EP0079887B1 - Vorgefertigte mehrzweckbetonpaneele, sowie verfahren zur konstruktion von betonbauwerken unter verwendung derselben - Google Patents

Vorgefertigte mehrzweckbetonpaneele, sowie verfahren zur konstruktion von betonbauwerken unter verwendung derselben Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0079887B1
EP0079887B1 EP81901849A EP81901849A EP0079887B1 EP 0079887 B1 EP0079887 B1 EP 0079887B1 EP 81901849 A EP81901849 A EP 81901849A EP 81901849 A EP81901849 A EP 81901849A EP 0079887 B1 EP0079887 B1 EP 0079887B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
slabs
slab
concrete
adjacent
trench
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Expired
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EP81901849A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0079887A4 (de
EP0079887A1 (de
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Arthur F. Hilsey
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Individual
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Priority to AT81901849T priority Critical patent/ATE39518T1/de
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0258—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features
    • E02D29/0266—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features made up of preformed elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B7/00—Barrages or weirs; Layout, construction, methods of, or devices for, making same
    • E02B7/02—Fixed barrages
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/02—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements
    • E04B1/04—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements consisting of concrete, e.g. reinforced concrete, or other stone-like material
    • E04B1/043—Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H1/00—Buildings or groups of buildings for dwelling or office purposes; General layout, e.g. modular co-ordination or staggered storeys
    • E04H1/02—Dwelling houses; Buildings for temporary habitation, e.g. summer houses
    • E04H1/04—Apartment houses arranged in two or more levels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/0007—Base structures; Cellars
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
    • E04B1/3211—Structures with a vertical rotation axis or the like, e.g. semi-spherical structures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
    • E04B2001/327—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures comprised of a number of panels or blocs connected together forming a self-supporting structure
    • E04B2001/3276—Panel connection details

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to concrete slab constructions, and methods of using the same, for standardizing the manufacturing and construction of precast concrete modules for monolithic and multi-purpose structures.
  • the primary purpose of the invention is to provide a less expensive standardized method of manufacturing, transporting, handling and erecting fireproof concrete structures such as: (1) curtain walls adapted for use as military reventments or enclosures for aircraft, "soft-buildings” or stockpiles of equipment and supplies, and exterior and interior walls used in the construction of various types of military and commercial buildings, fences or boundary walls, and freeway dividers; (2) retaining walls such as those employed in irrigation and flood control ditches, small dams, sea walls, canals, and hillside retention; (3) load-bearing walls such as are employed in office buildings, cabins, huts, barracks, commissaries, supermarkets, warehouses, garages and schools; (4) building foundations; and (5) other concrete structures capable of utilizing the standardized multi-purpose precast concrete modules which form one aspect of the present invention.
  • the present invention is intended to obviate these disadvantages by the use of improved prefabricated concrete panels which are placed in contiguous planar relation to one another within an elongated trench prepared in advance for the reception of such panels, the improvement being in relation to a prefabricated concrete slab shown in Specification DE-A-2000024 to be placed in a wall or the like of a building structure closely adjacent to other slabs to form a building structure, said prefabricated concrete slab being substantially of rectangular shape and having means for aligning it with adjacent slabs after said slab is placed in abutting relationship with other slabs in the building structure.
  • said aligning means comprise at least one opening of elongated rectangular shape positioned entirely interiorly of all the edges of said slab, the direction of said elongated rectangular opening in said slab being transverse to two opposite edges of said slab, said means further comprising at least one pair of aligned bores which are located respectively between the said opposite edges of said slab and the shorter opposite edges of said rectangular opening in said slab, the diameter of each of said bores being significantly smaller than the width of the shorter opposite edges of said opening, the length of said rectangular opening being greater than the combined length of said bores to permit the insertion of an elongated alignment and fastening member into said opening in said slab for passage from said opening through one of said bores in said slab and through an aligned such bores in an adjacent like-constructed slab - and into the rectangular opening of the adjacent said slab, and the width of said rectangular opening being sufficiently great to permit the ready manipulation of the elongated alignment and fastening member by hand tools inserted into said rectangular opening during the aligning and fastening of said slab with said adjacent slab of the
  • slabs of the general configuration described may be prefabricated either at a temporary casting plant erected near the building site, or at an existing casting plant remote from the building site, as most economically advantageous, then transported, e.g., by a truck, to the building site, and placed in side-by-side vertical, coplanar relation to one another within the trench.
  • the dimensions of the aforementioned rectangular openings are so selected that the entire opening in each such slab is below grade when the slabs are so positioned.
  • Elongated "J"- bolts are inserted into the aforementioned aligning holes via the aforementioned elongated rectangular openings or apertures, and extend continuously from the elongated opening of one rectangular slab through the adjacent aligning hole of that slab, and then through the aligned aligning hole of the next adjacent slab into the rectangular opening of the said next adjacent slab, and are fixed in place by a nut which is threaded onto the portion of the said "J"-bolt which protrudes into the said elongated rectangular opening of the next adjacent slab to mechanically attach adjacent slabs to one another.
  • the size of the rectangular opening in each slab is sufficiently large to permit such insertion of "J"-bolts.
  • the horizontal length of the rectangular base opening in each slab must not only be longer than the length of the "J" bolts employed, but must also be more than twice the width of the slab between a vertical edge of said rectangular opening and the adjacent exterior vertical edge of the slab (in practice, the horizontal dimension of each such rectangular opening is more than one-half the width of the concrete panel in which it is located), and the vertical height of each such rectangular opening must moreover be sufficient to permit the insertion and manipulation of hand tools such as wrenches or the like to fasten the "J"-bolts in place and to clinch adjacent slabs to one another.
  • a settable anchoring material such as wet concrete is poured or pumped into the trench to fill the trench (the term “pouring” as used herein and in the appended claims being intended to include a “pumping” operation) and in the process to flow via the aforementioned rectangular openings from one side of each slab to the other, to completely fill the rectangular openings, thereby to embed the base portion of the several slabs and their intervening "J"-bolts in an integrated, solid concrete footing.
  • the end result of the fabrication and construction technique is, therefore, to rapidly assemble a continuous monolithic concrete structure through use of plural, standard, precast slabs, associated fastening elements such as "J"-bolts whose length is dimensionally related to the dimensions of specified portions of the slabs and to the dimensions of the rectangular base openings therein, in an integrating mass of concrete.
  • roof beam or floor joist slots can be provided in the upper edges of the panels; holes can be provided in each of the slabs adjacent their upper edges to facilitate their manipulation; reinforcing rods can be provided in the poured concrete; auxiliary supporting or aligning structures can be employed; sealing cavities for the reception of sealing strips or flowable sealing compounds can be interposed between the engaging generally vertical edges of adjacent slabs to provide a water-tight junction therebetween; the slabs can be assembled in a double wall configuration with an intervening material such as sand placed therebetween; each precast concrete slab can be provided with a curvature in the direction of its width and/or length to permit the erection of nonplanar structures such as arched, curved and geodesic-type constructions; coloring or fluorescent materials can be employed in the concrete utilized in fabricating the slabs; and/or the faces of the slabs can be given embossed or highly decorative configurations, etc.
  • the method of forming a concrete structure which comprises prefabricating at a fabrication location a plurality of like-constructed substantially rectangular concrete slabs each of which has at least one bore extending therethrough in the direction of its width, and characterized in that each slab has an elongated rectangular opening adjacent one end thereof extending in the direction of the width of said slab and having a length in its direction of extension which is at least slightly more than one-half the width of said slab; transporting said prefabricated concrete slabs from said fabrication location to a building location; digging a foundation ground trench at said building location; then successively placing said plurality of prefabricated concrete slabs one-by-one in substantially vertical orientation into said trench with the respective rectangular openings of said slabs all being located entirely below grade in said foundation ground trench and with the generally vertical edges of each of said slabs extending upwardly out of said trench and disposed closely adjacent to the generally vertical edges of the next adjacent ones of said slabs; then aligning each of said prefabricated concrete slabs horizontally and vertically with respect to
  • the present invention relates to preformed concrete slabs or panels, and to methods of using the same, in the construction of low cost, high strength, rapidly erected concrete structures of various types.
  • a principal objective of the invention is to provide a stock of concrete modules, slabs or panels which are preformed in desirable sizes for either load bearing, retaining and/or curtain walls.
  • Another objective of the invention is to provide a reinforced concrete slab which is especially designed for monolithic type structures (walls to foundation to floor) that may be reinforced to meet specific design requirements.
  • a still further object of the invention is to provide a method of fabricating into the slab an opening in the base footing for the rapid and accurate leveling and aligning of a given slab with adjacent modules at its base.
  • a still further object is to provide a slab which is designed as a load-bearing wall, with monolithic attributes, and to obtain the structural strength of a pilaster which in turn will be reinforced with an identical and adjacent pilaster. Still another object of the invention with respect to its said monolithic and pilaster attributes, is to obtain a structure which has reactive resistance to ground and overhead pressures created by earthquakes, high velocity winds and/or extreme shockwaves above and below grade.
  • the principal objective of the invention is to provide, in a variety of useful types of concrete slab modules capable of being pre-cast by mass production methods, novel base-footing means adapting them to an equally novel method of transport, placement, connection and integration into monolithic structures, which achieves this as well as other objects of the present invention more rapidly, yet at less cost, and with fewer construction personnel, than had been required heretofore in the erection of concrete structures.
  • a plurality of like-constructed, standardized concrete slabs S are precast at a fabrication location for subsequent transport to a building location by means of a flat bed trailer 10 or the like, having inexpensive removable racks thereon for transporting the slabs or modules S to the construction site.
  • the slabs S can, if desired, be precast directly at the construction site by using a portable, ready-mix bulk plant, or, if it will be more economically advantageous, can be fabricated on a mass scale at a remote fabrication location dedicated to that purpose, and then transported to a building site as indicated in Figure 1.
  • a typical slab S is designated S, in Figure 2. While the dimensions of the slab will vary in dependence upon the end use to which it is to be put, the slab S 1 typically has a height of 3.8 m (12 feet 6 inches), a width of 1.52 m (5 feet), and a thickness of 8.89 cm (three-and-a-half inches) and can be reinforced by a gridwork of embedded 1.27 cm (one-half inch) diameter reinforcing bars or rods (not shown) placed on approximately 35.56 cm (14 inches) centers. Obviously, any of these dimensions can be changed to meet specific needs, and the thicker the slab is made, and the more reinforcing used, the higher the overall structure can be.
  • the portion of the slab that will be above ground does not have to be as thick as the base footing portion of the slab.
  • the slabs can be essentially free-standing in nature further speeding the construction process.
  • a comparatively large opening 20 of elongated rectangular shape is provided at the lower end of the slab S i .
  • the general direction of elongation of the opening 20 is transverse to the height of the slab, and extends across the width of the slab as illustrated.
  • the opening 20 may typically have a vertical height of substantially 30.48 cm (one foot) and a horizontal width of substantially 0.91 m (three feet), i.e., the horizontal dimension of the opening 20 is more than one-half the horizontal width slab S l .
  • Opening 20 is, in the form shown in Figure 2, disposed entirely interior of the slab, but if desired the lower edge of the opening 20 may open directly into the lowermost edge of the slab as depicted by broken lines 21 (and as shown in full lines in Figure 14b). Moreover, while the edges of the opening 20 are planar as illustrated in Figure 2, they may be of rounded configuration (as shown in Figure 14b); and either such configuration is included within the term "rectangular" as employed herein.
  • Slba S 1 is further provided with a plurality of horizontal bores extending therethrough for use in alignment of each such slab with adjacent slabs, and for fastening the slabs to one another.
  • a further pair of 1.9 cm (three-quarter inch) diameter bores 24 and 25 extend horizontally in alignment with one another between the opposing generally vertical edges of rectangular opening 20 and the adjacent outermost vertical edges of the slab S I .
  • the combined length of the bores 24 and 25 is less than the horizontal dimension of opening 20 whereby, as will become apparent subsequently, a comparatively long fastening element (such as a "J"-bolt having a length almost as long as the horizontal dimension of opening 20) can be inserted into the opening 20 of one slab, and then passed through the bore 24 of that one slab and through the aligned bore 25 of the next adjacent slab into the rectangular opening 20 of said next adjacent slab, where it may be fastened in place by a nut threaded onto the free end of the said bolt.
  • the vertical height of opening 20 is sufficient to permit such a fastening element to be inserted and manipulated by hand tools such as wrenches or the like.
  • the bores 24 and 25 preferably open into the vertical edges of rectangular opening 20 at points thereon substantially midway between the upper and lower horizontal edges of said opening .20.
  • the bores 22, 24 and 25 may be cast in- the slabs by properly positioning in the slab casting form permanent metal, plastics or cardboard sleeves, of inside diameters slightly larger than the outside diameters of the rods, cables of "J"-bolts to be used. During erection of the slabs these sleeves can then serve to facilitate the passage of the rods, cables or "J"-bolts through the slabs.
  • Slab S may further include a pair of additional openings 26 (Fig. 2) adjacent the top of the slab adapted to cooperate with lifting equipment (as shown in Figure 1) to facilitate the vertical placement and manipulation of the slab in a ground trench; and the uppermost edge of the slab may include a substantially centrally located notch 27 for the reception of roof beams or the like.
  • the opposing generally vertical edges of the slab S 1 are preferably shaped for mating engagement with complementarily shaped edges of the adjacent like-constructed such slabs.
  • Various edge configurations can be utilized, e.g., the tongue and groove configuration 28, 29, best shown in Figure 6, arranged to produce the mating engagement between adjacent slabs shown in Figure 7.
  • the slabs can be formed with a tongue 30 on one of the lateral faces thereof for engagement with an end groove 29 of an adjacent slab to form a corner construction of the type shown in Figure 8.
  • Other arrangements will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • a plurality of like-constructed standardized concrete slabs having the configuration described are erected in side-by-side closely adjacent relation to one another at a building location or construction site by means of lifting equipment 11, such as a hydraulic crane, fork lift, or the like which lifts the slabs S one-by-one from flat bed trailer 10 and lowers them, one-by-one, into an elongated trench 12 prepared in advance by digging or trenching equipment 13.
  • the trench 12 is preferably of flat-bottomed V-shaped cross-section and is sufficiently deep that, when each slab S is lowered into said trench, the substantially rectangular opening 20 therein is entirely below grade.
  • the slabs S rest, moreover, on a bed of sand or gravel 14 (see Figure 2) previously placed on the bottom of the trench 12 to assist in leveling and aligning the slabs vertically with one another.
  • the slabs S are aligned horizontally and vertically with one another by workmen who operate the lifting equipment 11 and manipulate each slab S relative to the slabs previously placed in the trench, and the alignment is temporarily maintained by insertion of the aligning rod 23 through the several bores 22 (if such are provided in the slabs), and/or by "J"-bolts 15 (see Figure 2) which are inserted through the aligned bores 24, 25 in adjacent slabs in the manner previously described.
  • Each "J"-bolt is provided with an enlarged or curved end 15a which engages the generally vertical edge of the rectangular opening into which said "J"-bolt is initially inserted, and a nut 15b is then threaded onto the end of the bolt protruding into the rectangular opening of the next adjacent slab to clinch the slabs together.
  • the actual arrangement of the aligning bores 24, 25 in a plane which includes both the side tongue and groove of each panel, and with access being provided by the transverse rectangular openings 20, permits axial-of-the-wall insertion of the clinching and aligning bolts 15, to assure that a clinching force is applied axially of the panels for maximum strength, straightness and stability of the wall during erection, and to avoid creating any tension stresses in the concrete of the slab.
  • the size of the openings 20 permits them to receive ordinary hand tools for the manipulation and fastening of the bolts 15 in place, thereby to apply a nondamaging and maximum clinching force immediately and axially of the adjacent panels as they are added, one-by-one, to the yet unanchored wall. This tends to assure that a progressive maximum stability of the comparatively heavy concrete slabs is attained during the erection process, supplemented if desired by anchoring devices such as guy wires or rods and associated turn buckles 16 which are attached to each panel after it has been inserted in the trench, aligned, and fastened to the next adjacent panel.
  • anchoring devices such as guy wires or rods and associated turn buckles 16 which are attached to each panel after it has been inserted in the trench, aligned, and fastened to the next adjacent panel.
  • the trench 12 is filled with a flowable anchoring material such as wet concrete 17 which is poured into the trench from a concrete mixer 18, or which, if desired, may be forcibly pumped into the trench.
  • a flowable anchoring material such as wet concrete 17 which is poured into the trench from a concrete mixer 18, or which, if desired, may be forcibly pumped into the trench.
  • the wet concrete completely fills the trench and, in the course of doing so, passes from one side to the other side of each of the concrete slabs through the rectangular opening 20 in each slab, to fill said opening and to embed the lower ends of the several slabs and the fastening elements 15 extending therebetween in a monolithic base footing support.
  • this footing support is achieved without use of foundation forms, and that the base support, leveling, and aligning of the concrete slabs in mating relationship to one another is also accomplished without the use of conventional forms, which represents a major advantage over techniques used heretofore.
  • anchoring material gravel can be used as an alternative anchoring material gravel.
  • FIG. 3 An end view of the final construction, when used as a curtain wall, is shown in Figure 3.
  • reinforcing rods 30 may be used between the concrete floor 31 of the building structure and the openings 20 in each slab S to provide additional means for maintaining the slab wall, floor and foundation in an integral monolithic unit.
  • Slabs according to the invention can also be used to erect a retaining wall as shown in Figure 5; and in this particular application of the invention, the several precast concrete slabs can be tapered in thickness upwardly (see Figure 5) and can further be provided with one or more drain holes 36, both of which features are conventional in retaining wall construction.
  • Reinforcing bars 37 which extend vertically through the slab may have their lower end displaced in opposing generally horizontal directions in the region of opening 20 for extension into the trench pour.
  • the taper may be ended at the ground line, with the remaining lower portion of the slab being no thicker than the thickness of the slab at the ground line, since said remaining lower portion will in any event be augmented in strength by the encasing pour of concrete in the trench.
  • the weight of individual retaining wall slabs may also be reduced by making them of less width than for lighter duty slabs.
  • additional reinforcing bars such as shown at 37a and 37b in Figure 5, may be precast into the slab for further enhancing the monolithic intertie of the slab to the trench pour of concrete.
  • the preformed reinforced slabs S may be brought quickly to a particular job, are easily disposed in proper vertical position, and are readily leveled and aligned by means of the aforementioned tierods and aligning bolts. Pouring (as hereinbefore defined) of the wet concrete in a freeflow manner through the openings 20 secures the slabs in position with optimum stress and shear values.
  • the slab construction, transportation, and erection is accomplished in a low cost and rapid manner, and rapid completion of many types of building structures is made possible.
  • Figures 9a and 9b illustrate additional features which may be optionally included in the construction of the present invention.
  • a pair of adjacent slabs 40, 41 may be aligned adjacent their uppermost or generally horizontal edges by means of one or more "U"-shaped aligning and clinching bolts 44 each of which includes a generally horizontal leg 44a which extends between the two slabs 40, 41 along a depression 45 portions of which are formed in the top edge of each slab, and a pair of generally vertical legs 44b which are located in vertical holes 46, 47 provided respectively in the top edges of the two slabs 40, 41.
  • more than one such U bolt 44 can be fastened into place across the top edges of adjacent slabs and/or one or more such U bolts can be mounted in place across the vertical outer faces of the two slabs, and at one or more desired locations between the uppermost and lowermost edges of said slabs.
  • FIGS 9a and 9b One possible such preferred sealing arrangement is shown in Figures 9a and 9b, and comprises an additional generally V-shaped depression or cavity 48 which extends vertically along the base portion of the edge groove 43 of slab 41, and which cooperates with the tongue portion 42 of slab 40 to provide an elongated generally vertical channel of triangular cross section between the mating edges of the slabs 40,41.
  • An elongated and somewhat oversized and compressible sealing strip 49 is first preliminarily adhered in place in the cavity 48, as by pasting or self-sticking surfaces, and then compressed within cavity 48 by the forces exerted between slabs 40, 41 when they are clinched together, to provide a water tight vertical joint between said slabs.
  • a settable liquid sealing material may be poured into the channel formed by cavity 48 and from the top of the aligned slabs to fill said channel and to migrate into any discontinuities between the channels thereby to provide the desired water tight seal between the vertical edges of adjacent slabs.
  • FIG. 9c and 9d Cross-sectional views of two other forms of sealing strips that may be used are shown in Figures 9c and 9d.
  • opposing cavities, of cross-sections similar to the respective halves of the seal to be received are cast into each of the mating edges of adjacent slabs.
  • the sealing strip is made of a readily compressible material, and is slightly larger in appropriate dimensions than the cooperating cavities, so that the seal will be tightly compressed when the slabs 40, 41 are clinched together.
  • the cross-sectional length of the seal in the direction of slab width is slightly longer than the comparable cross-sectional length of the channel formed by the opposed cavities, so that the seal 49a will be appropriately compressed by the forces between slabs 40, 41 when they are clinched together.
  • this type of seal is first temporarily stuck in place in the cavity of one of the slabs, as by pasting, etc., before it is joined with the other slab.
  • the arrow shaped form of seal 49b shown in Figure 9d temporary pasting of the seal in one of the opposed cavities is not necessary.
  • the curved edge of the sealing strip may be slightly wider transverse of its centerline than the cavity into which it is to sit, so that it can be easily press-snapped and locked into its cavity in one of the slabs before that slab is joined with its mating slab.
  • the arrowhead shaped edge of the sealing strip may be slightly longer along its centerline than the cavity into which it is to sit, so that this edge will reactively expand slightly transversely of its centerline into tight sealing relationship with its mating cavity when the adjacent slabs are brought into clinched relationship.
  • seals such as circular or nipple and semicircle, etc., with appropriate complementary cavities, may be used in like manner as described above.
  • sealing cavities and cooperating sealing strips can, if desired, be located on the end faces of the slab edges laterally of the tongues and grooves, as at 49c in Figure 9a, or anywhere on the end faces of the slab edges when no special mating connections, such as tongues and grooves, are used.
  • slabs having cavities for any shape of sealing strip whatever may nevertheless be used for pouring, into the channel formed by the cavities, a settable liquid sealing material, to provide the water tight seal between the vertical edges of adjacent slabs, if desired.
  • connection(s) may be placed laterally of the axial-of-the-wall plane of the aligning rods and "J"-bolts to preclude confrontataion of such rods and bolts with the seals.
  • Figures 10-13 illustrate various concrete structures which may be erected by use of the slabs and associated methods of the present invention.
  • the walls of a flood control dam, levee, or sea wall can be provided by two groups 50, 51 of aligned precast concrete slabs constructed in accordance with the present invention, said groups 50, 51 being erected in spaced relation to one another within a comparatively wide ground trench into which an integrating mass 52 of anchoring material such as concrete is poured to flow through the rectangular openings 50a and 51a of said two groups to form a monolithic structure; and the region between the two groups 50, 51 of concrete slabs may be filled with earth or sand 53 to provide a massive barrier of high structural strength between a body of water 54 and adjacent dry terrain 55.
  • the slabs in this application of the invention may be tapered and reinforced in the manner disclosed for retaining walls, as shown in Figure 5.
  • Horizontal tie/separation bars or rods 50b may also be affixed to the inner faces of the opposing slabs, as more clearly shown in similar applications in Figures 14a and 14b, for enhancing the stability of the structure during erection and may, if desired, be left thereafter for addition reinforcing.
  • the region between the two groups of slabs 50, 51 may be entirely filled with a pour of concrete.
  • additional generally horizontal networks of reinforcing bars may be cast into the pour 52 between and passing into the trenches to provide additional means for maintaining the slab walls, the intervening floor, and the slab foundation footings in an integral monolithic unit.
  • additional reinforcing elements may be cast in the pour 52 so as to extend upwardly out of the pour between the slab groups 50, 51 for later encasement of the upwardly extending ends of such additional reinforcing elements in the secondary pour of concrete that will fill the entire remaining region between the two groups of slabs.
  • Such intertieing of separate pours of concrete is a conventional practice in concrete construction.
  • the individual slabs of slab groups 50, 51 during their own fabrication may have additional reinforcing bars embedded therein so as to extend outwardly from the inner faces of the slabs, with the outwardly extending portions being bent appropriately, also for later encasement in the filling pour of concrete when it sets, to provide additional intertieing of the slabs with both pours of concrete, for further enhancing the integral consolidation, strength, rigidity, stability and other monolithic attributes of the structure.
  • the slabs 50, 51 can be seen to have eliminated the necessity for having to construct the later strip concrete pouring forms, resulting in much savings of time, materials and labor that would have been required to construct the resulting structure according to conventional methods.
  • a canal for confining the flow of a stream of water 56 may be fabricated by disposing a pair of groups 57, 58 of aligned precast concrete slabs in opposed facing relation to one another, and by integrating the bottoms of said groups 57, 58 by a mass of concrete 59 extending therebetween and through the bottom rectangular openings 57a, 58a of said groups.
  • Each group 57, 58 has the characteristics of a retaining wall such as that previously described with respect to Figure 5, and lies against an adjacent earthen mass 60, 61 respectively.
  • the two groups of slabs 57, 58 are preferably inclined somewhat to the vertical as illustrated in Figure 11, so that the channel provided therebetween is wider at its top than at its bottom.
  • the slabs in this application of the invention may also be tapered and reinforced in the manner disclosed for retaining walls.
  • the slabs of the present invention can also be employed to provide a basement and/or foundation for a building structure as illustrated in Figure 12.
  • the slabs can be aligned within ground trenches that are disposed in various orientations relative to one another, parallel, transverse, or at varying angles to one another, to provide boundary walls 62-65 inclusive, as well as interior walls such as 66-68 inclusive, all of which are disposed entirely or substantially entirely below grade.
  • one or more of the slabs can be of special configuration to provide openings in which doors such as 69 and 70 can be installed.
  • Figure 13 illustrates a building construction erected by use of the slabs and techniques of the present invention, adapted to be used for industrial or commercial purposes.
  • exterior walls such as 72, 73 and 74 as well as interior walls such as 75, all of which have only their lowermost portions below grade with the remainder of the walls extending above grade, may be erected by placement of plural slabs constructed in accordance with the present invention within ground trenches that are appropriately oriented relative to one another.
  • each slab such as 72a may be internally reinforced by a metallic mesh 72c similar to metal fencing material, and pairs of slabs 72a, 72b so constructed may be disposed within parallel, relatively closely adjacent or merging ground trenches, to provide a double wall construction.
  • Horizontal tie/separation bars or rods 72d may also be affixed to the inner faces of the opposing slabs for similar reasons as given for the flood control dam application shown in Figure 10.
  • the tie/separation bars or rods 72d have bifurcated end portions 73e integral therewith and extending transversely of the length of the bars or rods so as to enable them to pass over bolts 72f embedded in or otherwise fastened to the inner faces of the slabs for propoer positioning of the tie/separation bars or rods.
  • the bolts 72f may be threaded on their protruding ends to receive nuts, as shown in Figure 14b, to fasten the bars or rods 72f firmly to the slabs.
  • the tie/separation bars or rods may be provided with other forms of fastening means, as desired, and may be made adjustable in length for more precise spacing of the slabs, as by making the bar in two sections connected by a turnbuckle, for example.
  • each slab 72a, 72b may be filled if desired with various types of materials, according to the use intended for the structure, including sand, insulating material, radiation protection material, etc., or may be left as an air space.
  • the top edge of each slab is provided with a depression 27 of the type previously described with respect to Figure 2 which receives a roof beam 73' for supporting a roof structure of the type generally depicted in Figure 13.
  • Figure 14b shows another double wall construction which may be employed in accordance with the present invention.
  • the outer group of slabs 74a has a greater height than the inner group of slabs 74b
  • the lower ends of the two groups are each disposed below grade (indicated by ground level line 77) as in the other embodiments of the invention, and are integrated with one another by a mass of concrete which forms the interior floor 78 of the structure and which flows continuously from the floor portion of the structure through the horizontal rectangular openings at the bottom of each slab as indicated at 79 and 80.
  • the region between the two slab groups 74a, 74b can be filled with sand or other appropriate material.
  • generally horizontal concrete slabs 81, 82 can be disposed in spaced relation to one another to extend across the top of slab group 74b into abutting relation with slab group 74a and the region therebetween can be filled with a further mass of sand 83 or other material.
  • walls and ceiling which are effectively 1.22 m (four feet) thick can be fabricated by the techniques shown in Figure 14b by employing 15.2 cm (six-inches) thick concrete panels having 0.9 m (three feet) of filler material therebetween.
  • the rectangular openings such as 84 through which the integrating mass of concrete flows at the bottom of each slab can have curved edges such as 85 rather than straight edges, and can open as at 86 into the lowermost edge of each slab.
  • the opening 86 actually depicted in Figure 14b has a width which is only a fraction of the horizontal dimension of the opening 84, but the width of opening 86 can be increased to be as wide as, or substantially as wide as the horizontal dimension of the rectangular opening at the bottom of each slab.
  • the openings 86 into the base edge of the slabs may be used both for facilitating the flow of wet concrete from one side of the trench to the other through the slabs and for additional intertieing of reinforcing bars on both sides of the trench, for applications requiring heavy reinforcing.
  • the tie/separation bars or rods 87 are similar to those shown at 50b and 72d in Figures 10 and 14a.
  • Figures 15a and 15b illustrate a freeway divider employing a preferred form of divider slab 90 fabricated in accordance with the present invention.
  • Figure 15b is a cross-sectional view along the line 15b-15b of Figure 15a. Both figures show such divider slabs assembled in a trench as they appear just prior to, and ready for, the pour of encasing wet concrete.
  • the cross-sectional shape of this freeway divider slab is geometrically symmetrical and arrow shaped in its vertical direction, with the head of the slab 90' comprising a narrow top surface 91, from which downwardly and outwardly flaring, concave side surfaces 92 extend to meet narrow vertically disposed side surfaces 93.
  • the shape of the freeway divider slab's head portion as just described is conventional.
  • the combining of the conventionally shaped head of the slab with a base footing of the type of the present invention, along with the other features now to be described, comprises my improvements over the conventional freeway divider.
  • the slab At the lower edges of the side surfaces 93 the slab jogs in horizontally to meet the base footing portion 94 of the slab, in which is located the elongated rectangular shaped flow-through opening 95 which is similar to the other such flow-through openings already discussed above.
  • Reinforcing bars 96 which extend vertically through the upper portion of the slab, exit at their lower ends into the flow-through opening 95, where they are bent generally horizontally to extend outwardly in opposing directions for extension into the trench.
  • the slabs may be otherwise reinforced throughout in a conventional manner, if desired.
  • the pour should extend upwardly at least to the lower edges of the vertical side surfaces 93 of the heads of the slabs, so as to completely encase the base footing portions 94 of the slabs, and may be extended slightly upwardly onto the said vertical side surfaces 93, if desired.
  • FIGS 16a and 16b illustrate still another and most basic, form of slab according to the present invention, a simple base footing slab.
  • This type of base footing slab is for use where, for any reason, it is desired to have the associated wall structure constructed in a conventional manner of brick, stone, concrete block, cinder-block, etc.
  • the simple base footing type of slab shown in these figures can be used for all kinds of walls, including curtain walls, retaining walls, load-bearing walls, building foundation walls, both interior and exterior building walls, etc., as may be desired.
  • Figures 16a and 16b show how simple base footing slabs 100 can be used in constructing a basement where the basement floor 101 and the -base footing slabs are to be joined by a single pour of wet concrete into a monolithic floor/ foundation structure level with the top of the basement floor, and with a cinder-block, brick, or other multi-block masonry wall being built directly over the base footing slabs starting level with the top of the basement floor pour.
  • Figure 16a is a longitudinal view of a number of such simple base footing slabs 100 assembled in a trench 102 at the start of an encasing pour of wet concrete.
  • Figure 16b is a cross-sectional view along the line 16b-16b of Figure 16a.
  • Other simple base footing slabs may be placed in trenches running internally of and generally parallel and perpendicular to the respective peripheral base footing slab groups of the foundation, to provide additional foundation support where required for the basement floor and, through basement floor supported structural elements, to the superstructure of the building, which expedient is conventional in building construction.
  • the elevation chosen to which the bed of sand or gravel 104 will be levelled may vary, but is preferably such that when the base footing slabs 100 are placed in position on the bed of sand or gravel the top surfaces of the base footing slabs will come up exactly to, or slightly above, the elevation planned for the top surface of the basement floor pour.
  • the height, as well as other dimensions of the simple base footings may, of course, also be varied according to the structural requirements for individual buildings and foundation conditions.
  • each such elevation for the top surfaces of the base footing slabs there are advantages for each such elevation for the top surfaces of the base footing slabs.
  • the top surfaces of the base footing slabs can be used as a guide for screeding the common floor and trench pour to the design grade of the basement floor pour 101.
  • the junctures 105 of the top edges of the base footing slabs with the adjacent floor and trench pour will clearly show after the setting of the pour, so as to serve as a wall aligning guide to the masons for laying the bricks or blocks of the basement walls directly and accurately over the center of the footings.
  • the thickness of the simple base footing slabs is the same or greater than the design thickness of the basement wall. If the elevation chosen for the bed of sand or gravel 104 is such that the top surfaces of the base footing slabs come up slightly above the elevation planned for the basement floor pour, the built-in alignment guides for laying the brick or block of the basement walls will be even more pronounced.
  • the bed is then compacted and levelled to that elevation.
  • the base footing slabs 100 are properly aligned in the various runs of trenches and clinched together in a continuous network by the "J"-bolts 106, to rigidly stabilize the whole base footing structure preparatory to the pour of wet concrete.
  • the pouring of wet concrete 107 onto the floor cut 103, down into the trenches 102, and through the flow-through openings 108 in the base footing slabs can be commenced to embed the several base footing slabs into a monolithic foundation structure including the basement floor. After the foundation structure, or a significant portion thereof, has adequately set, the laying of brick or blocks 109 for the basement walls can be commenced.
  • buildings without basements where a concrete floor is placed directly on the ground, and which are desired to have brick, block or stone exterior walls, can also be constructed using simple base footing slabs according to the method just described.
  • Interior simple base footings either connected to the peripheral base footings or not, as desired, can also be incorporated into the monolithic floor/ foundation structure along proposed interior wall lines, and otherwise, for giving additional support to such interior walls and areas of the building that may be subjected to heavy floor loads.
  • the simple base footing slab can also be adapted to the construction of other conventional designs of brick or block buildings constructed without basements.
  • FIG 16c A construction such as this is shown in Figure 16c wherein 104a indicates the bed of sand or gravel on which the slabs 100a are levelled and aligned, 107a the common floor and trench pour, 100y the skirt wall formed by increasing the vertical dimensions of the simple base footing slab above the flow-through opening, and 109a the brick or block wall. Since, in this type of construction, the simple base footing slabs extend out of the trench pour and, therefore, will be directly exposed to weather and outside drainage conditions, it is preferable that the slabs be provided with some form of sealing means along their vertical edges as discussed in regard to Figures 9a through 9d.
  • Modified simple base footing slabs having their upper portions somewhat extended such as dicussed above and shown in Figure 16c can also be used in basement-less structures having a concrete floor spaced above the ground, as may be desired in areas subject to possible high ground water problems.
  • One such construction is shown in Figure 16d.
  • plain modified simple base footing slabs 100b similar to the slabs 100a of Figure 16c are embedded monolithically with one another, to the ground line, in trench 102b by a pour of wet concrete, similarly as described above in connection with the structures shown in Figures 16a, 16b and 16c, except that no ground level floor is poured integrally therewith.
  • any simple type of expendable form such as indicated at 110, 111 and 112 in Figure 16d is placed in the close defined by a number of the exterior base footing slabs 100b, the next adjacent generally parallel group of interior base footing slabs (not shown), and two adjacent groups of interior base footing slabs (also not shown) which are generally parallel to one another and mutually generally perpendicular to both the line of exterior base footing slabs and the said next adjacent generally parallel group of interior base footing slabs.
  • the interior base footing slabs can be desired of a height to come up only to the level of the top of the horizontal floor form member 111, so that a continuous floor may be poured throughout the building, passing over and resting for support on the tops of said interior base footing slabs.
  • the floor slab 101 is supported along the exterior base footing slabs by a downwardly extending leg 113 of concrete which is poured integrally with the floor slab 101b, and rests at its lower end on the previously set trench pour 107b.
  • the interior faces of the exterior base footing slabs 100b cooperate with the downwardly extending form member 110 to dispense with the necessity for an outer form member for forming leg 113 of the floor pour.
  • the floor slab may be additionally supported on the trench pours along the interior base footing slabs by downwardly extending legs similar to 113, this should not be necessary in most cases, because the interior support of the floor slab given by the interior base footing slabs will be adequate.
  • no vertical form member such as 110 will be necessary along the interior base footing slabs, and the horizontal form member 111 can be abutted directly against such interior base footing slabs with the top surface of the form member 111 being level with the top surfaces of the interior base footing slabs.
  • the form supporting members indicated at 112 will not be specifically described since they are intended only to represent any and all conventional manners of supporting above ground concrete floor forms.
  • Figures 16e shows a further modified form of simple base footing slab 100c which is especially adapted for use in the construction of conventional brick or block basement-less buildings having a concrete floor spaced above the ground, similar to the construction just discussed above and shown in Figure 16d.
  • this ledge is to support the floor slab 101c both while it is being poured and permanently thereafter, without the necessity of any side pouring form member such as 110 in Figure 16d.
  • Such ledges can also be cast along the upper sides of interior base footing slabs, if considered necessary in the design of a given building, for extra support of the floor slab 101c.
  • the length of the ledges on exterior and interior base footing slabs which do not intersect other base footing slabs can be coextensive with the slabs.
  • the length of the ledges can be interrupted for proper mating, as shown in Figure 16f, where examples of interior base footings 100d with ledges 114, and 100e without ledges, are shown intersecting exterior base footings 100c having such ledges.
  • Figure 16f shows the showing of two interior groups of base footings 100d and 100e so close in Figure 16f is for convenience of illustration only.
  • the common floor and trench pour shown in Figures 16a, 16b, and 16c may be reinforced by intertied networks of reinforcing bars, some of which pass from the floor into the trench and through the flow-through openings of the base footing slabs, as discussed earlier in this specification. Also, that the separate floor and trench pours shown in Figures 16d and 16e may also be reinforced with reinforcing bars.
  • reinforcing elements may be cast into the trench pour shown in Figure 16d, and into the ledges 114 and the interior base footing slabs such as shown, or described in reference to Figure 16e and 16f, so as to extend upwardly out of those members and into the pour of floor slabs such as 101 band 101 c, for encasement in the floor slabs when they set, for enhancing the rigidity of a given overall structure, which such intertieing of separate pours of concrete is a conventional practice in concrete construction.
  • a conventional wooden floor may be substituted for the concrete floor shown by running floor joists onto the ledges 114, for supporting conventional wooden subflooring over which a finished wooden floor can be placed.
  • other types of conventional floors can be adapted for support on such ledges 114.
  • exterior base footing slabs such as slab 100f in Figure 16f, which may be of less width than the others, but are thicker, can be inserted to serve as pilasters for conventional purposes. It is felt that other adaptations of the simple base footing slab to conventional methods of building construction should readily appear to those skilled in the art. The adaptations disclosed above have been included herein to demonstrate some measure of the potential versatility of such simple base footing slabs.
  • the various structures thus far described all use rectangular slabs of generally planar configuration and generally uniform width throughout.
  • the rectangular precast slabs of the present invention can be fabricated to exhibit a curvature in horizontal and/or vertical directions, such as might be employed in the construction of silos, wells, culverts, underground utility passageways, tunnels, underpasses, etc., or can also be fabricated to exhibit varying widths between the upper and lower edges of each slab.
  • One such alternative slab configuration, and a type of concrete structure which can be assembled by use of such modified slabs, is shown in Figures 17a, 17b and 17c.
  • a plurality of horizontally and vertically curved slabs 120 tapering symmetrically inwardly in width upwardly from a wider base width, and each of which is provided with complementarily shaped vertical edges 121 having, for example,,the tongue and groove and seal configurations such as previously described, can be assembled in side-by-side relation to one another in a substantially circular ground trench 122 to form an igloo-type structure.
  • the several slabs 120 are provided with elongated generally rectangular openings 123 for the reception of aligning and clinching "J"-bolts 124 which bolts, in this embodiment of the invention, are curved in their direction of elongation; and the slabs are then integrated with one another by a mass of anchoring material 125 which forms the interior floor of the structure and which extends continuously through the several openings 123 as depicted in Figure 17c.
  • anchoring materials either permanent or semipermanent in nature may be used, including materials that can be removed at a later data mechanically or otherwise, to permit disassembly of the structure for transportation, storage and later erection at some other location.
  • the anchoring material 125 can comprise a high strength portland cement concrete such as would be most appropriate for the other embodiments of the invention or, if design criteria permit, a structural light-weight concrete which would have less, but adequate, strength and better insulating characteristics for the floor. Any conventional floor covering, such as asphalt tile could be added.
  • the anchoring material 125 can comprise materials such as polyurethane foam which has the desirable characteristics of being both a good insulating material and a substantially waterproof material.
  • polyurethane is used as the anchoring material, it would require that the floor and trench pour be provided with a thin covering of abrasive resistant and structurally firm material, such as wood and/ or concrete, etc.
  • the trench may be merely back-filled with the soil previously removed in digging the trench, since this type of structure is basically self supporting, and an impermeable plastic membrane, bonded along its periphery to the inner face of the structure, at ground level, by an appropriate sealing compound, can serve as the floor of the structure.
  • One or more of the slabs 120 can be provided with a comparatively large opening 126 disposed adjacent to but entirely above ground level 127 to act as a doorway, and one or more of said slabs 120 can be provided with another opening such as 128 adapted to act as a window.
  • the uppermost edges of the assembled slabs define a generally circular opening having a diameter which is significantly less than the diameter of the structure at ground level 127, and this uppermost central opening can be closed by a domed cap 129 of precast concrete which rests on a shoulder 130 provided near the top edge of each slab, and which is adapted to be attached to the several slabs by cooperating clips and/or bolts of the types generally depicted at 131, 132 and 133.
  • the vertical curvature of the slabs 120 can be stopped at the ground level 127, so that the lower base footing portions of the slabs may together form a vertical and circular skirt 134 of constant diameter extending down into trench 122, as shown in Figure 17a.
  • sealing material can be provided between the adjacent elongated edges of the several slabs 120, as well as between the uppermost edges of slabs 120 and cap 129 and, in addition, connector clips can extend across the junctions between adjacent slabs to assist in fastening the slabs to one another and drawing them tightly together.
  • the types of construction which have thus been described are faster, more versatile, and represent a lower cost way of building many types of concrete structures than had been available heretofore.
  • the size and methods of handling the various concrete modules are not restricted except for allowable transportation load limits.
  • the engineering design of the various modules are standardized to incorporate multi and various types of handling devices, interlocking "V"-shaped tongues and grooves for wall and roof slabs, close tolerance alignment holes, a base footing incorporated into the wall section, monolithic type pilasters, openings for windows, doors, and utility fixtures and lines.
  • archi- tecturally aesthetic designs can be precast into the surfaces of the slabs.
  • Openings can be precast in the modules to make the sections compatible with common and easily obtainable handling devices such as forklifts, A-frames, dollies, cherry pickers, cranes, flatbed trucks, etc.
  • the interlocking edge tongues and grooves in the wall and roof slabs are designed for nonchipping and are adapted to quickly and accurately mate one slab to another without the use of mortar.
  • Precast standardized close tolerance alignment holes are conveniently located for inserting additional reinforcement rods and these rods can be used for rapid and accurate aligning, levelling, and tying together of two or more series of slabs.
  • the base-footing in the wall slab is designed to provide optimum stress and shear values for walltype constructions.
  • each slab allows for the free passage of wet concrete to encapsulate the lower section of the slab as a part of the building foundation and/or footing, and this base-footing feature eliminates the need for the costly and time-consuming practice of setting up and dismantling foundation forms.
  • precast components of the type described from a manufacturing site to a construction site can be accomplished at a lower rate than can be effected to transport an equivalent amount of wet concrete and reinforcing materials.
  • Flat bed trailers with inexpensive removal racks can be used for transporting the modules to a construction site, then left loaded at the construction site while the tractor returns an empty trailer to the manufacturing site, thereby eliminating need for wet concrete carriers that are subject to the high cost of capital expense, maintenance, and driver stand-by time prior to and during a concrete pouring activity.
  • the exact amount of precast concrete to be transported can be predetermined, in contrast to wet-carriers which, on many occasions, have excess material that must be discarded as waste.
  • modules of the present invention and concrete structures erected by use of such modules, effect major cost savings while achieving the fabrication of configurations which are in many cases far stronger than those built by prior art techniques.
  • precast base footing slabs disclosed in this specification have been described as being cast of concrete and, except for certain applications of the igloo-type structure, monolithically joined to floors and/or foundations by concrete, it is considered to be within the contemplation of this invention that any of these types of slabs may be cast of any available moldable material suitable for any uses of the structures disclosed, with any type of compatible anchoring material. Also, that any individual auxiliary feature, or combinations thereof, such as tongue and groove connections, sealing arrangements, ties, etc., or methods disclosed in connection with any one type of slab or structure disclosed may, under appropriate conditions, be left out of the structures with which they are shown or mentioned, or be used with any other type of slab or structure disclosed or similar thereto.

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Claims (32)

1. Vorfabrizierte Betonplatte, die dazu bestimmt ist, in iner Wand o.dgl. einer Baukonstruktion hoch kant und eng benachbart zu anderen solchen Platten angeordnet zu werden, um eine Baukonstruktion zu bilden, welche vorfabrizierte Betonplatte eine im wesentlichen rechteckige Form hat und Mittel aufweist zum Ausrichten der Platte mit benachbarten Platten, nachdem die Platte an andere Platten anstossend in der Baukonstruktion angeordnet worden ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die genannten Mittel wenigstens eine Oeffnung (20) von langgestreckt rechteckiger Form enthalten, die vollständig innerhalb aller Ränder der Platte liegt, wobei die Richtung der langgestreckt rechteckigen Oeffnung in der Platte quer zu zwei einander gegenüberliegenden Rändern der Platte verläuft, und das die genannten Mittel ferner wenigstens ein Paar von aufeinander ausgerichteten Bohrungen (24, 25) enthalten, die jeweils zwischen den genannten einander gegenüberliegenden Rändern der Platte und den kürzeren einande gegenüberliegenden Rändern der rechteckigen Oeffnung in der Platte verlaufen, wobei der Durchmesser jeder dieser Bohrungen beträchtlich kleiner ist als die Länge der kürzeren einander gegenüberliegenden Ränder der Oeffnung, wobei die Länge der rechteckigen Oeffnung grösser ist als die die kombinierte Länge der genannten Bohrungen, um die Einführung eines langgestreckten Ausricht- und Befestigungselementes (15) in die Oeffnung in der Platte un Hindurchstecken des Elementes von der Oeffnung aus durch eine der Bohrungen in der Platte und durch eine darauf ausgerichtete solche Bohrung in einer benachbarten, gleich konstruierten Platte in die rechteckige Oeffnung dieser benachbarten Platte zu ermöglichen und wobei die Breite der rechteckigen Oeffnung genügend gross ist, um die bequeme Manipulation des langgestreckten Ausricht- und Befestigungselementes mit Handwerkzeugen zu gestatten, die während des Ausrichtens und Verbindens der Platte mit der benachbarten Platte der Baukonstruktion in die rechteckige Oeffnung eingeführt werden.
2. Vorfabriziert Betonplatte nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die rechteckige Oeffnung in der Platte so angeordnet ist, dass sie vollständig unter Niveau liegt, wenn ein Ende der Platte in einen Graben (12) gestellt wird, so dass die rechteckige Oeffnung ein fliessfähiges Verankerungsmaterial (17) durchlassen kann und von diesem gefüllt werden kann, wenn das Material in den Graben gegossen wird, nachdem das genannte Ende der Platte in den Graben gestellt worden ist.
3. Vorfabrizierte Betonplatte nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die vertikale Höhe der Platte grösser ist als die horizontale Breite der Platte.
4. Vorfabrizierte Betonplatte nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die einander gegenüberliegenden Seitenflächen der Platte je eine gekrümmte Form haben.
5. Vorfabrizierte Betonplatte nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Querschnittsformen der genannten einander gegenüberliegenden Ränder der Platte eine Nut- bzw. Federkonfiguration (28, 29) bilden.
6. Vorfabrizierte Betonplatte nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in wenigstens einem der genannten einander gegenüberliegenden Ränder der Platte eine langgestreckte, sich über die Länge dieses Randes erstreckende Vertiefung (48) zur Aufnahme einer Länge eines elastischen Dichtungsmaterials (49, 49a, 49b) vorgesehen ist, um eine wasserdichte Verbindung zwischen diesem Rand und einem komplementär geformten äusseren Rand einer benachbarten Platte zu bilden, mit der die Platte zusammengefügt wird.
7. Vorfabrizierte Betonplatte nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der genannte eine der langgestreckten Ränder eine Nutkonfiguration aufweist und dass die langgestreckte Vertiefung (48) im Grund der Nut angeordnet ist und im Querschnitt V-förmig ist.
8. Vorfabrizierte Betonplatte nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die langgestreckt rechteckige Oeffnung einen unteren Rand aufweist, von welchem ein Abschnitt (21) zum untersten Rand der Platte bin geöffnet ist.
9. Vorfabrizierte Betonplatte nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine weitere Oeffnung (26) in der Platte näher beim obersten Rand der Platte als beim oberen horizontalen Rand der rechteckigen Oeffnung angeordnet ist und dazu bestimmt ist, mit einer Hebeeinrichtung zusammenzuwirken, um die Handhabung und vertikale Plazierung der Platte in den Bodengraben zu erleichtern.
10. Verfabrizierte Betonplatte nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine weitere Oeffnung (36) in der Platte relativ nah beim oberen horizontalen Rand der rechteckigen Oeffnung angeordnet ist und dazu bestimmt ist, als Drainageloch durch die Platte zu wirken.
11. Vorfabrizierte Betonplatte nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Dicke der Platte bei dem genannten einen Ende der Platte am grössten ist und gegen das andere Ende der Platte hin abnimmt.
12. Vorfabrizierte Betonplatte nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Platte (120) in Richtung ihrer Höhe eine gekrümmte Form aufweist.
13. Vorfabrizierte Betonplatte nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Platte (120) in Richtung ihrer Breite eine gekrümmte Form aufweist.
14. Betonkonstruktion mit einer Mehrzahl von allgemein rechteckigen, im wesentlichen vertikal angeordneten, gleich konstruierten vorfabrizierten Betonplatten, die mit einander eng benachbarten Rändern angeordnet sind,, wobei Strukturmittel sich in einer allgemein horizontalen Richtung zwischen und in Eingriff mit benachbarten der Platten erstrecken, um die Platten horizontal und vertikal miteinander auszurichten, wobei das untere Ende jeder der Platten in einem Fundament-Bodengraben angeordnet ist und jede der Platten Mittel aufweist zum Bilden einer formschlüssigen, festen horizontalen und vertikalen Verankerung der Platten in dem Fundament-Bodengraben, nachdem die vorfabrizierten Betonplatten eng benachbart zueinander in dem Fundament-Bodengraben angeordnet worden sind, durch Eingiessen eines fliessfähigen Veranke: rungsmaterials, welches den Bodengraben ausfüllt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mittel zum formschlüssigen Befestigen jeder der Platten eine langgestreckte, im wesentlichen rechteckige Oeffnung (20) enthalten, die sich in einer allgemein horizontalen Richtung erstreckt und die in dem Fundament-Bodengraben (12) an einer Stelle vollständig unter Niveau liegt, wobei die horizontale Abmessung der rechteckigen Oeffnung in jeder der Platten gleich wenigstens etwas mehr als die Hälfte der Breite der Platte ist, und dass die genannten Strukturmittel eine erste Bohrung (24) enthalten, die in einen der allgemein vertikalen Ränder der Platte mündet und sich von diesem Rand aus horizontal bis zu einem der allgemein vertikalen Ränder der rechteckigen Oeffnung in der Platte erstreckt und in diesen Rand mündet, und eine zweite Bohrung (25), die in den anderen der allgemein vertikalen Ränder der Platte mündet und sich von diesem anderen Rand aus horizontal bis zum anderen der allgemein vertikalen Ränder der rechteckigen Oeffnung in der Platte erstreckt und in diesen Rand mündet, wobei die erste und die zweite Bohrung aufeinander ausgerichtet sind und in die allgemein vertakalen Ränder der rechteckigen Oeffnung an Stellen münden, die vom oberen und vom unteren horizontalen Rand der rechteckigen Oeffnung Abstände haben, wobei ein langgestrecktes Element (15) mit einem langgestreckten Bolzen die erste Bohrung in der Platte und die zweite Bohrung in einer benachbarten Platte hindurchgeht und eine Länge hat, die grösser ist als die kombinierten Breiten der Abschnitte jeder dieser Platten zwischen den allgemein vertikalen Rändern der Platte und den benachbarten allgemein vertikalen Rändern der rechteckigen Oeffnung in der Platte, und wobei die Höhe der rechteckigen Oeffnung in jeder der Platten genügend gross ist, um die Einführung von Handwerkzeugen in die Oeffnungen zum Festlegen des Bolzens zu gestatten, und wobei ein fliessfähiges Verankerungsmaterial (17) den Fundament-Bodengraben ausfüllt und sich dabei von einer Seite jeder der Platten her durch die rechteckige Oeffnung in der Platte auf die andere Seite der Platte erstreckt und die rechteckige Oeffnung ausfüllt, um die Platten in festen horizontalen und vertikalen Stellungen formschlüssig in dem Fundament-Bodengraben festzuhalten.
15. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die vertikale Höhe jeder der Platten grösser ist als ihre horizontale Breite und dass die einander gegenüberliegenden allgemein vertikal verlaufenden Ränder jeder der Platten so geformt (28) sind, dass sie auf komplementär geformte (29) allgemein vertikale verlaufende Ränder der benachbarten Platten passen.
16. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in wenigstens einem der allgemein vertikal verlaufenden Ränder jeder der Platten eine Vertiefung gebildet ist, die sich über die Länge dieses Randes erstreckt und die zwischen dem Rand un dem auf diesen passenden, komplementär geformten Rand einer benachbarten der Platten einen vertikal verlaufenden Kanal (48) zurAufnahme eines Dichtungsmaterials (49, 49a, 49b) bildet, das eine wasserdichte Verbindung zwischen den aufeinander passenden Rändern der benachbarten Platten bildet.
17. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die ein U-förmiges Befestigungselement (44) enthält, dessen Basis (44a) sich über die Verbindungsstelle zwischen den aufeinander passenden, vertikal verlaufenden Rändern zweier einander benachbarter der Platten erstreckt und dessen Schenkel (44b) je in einer der beiden Platten eingelassen sind.
18. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 17, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schenkel des U-förmigen Befestigungselementes allgemein vertikal verlaufen und in dei beiden einander benachbarten Platten bei den obersten Enden derselben eingelassen sind.
19. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Verankerungsmaterial Beton ist.
20. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Verankerungsmaterial Kies ist.
21. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mehrzahl der Platten eine erste Gruppe der Platten enthält, die in einem ersten langgestreckten Bodengraben (50a, 57a) angeordnet sind, und eine zweite Gruppe der Platten enthält, die in einem zweiten langgestreckten Bodengraben (51 a, 58a) angeordnet sind, welcher allgemein parallel zu und in einem Abstand von dem ersten Bodengraben verläuft.
22. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der erste und der zweite Bodengraben relativ eng benachbart zueinander angeordnet sind, so dass die erste und die zweite Gruppe der Platten (72a, 72b, 74a, 74b) eine Doppelwandstruktur bilden.
23. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie einen Sandkörper (53) enthält, der den Bereich zwischen der ersten und der zweiten Gruppe der Platten ausfüllt.
24. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der erste und der zweite Bodengraben relativ weit voneinander entfernt angeordnet sind, so dass die erste und die zweite Gruppe der Platten (57, 58) einen Kanal (56) zwischen sich bilden.
25. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die beiden Gruppen der Platten zwischen den oberen Teilen ihrer zugeordneten Gräben durch einen Betonboden (52, 59) verbunden sind, der durch gemeinsames Giessen von Verankerungsmaterial in die beiden Gräben und über die Bodenfläche zwischen denselben gebildet ist, um die beiden Gruppen der Platten und den Boden monolithisch miteinander zu verbinden.
26. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste und die zweite Gruppe der Platten (57, 58) zueinander geneigt sind, so dass die oberen und die unteren Enden der Gruppen der Platten unterschiedliche Abstände voneinander haben.
27. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jede der Platten (120) zweidimensional gekrümmt ist, so dass die Mehrzahl der Platten ein geodätische Konfiguration bildet.
28. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jede der Platten (120) wenigstens eindimensional gekrümmt ist, so dass die Mehrzahl der Platten eine allgemein kreisförmige Konfiguration bildet.
29. Betonkonstruktion nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jede der Platten wenigstens eindimensional gekrümmt ist, so dass die Mehrzahl der Platten eine allgemein röhrenförmige Konfiguration bildet.
30. Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Betonkonstruktion, wobei an einem Fabrikationsort eine Mehrzahl von gleich konstruierten, im wesentlichen rechteckigen Betonplatten vorfabriziert wird, von denen jede wenigstens eine Bohrung aufweist, welche sich in Richtung der Breite der Platte durch dieselbe erstreckt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jede Platte (S) benachbart zu einem ihrer Enden eine langgestreckte, rechteckige Oeffnung (20) aufweist, die sich in Richtung der Breite der Platte erstreckt und in dieser Richtung eine Länge hat, welche wenigstens etwas grösser ist als die Hälfte der Breite der Platte; dass die vorfabrizierten Betonplatten vom Fabrikationsort zu einer Baustelle transportiert werden; dass auf den Baustelle ein Fundament-Bodengraben (12) ausgehoben wird; dass dann die vorfabrizierten Betonplatte nacheinander mit im wesentlichen vertikaler Orientierung in den Graben gestellt werden, wobei die rechteckigen Oeffnungen der Platten alle in dem Fundament-Bodengraben vollständig unter Bodenniveau zu liegen kommen und die allgemein vertikalen Ränder jeder der Platten nach oben aus dem Graben herausragen und eng benachbart zu den allgemein vertikalen Rändern der jeweils unmittelbar benachbarten der Platten angeordnet werden; dass dan jede der vorfabrizierten Betonplatten horizontal und vertikal mit einer unmittelbar benachbarten vorfabrizierten Betonplatte ausgerichtet wird, indem ein langgestreckter Bolzen (15) von der langgestreckten rechteckigen Oeffnung in einer der Platten aus durch eine von zwei aufeinander ausgerichteten Bohrungen (24, 25) in dieser einen Platte in eine von zwei gleichartigen aufeinander ausgerichteten Bohrungen in einer unmittelbar benachbarten der Platten und die langgestreckte rechteckige Oeffnung in dieser unmittelbar benachbarten Platte gestreckt wird und die entgegengesetzten Enden (15a, 15b) der Bolzen in Anlange an die benachbarten vertikalen Ränder der langgestreckten rechteckigen Oeffnungen der benachbarten Platten gezogen werden; und dass danach die vorfabrizierten Betonplatten in dem Fundament-Bodengraben sowohl horizontal als auch vertikal fest struturell verankert werden, in dem ein fliessfähiges Verankerungsmaterial in den Fundament-Bodengraben gegossen wird, um den Graben auszufüllen, wobei das fliessfähige Verankerungsmaterial von einer Seite jeder der Betonplatten her durch die langgestreckten rechteckigen Oeffnungen in den vorfabrizierten Bodenplatten hindurch auf die andere Seite jeder der Betonplatten übertritt und wobei dieser Verankerungsschritt eine Einbettund der Bolzen in das Verankerungsmaterial bewirkt.
31. Verfahren nach Anspruch 30, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Bolzen J-förmig ist, wobei er an einem seiner Enden einen gekrümmten Abschnitt aufweist, der auf dem vertikalen Rand der langgestreckten rechteckigen Oeffnung in einer der Platten aufliegt, und an seinem anderen Ende einen Gewindeabschnitt aufweist, der sich in die langgestreckte rechteckige Oeffnung in der unmittelbar benachbarten Platte erstreckt, und dass zum mechanischen Befestigen eine Mutter auf dem Gewindeabschnitt des Bolzens angebracht wird und mittels eine Handwerkzeugs gedreht wird, das in die langgestreckte rechteckige Oeffnung in der unmittelbar benachbarten Platte eingeführt wird, um eine axiale Klemmkraft zwischen den benachbarten Platten in der Richtung ihrer Breiten zu erzeugen.
32. Verfahren nach Anspruch 30, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im Verankerungsschritt feuchter Beton in den Bodengraben gegossen wird.
EP81901849A 1981-06-01 1981-06-01 Vorgefertigte mehrzweckbetonpaneele, sowie verfahren zur konstruktion von betonbauwerken unter verwendung derselben Expired EP0079887B1 (de)

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BR8109025A (pt) 1983-05-10
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WO1982004273A1 (en) 1982-12-09
EP0079887A1 (de) 1983-06-01
DE3176958D1 (en) 1989-02-02

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