EP0072584B1 - Connection between the casing and the rear part of a sabot for a projectile - Google Patents

Connection between the casing and the rear part of a sabot for a projectile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0072584B1
EP0072584B1 EP82200847A EP82200847A EP0072584B1 EP 0072584 B1 EP0072584 B1 EP 0072584B1 EP 82200847 A EP82200847 A EP 82200847A EP 82200847 A EP82200847 A EP 82200847A EP 0072584 B1 EP0072584 B1 EP 0072584B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sabot
projectile
circumferential groove
jacket
connection
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82200847A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0072584B2 (en
EP0072584A1 (en
Inventor
Rudolf Rossmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rheinmetall Air Defence AG
Original Assignee
Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon Buhrle AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
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Application filed by Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon Buhrle AG filed Critical Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon Buhrle AG
Publication of EP0072584A1 publication Critical patent/EP0072584A1/en
Publication of EP0072584B1 publication Critical patent/EP0072584B1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0072584B2 publication Critical patent/EP0072584B2/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B14/00—Projectiles or missiles characterised by arrangements for guiding or sealing them inside barrels, or for lubricating or cleaning barrels
    • F42B14/06—Sub-calibre projectiles having sabots; Sabots therefor
    • F42B14/064—Sabots enclosing the rear end of a kinetic energy projectile, i.e. having a closed disk shaped obturator base and petals extending forward from said base

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a connection between the sabot jacket and the sabot rear of a sabot projectile with a circumferential groove on the sabot rear, into which a flange of the sabot jacket protrudes, to form a connection between the sabot jacket and sabot rear, which on the one hand resists the mechanical forces during firing and on the other hand is gas-tight.
  • connection between the sabot jacket and the sabot rear is designed in such a way that, with large mechanical forces and high gas pressure, there is a risk that the sabot jacket may prematurely detach itself from the sabot when the projectile is fired replaces or that the connection is not up to the high gas pressure, ie is not sufficiently gas-tight.
  • a higher cadence of the firearm results in greater acceleration and deceleration forces when the cartridges are fed to the weapon, which means that there is a risk that the connection between the sabot rear and sabot jacket will be damaged even before the bullet enters the weapon.
  • the cartridge case is attached to a circumferential groove of the projectile or the sabot rear.
  • This circumferential groove the greater the forces required to eject the projectile from the cartridge case, so that the gas pressure at the moment when the projectile emerges from the cartridge case is also greater. For this reason, greater demands are also made on the gas-tight connection between the sabot jacket and the sabot rear.
  • the object is achieved to create a connection between the sabot jacket and sabot rear end, which can withstand great mechanical forces and large gas pressure when the sabot projectile is fired.
  • connection according to the invention is characterized in that the sabot tail has a second circumferential groove in addition to the said circumferential groove and that the sabot jacket also has a second flange in addition to the flange mentioned, one flange serving for sealing and the second flange for fastening.
  • the side walls of the one circumferential groove are preferably parallel to one another and inclined forward at an angle of 75 ° with respect to the projectile axis.
  • the side walls of the other circumferential groove are preferably inclined at an angle of 75 ° forwards or backwards relative to the projectile axis.
  • the sabot projectile consists of a projectile body 10, a sabot rear 11 and a sabot jacket 12.
  • a ballistic hood 13 is placed on the projectile body 10.
  • a hard metal or a tungsten alloy is used for the projectile body 10, for example.
  • the sabot tail 11 is made of light metal, for example, and the sabot jacket 12 is e.g. made of plastic.
  • the sabot jacket 12 usually consists of three segments which are connected to one another via predetermined breaking points 14. Only one predetermined breaking point 14 is visible in the drawing.
  • the sabot jacket 12 also has cutouts 15 and a guide band 16.
  • the projectile body 10 has two circumferential grooves 17, which are used to fasten the sabot rear 11.
  • the sabot tail 11 is provided with six tongues 18 which protrude with cams 25 into the circumferential grooves 17 of the projectile body.
  • the structure of the sabot projectile described so far is known.
  • the invention relates to the connection between the sabot jacket 12 and the sabot rear end 11.
  • the sabot rear end 11 has a first circumferential groove 19 which is formed by two side walls 21 and 22 which are parallel to one another. These side walls 21 and 22 are inclined forward at an angle of 75 ° with respect to the projectile axis. There is also a second circumferential groove 26 which is formed by two side walls 24 and 28, one side wall 24 being inclined rearward at an angle of 75 ° and the other side wall 28 being inclined forward by the same angle of 75 °.
  • a reliable, gas-tight connection is achieved through the first circumferential groove 19, and a reliable connection that withstands mechanical forces is achieved through the second circumferential groove.
  • a corresponding flange 20 of the sabot jacket 12 projects into the first circumferential groove 19 and a corresponding protrudes into the second circumferential groove 26 chender second flange 27 of the sabot jacket 12 into.
  • the side walls of the circumferential grooves 19 and 26 do not have to be inclined. They can also be perpendicular to the floor axis. Wedge-shaped or dovetail-shaped circumferential grooves are conceivable.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
  • Gasket Seals (AREA)
  • Mutual Connection Of Rods And Tubes (AREA)
  • Portable Nailing Machines And Staplers (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Rear-View Mirror Devices That Are Mounted On The Exterior Of The Vehicle (AREA)
  • Mirrors, Picture Frames, Photograph Stands, And Related Fastening Devices (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Verbindung zwischen dem Treibspiegelmantel und dem Treibspiegelheck eines Treibspiegelgeschosses mit einer Umfangsnut am Treibspiegelheck, in welche ein Flansch des Treibspiegelmantels hineinragt, zur Bildung einer Verbindung zwischen Treibspiegelmantel und Treibspiegelheck, die einerseits den mechanischen Kräften beim Abschuss widersteht und andererseits gasdicht ist.The invention relates to a connection between the sabot jacket and the sabot rear of a sabot projectile with a circumferential groove on the sabot rear, into which a flange of the sabot jacket protrudes, to form a connection between the sabot jacket and sabot rear, which on the one hand resists the mechanical forces during firing and on the other hand is gas-tight.

Bei einem bekannten Treibspiegelgeschoss dieser Art (s. CH-A Nr. 622883) ist die Verbindung zwischen Treibspiegelmantel und Treibspiegelheck derart gestaltet, dass bei grossen mechanischen Kräften und bei grossem Gasdruck die Gefahr besteht, dass sich der Treibspiegelmantel beim Abschuss des Geschosses vorzeitig vom Treibspiegel ablöst oder dass die Verbindung dem grossen Gasdruck nicht gewachsen ist, d.h. nicht genügend gasdicht ist. Durch eine höhere Kadenz der Feuerwaffe ergeben sich bei der Zufuhr der Patronen zur Waffe grössere Beschleunigungs- und Verzögerungskräfte, wodurch die Gefahr besteht, dass die Verbindung zwischen Treibspiegelheck und Treibspiegelmantel schon vor dem Eintritt des Geschosses in die Waffe beschädigt wird. Die Patronenhülse ist an einer Umfangsnut des Geschosses, bzw. des Treibspiegelhecks befestigt. Je tiefer diese Umfangsnut ist, um so grösser sind die zum Ausstossen des Geschosses aus der Patronenhülse erforderlichen Kräfte, somit ist auch der Gasdruck im Moment, in dem das Geschoss aus der Patronenhülse austritt, grösser. Daher werden auch an die gasdichte Verbindung zwischen Treibspiegelmantel und Treibspiegelheck grössere Anforderungen gestellt.In the case of a known sabot projectile of this type (see CH-A No. 622883), the connection between the sabot jacket and the sabot rear is designed in such a way that, with large mechanical forces and high gas pressure, there is a risk that the sabot jacket may prematurely detach itself from the sabot when the projectile is fired replaces or that the connection is not up to the high gas pressure, ie is not sufficiently gas-tight. A higher cadence of the firearm results in greater acceleration and deceleration forces when the cartridges are fed to the weapon, which means that there is a risk that the connection between the sabot rear and sabot jacket will be damaged even before the bullet enters the weapon. The cartridge case is attached to a circumferential groove of the projectile or the sabot rear. The deeper this circumferential groove, the greater the forces required to eject the projectile from the cartridge case, so that the gas pressure at the moment when the projectile emerges from the cartridge case is also greater. For this reason, greater demands are also made on the gas-tight connection between the sabot jacket and the sabot rear.

Insbesondere ist diese Verbindung gefährdet, solange das Geschoss nach der Zündung der Treibladung in der Patronenhülse die Freiflugstrecke zurücklegt und der Führungsring aussen von der Rohrwandung und den Zügen noch nicht abgestützt wird. Im Rohr selbst wird der Führungsring gegen das Treibspiegelheck gedrückt.This connection is particularly endangered as long as the projectile covers the free flight distance after the propellant charge has been ignited in the cartridge case and the outside of the guide ring is not yet supported by the tube wall and the trains. In the tube itself, the guide ring is pressed against the sabot tail.

Mit der vorliegenden Erfindung wird die Aufgabe gelöst, eine Verbindung zwischen Treibspiegelmantel und Treibspiegelheck zu schaffen, welche grossen mechanischen Kräften und grossem Gasdruck beim Abschuss des Treibspiegelgeschosses gewachsen ist.With the present invention, the object is achieved to create a connection between the sabot jacket and sabot rear end, which can withstand great mechanical forces and large gas pressure when the sabot projectile is fired.

Die erfindungsgemässe Verbindung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Treibspiegelheck ausser der genannten Umfangsnut noch eine zweite Umfangsnut aufweist und dass der Treibspiegelmantel ausser dem genannten Flansch noch einen zweiten Flansch aufweist, wobei der eine Flansch zum Abdichten und der zweite Flansch zur Befestigung dient.The connection according to the invention is characterized in that the sabot tail has a second circumferential groove in addition to the said circumferential groove and that the sabot jacket also has a second flange in addition to the flange mentioned, one flange serving for sealing and the second flange for fastening.

Vorzugsweise sind die Seitenwände der einen Umfangsnut zueinander parallel und gegenüber der Geschossachse in einem Winkel von 75° nach vorne geneigt. Die Seitenwände der anderen Umfangsnut sind vorzugsweise gegenüber der Geschossachse in einem Winkel von 75° nach vorne, bzw. nach hinten geneigt.The side walls of the one circumferential groove are preferably parallel to one another and inclined forward at an angle of 75 ° with respect to the projectile axis. The side walls of the other circumferential groove are preferably inclined at an angle of 75 ° forwards or backwards relative to the projectile axis.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der erfindungsgemässen Verbindung zwischen Treibspiegelmantel und Treibspiegelheck eines Treibspiegelgeschosses ist im folgenden anhand der beigefügten Zeichnung ausführlich beschrieben. Es zeigt

  • Fig. 1 einen Längsschnitt durch ein Treibspiegelgeschoss, und
  • Fig. 2 einen Teil des Treibspiegelhecks in vergrössertem Massstab.
An embodiment of the connection according to the invention between the sabot jacket and the sabot rear of a sabot projectile is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawing. It shows
  • Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal section through a sabot projectile, and
  • Fig. 2 shows a part of the sabot rear on an enlarged scale.

Gemäss Fig. 1 besteht das erfindungsgemässe Treibspiegelgeschoss aus einem Geschosskörper 10, einem Treibspiegelheck 11 und einem Treibspiegelmantel 12. Dem Geschosskörper 10 ist eine ballistische Haube 13 aufgesetzt. Für den Geschosskörper 10 wird beispielsweise eine Hartmetall- oder eine Wolframlegierung verwendet. Das Treibspiegelheck 11 ist beispielweise aus Leichtmetall und der Treibspiegelmantel 12 ist z.B. aus Kunststoff hergestellt. Der Treibspiegelmantel 12 besteht üblicherweise aus drei Segmenten, welche über Sollbruchstellen 14 miteinander verbunden sind. In der Zeichnung Fig. ist nur eine Sollbruchstelle 14 sichtbar. DerTreibspiegelmantel 12 weist ferner Aussparungen 15 sowie ein Führungsband 16 auf. Der Geschosskörper 10 besitzt zwei Umfangsnuten 17, die zur Befestigung des Treibspiegelhecks 11 dienen. Das Treibspiegelheck 11 ist mit sechs Zungen 18 versehen, welche mit Nocken 25 in die Umfangsnuten 17 des Geschosskörpers hineinragen.1, the sabot projectile according to the invention consists of a projectile body 10, a sabot rear 11 and a sabot jacket 12. A ballistic hood 13 is placed on the projectile body 10. A hard metal or a tungsten alloy is used for the projectile body 10, for example. The sabot tail 11 is made of light metal, for example, and the sabot jacket 12 is e.g. made of plastic. The sabot jacket 12 usually consists of three segments which are connected to one another via predetermined breaking points 14. Only one predetermined breaking point 14 is visible in the drawing. The sabot jacket 12 also has cutouts 15 and a guide band 16. The projectile body 10 has two circumferential grooves 17, which are used to fasten the sabot rear 11. The sabot tail 11 is provided with six tongues 18 which protrude with cams 25 into the circumferential grooves 17 of the projectile body.

Der bisher beschriebene Aufbau des Treibspiegelgeschosses ist bekannt. Gegenstand der Erfindung ist die Verbindung zwischen dem Treibspiegelmantel 12 und dem Treibspiegelheck 11.The structure of the sabot projectile described so far is known. The invention relates to the connection between the sabot jacket 12 and the sabot rear end 11.

Die Anforderungen an diese Verbindung werden infolge grösserer Kadenz immer höher. Durch einen höheren Ausziehwiderstand wird, wie erwähnt, der Gasdruck beim Austritt des Geschosses aus der Patronenhülse grösser. Bei grösserer Zufuhrgeschwindigkeit der Patronen zur Feuerwaffe wird auch die mechanische Beanspruchung der Verbindung zwischen Treibspiegelmantel 12 und Treibspiegelheck 11 grösser. Durch entsprechende Ausbildung dieser Verbindung soll verhindert werden, dass Treibgase zwischen Treibspiegelmantel 12 und Treibspiegelheck 11 eindringen.The demands on this connection are increasing due to the higher cadence. As mentioned, a higher pull-out resistance increases the gas pressure when the projectile emerges from the cartridge case. With a higher feed speed of the cartridges to the firearm, the mechanical stress on the connection between the sabot jacket 12 and the sabot rear 11 also increases. Appropriate design of this connection is intended to prevent propellant gases from penetrating between the sabot jacket 12 and the sabot rear 11.

Das Treibspiegelheck 11 weist zu diesem Zweck eine erste Umfangsnute 19 auf, die durch zwei zueinander parallele Seitenwände 21 und 22 gebildet wird. Diese Seitenwände 21 und 22 sind in einem Winkel von 75° gegenüber der Geschossachse nach vorne geneigt. Ferner ist eine zweite Umfangsnut 26 vorhanden, welche durch zwei Seitenwände 24 und 28 gebildet wird, wobei die eine Seitenwand 24 in einem Winkel von 75° nach hinten und die andere Seitenwand 28 um denselben Winkel von 75° nach vorne geneigt ist.For this purpose, the sabot rear end 11 has a first circumferential groove 19 which is formed by two side walls 21 and 22 which are parallel to one another. These side walls 21 and 22 are inclined forward at an angle of 75 ° with respect to the projectile axis. There is also a second circumferential groove 26 which is formed by two side walls 24 and 28, one side wall 24 being inclined rearward at an angle of 75 ° and the other side wall 28 being inclined forward by the same angle of 75 °.

Durch die erste Umfangsnut 19 wird eine zuverlässige, gasdichte Verbindung erreicht und durch die zweite Umfangsnut wird eine zuverlässige, mechanischen Kräften widerstehende Verbindung erreicht.A reliable, gas-tight connection is achieved through the first circumferential groove 19, and a reliable connection that withstands mechanical forces is achieved through the second circumferential groove.

In die erste Umfangsnut 19 ragt ein entsprechender Flansch 20 des Treibspiegelmantels 12 und in die zweite Umfangsnut 26 ragt ein entsprechender zweiter Flansch 27 des Treibspiegelmantels 12 hinein.A corresponding flange 20 of the sabot jacket 12 projects into the first circumferential groove 19 and a corresponding protrudes into the second circumferential groove 26 chender second flange 27 of the sabot jacket 12 into.

Die Seitenwände der Umfangsnuten 19 und 26 müssen nicht geneigt sein. Sie können auch senkrecht zur Geschossachse stehen. Es sind keilförmige oder schwalbenschwanzförmige Umfangsnuten denkbar.The side walls of the circumferential grooves 19 and 26 do not have to be inclined. They can also be perpendicular to the floor axis. Wedge-shaped or dovetail-shaped circumferential grooves are conceivable.

Claims (4)

1. A connection arrangement between a sabot jacket (12) and a sabottail portion (11) of a sabot projectile, with a circumferential groove (19, 26) atthesabottail portion (11 ), in which a first flange member (20, 27) of the sabot jacket (12) protrudes for forming a connection between the sabot jacket (12) and the sabot tail portion (11), which on the one hand withstands the mechanical forces upon firing of the sabot projectile and on the other hand is gas-tight, characterised in that the sabot tail portion (11) is provided besides said circumferential groove (19, 26) with a further circumferential groove (26, 19) and in that the sabot jacket (12) is provided besides said first flange member (20, 27) with a further flange member (27, 20), said first flange member (20) serving for sealing purposes and said further flange member (27) essentially serving for attachment purposes.
2. The connection arrangement as defined in Claim 1, wherein the said walls (21, 22) of the circumferential groove (19) containing the sealing flange (20) are essentially mutually parallel to one another and are forwardly inclined at an angle of about 75° with respect to the lengthwise axis of the sabot projectile.
3. The connection arrangement as defined in Claim 2, wherein the side walls (24, 28) of the other circumferential groove (26) are inclined outwardly away from each other at an angle of about 75° with respect to the lengthwise axis of the sabot projectile.
4. The connection arrangement as defined in Claim 1, further including a circumferential rib member (23) separating both of said circumferential grooves (19, 26) from one another.
EP82200847A 1981-08-13 1982-07-07 Connection between the casing and the rear part of a sabot for a projectile Expired - Lifetime EP0072584B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH521081 1981-08-13
CH5210/81 1981-08-13

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0072584A1 EP0072584A1 (en) 1983-02-23
EP0072584B1 true EP0072584B1 (en) 1985-01-16
EP0072584B2 EP0072584B2 (en) 1991-07-24

Family

ID=4289783

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP82200847A Expired - Lifetime EP0072584B2 (en) 1981-08-13 1982-07-07 Connection between the casing and the rear part of a sabot for a projectile

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US4773331A (en)
EP (1) EP0072584B2 (en)
JP (1) JPS5837500A (en)
CA (1) CA1193138A (en)
DE (1) DE3261947D1 (en)
NO (1) NO150934C (en)
ZA (1) ZA825213B (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0236705A1 (en) 1986-03-07 1987-09-16 Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon-Bührle AG Connection between the casing and the bottom of a sabot for a subcalibre projectile

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0072584B2 (en) * 1981-08-13 1991-07-24 Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon-Bührle AG Connection between the casing and the rear part of a sabot for a projectile
EP0104587A1 (en) * 1982-09-23 1984-04-04 Honeywell Inc. Subcaliber munition
DE3245540C2 (en) * 1982-12-09 1985-10-03 Precitronic Gesellschaft für Feinmechanik und Electronic mbH, 2000 Hamburg Sabot bullet guide
DE3635738A1 (en) * 1986-10-21 1988-05-19 Rheinmetall Gmbh DRIVING CAGE FLYING FLOOR ARRANGEMENT
NO163425C (en) * 1987-04-30 1990-05-23 Oerlikon Buehrle Ag DESIGN OF A DESCRIPTION BREAKDOWN AT THE BODY OF A DRIVE MIRROR FOR A DRIVE MIRROR PROJECT.
DE3909836A1 (en) * 1989-03-25 1990-09-27 Diehl Gmbh & Co DRIVING POT FOR SWIRL-STABILIZED SUB-CALIBAR FLOORS
JPH0334010U (en) * 1989-08-08 1991-04-03
FR2653873B1 (en) * 1989-10-26 1992-01-03 France Etat Armement UNDER CALIBER PROJECTILE COMPRISING A CORE, A SHOE AND A SHIRT.
JPH0685317U (en) * 1993-05-27 1994-12-06 島津衣料株式会社 clothes
US5479861A (en) * 1994-01-03 1996-01-02 Kinchin; Anthony E. Projectile with sabot
DE59806709D1 (en) * 1997-11-19 2003-01-30 Contraves Ag Projectile with programmable timer
CA2437515A1 (en) * 2002-08-21 2004-02-21 Christopher R. Mcmurray Lead attached sabot slug
FR2875595B1 (en) * 2004-09-21 2007-10-05 Jean Pierre Denis SUB-CALIBER PROJECTILE COMPRISING A BOOM AND A MASS HAMMER IN A CONTAINER
US8100746B2 (en) * 2006-01-04 2012-01-24 Broan-Nutone Llc Indoor air quality systems and methods
DE102010045474A1 (en) * 2010-09-16 2012-03-22 Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh Projectile with disposable sabot
US8887641B1 (en) * 2012-02-16 2014-11-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army 40 mm low drag extended range projectile
US9714819B1 (en) * 2013-07-15 2017-07-25 The Boeing Company Stepped sabots for projectiles

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3927618A (en) * 1971-03-29 1975-12-23 Oerlikon Buehrle Ag Sabot projectile
CH622883A5 (en) * 1977-07-21 1981-04-30 Oerlikon Buehrle Ag
CH627550A5 (en) * 1978-05-30 1982-01-15 Oerlikon Buehrle Ag SPIRAL-STABILIZED DRIVING MIRROR BULLET TO OVERCOME A HETEROGENEOUS RESISTANCE.
EP0072584B2 (en) * 1981-08-13 1991-07-24 Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon-Bührle AG Connection between the casing and the rear part of a sabot for a projectile

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0236705A1 (en) 1986-03-07 1987-09-16 Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Oerlikon-Bührle AG Connection between the casing and the bottom of a sabot for a subcalibre projectile

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4773331A (en) 1988-09-27
US4846072A (en) 1989-07-11
NO822444L (en) 1983-02-14
EP0072584B2 (en) 1991-07-24
NO150934B (en) 1984-10-01
NO150934C (en) 1985-01-16
JPS6364717B2 (en) 1988-12-13
JPS5837500A (en) 1983-03-04
EP0072584A1 (en) 1983-02-23
CA1193138A (en) 1985-09-10
DE3261947D1 (en) 1985-02-28
ZA825213B (en) 1983-04-27

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