it undergoes manufacture.

Referring to Figure 1 of the drawings, a plurality of borosilicate glass tubes 1 arranged in a regular rectangular array are set in end tube plates 2 and 3 respectively. These tube plates are a composite formed of cast fibrous refractory paste 4, namely Mackechnie Pre-mix, and preformed inner and outer refractory boards 5 and 6 respectively, as aforementioned.
The aforementioned procedure for the manufacture of a tube heat exchanger of a type shown in Figure 1 will now be illustrated with reference to Figure 2 which shows in their assembled condition the structural components employed in the production of the tube heat exchanger. As will be apparent from the following description in practice, not all the parts shown are present at any one time.
In a first step, there is attached to each end of supporting bars 12 which are clamped to a central pivot 13 a steel frame work formed in situ from four non-wetting sidewalls 11. At this stage the assembly, which has been constructed is horizontally disposed as shown. Refractory boards 5 are inserted into each end frame 11 and held in place by means of grid frame support 14. An end plate 15A is attached to one end framework. Tubes 1 are passed through holes in the refractory boards 5 with their leading ends coming to terminate at or adjacent the end plate 15A. The assembly is then tilted to an angle of approximately 45° to the horizontal with end plate 15A being at the lowermost position of the assembly. Refractory paste 4 is then applied to the upperface of the refractory board 5 remote from the end plate 15A. Application of the refractory cement is by injection so as to cover the face of the refractory board 5 and occupy the spaces between tubes 1 completely. An outer refractory board 6 is then placed over the ends of the tubes 1 so as to make contact with the thick layer of refractory paste which has been formed to form as a sandwich out of the opposed faces of which the tubes 1 project. An outer grid frame 16 is fitted over the upper ends of the tubes 1, entering into engagement with recesses in the upper framework to keep the outer board 6 in position in contact with the refractory cement 4. An end plate 15B is then fitted to the end of the assembly to which the outer board 6 has just been applied.
The assembly is then tilted through 90° so that it is again inclined at 45° to the horizontal but with the end plate 15B representing the lowest part thereof. The end plate 15A is then removed to present the other end of the assembly uppermost for application of refractory cement to the other inner board 5 in a repetition of the aforementioned procedure followed by fitting of an outer refractory board and attachment of an outer grid frame.
The assembly is then returned to the horizontal position and is detached from the central pivot 13. Air curing of the refractory cement is then effected. This will generally take place by placing the assembly in a drying oven where it is maintained for three hours at a temperature of about 200°C. The assembly is then cooled, and all of the framework and the end plates are removed.

Claims

1. A method for the production of a tube heat exchanger unit, which comprises arranging glass tubes (1) in a stack in which they are positioned in holes of a pair of opposed plates (2, 3) spaced apart by a distance corresponding substantially to the length of said unit, the tubes being sufficiently out of contact with each other to permit free flow of gas at elevated temperatures therebetween, which unit is for seating in a housing having an inlet and an outlet for said gas to travel across the stack of tubes and an inlet and an outlet for a liquid or gaseous medium to be passed through the tubes, characterised in that moulds formed of non-wetting sidewalls (11) are first attached to substantially horizontal pivotable support means (12, 13) at positions spaced apart at a distance approximating to the length of said unit, preformed refractory boards (5) having aligned openings for said tubes are positioned in said moulds as bottoms therefor, the glass tubes (1) are inserted through the openings in said boards, the support means (12, 13) is tilted and while retaining the tubes in said boards air drying and curing refractory cement (4) is applied to the uppermost refractory board surface of the assembly thus produced, the refractory cement is covered by another said refractory board (6) passed over the ends of the tubes thereadjacent, the assembly is tilted into an opposite disposition and while retaining the tubes (1) in said boards (5, 6), air drying and curing refractory cement (4) is applied to the then uppermost board surface before being covered by another said refractory board (6) passed over the ends of tubes thereadjacent, the assembly is returned to a substantially horizontal disposition and the cement is then air dried and cured.

2. A method according to Claim 1, characterised in that tilting of support means (12, 13) takes the 'assembly to an angle of about 45° to the horizontal.

3. A method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the non-wetting sidewalls (11) are formed of or lined with polyethylene.

4. A method according to any preceding claim, characterised in that the tubes (1) are formed of borosilicate glass.

5. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the tubes (1) are formed of glass ceramic material and the fibrous refractory paste (4) has the capability of withstanding temperatures above 1000°C without failure of the plates occurring.

6. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the refractory paste contains refractory fibres composed of:

30 to 70 parts by weight alumina

70 to 30 parts by weight silica

up to 2 parts by weight titania

up to 1.3 parts by weight ferric oxide

about 0.2 parts by weight CaO/MgO

up to 0.6 part by weight alkali metal oxides, and trace amounts of boric oxide.

7. A method according to Claim 6, characterised in that the refractory fibres are composed of: