EP0071359A1 - Procédé et appareil éliminant des émanations gazeuses d'un bain métallique - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil éliminant des émanations gazeuses d'un bain métallique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0071359A1
EP0071359A1 EP82303664A EP82303664A EP0071359A1 EP 0071359 A1 EP0071359 A1 EP 0071359A1 EP 82303664 A EP82303664 A EP 82303664A EP 82303664 A EP82303664 A EP 82303664A EP 0071359 A1 EP0071359 A1 EP 0071359A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel
water
molten metal
vessel
gas
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP82303664A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
David Marsten Ball
Alton Earl Sumsion
Zane Stevens Taylor
Laird Dean Billings
Lamar Steward Hills, Jr.
Jay Richard Hopkins
Arthur Lewis Elder
Mack Robert Ostergaard
Dennis Ralph Smith
Reed Hodson Warner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
USS Engineers and Consultants Inc
Original Assignee
USS Engineers and Consultants Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US06/325,460 external-priority patent/US4458883A/en
Application filed by USS Engineers and Consultants Inc filed Critical USS Engineers and Consultants Inc
Publication of EP0071359A1 publication Critical patent/EP0071359A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D17/00—Arrangements for using waste heat; Arrangements for using, or disposing of, waste gases
    • F27D17/001—Extraction of waste gases, collection of fumes and hoods used therefor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for molten metal fume suppression.
  • molten metals are poured from one container to another in various metal production processes, the pouring is accompanied by the emission from the receiving container of large amounts of fume.
  • One typical example is the transfer of refined steel into a receiving ladle upon tapping of the converter or steelmaking furnace.
  • this gas ejector of the Japanese patent is an improvement over prior art devices of the aforementioned type in that it is effective to suppress to a limited extent the formation of fume, its use is not totally dispositive of the problem.
  • the ejection of steam or nitrogen onto a molten bath has been found to be not, by itself, capable of suppressing the generation of fume to an acceptable level. Tests conducted by applicants indicate that fume suppression in this manner is only about seventy percent effective.
  • the need to maintain the ejector ring closely adjacent the level of the bath subjects the equipment to the possibility of damage due to the extremely high temperature environment in which it is used and to the danger of contacting the bath itself or being impinged upon by splashing metal which plugs the gas ejection ports thereby to rapidly render the ring inoperative.
  • a method of suppressing the emission of fume from a vessel containing a molten metal bath exposed to the atmosphere wherein an inert gas is supplied to the vessel above the surface of the bath, characterised in that a mixture of the inert gas and atomised water is ejected into the vessel to form a blanket above the surface of the bath therein sufficient substantially to prevent atmospheric air from combining with the metal of the bath.
  • the invention also provides an apparatus for suppressing the emission of fugitive fume from a vessel for receiving a stream of molten metal, comprising a frame, means for supporting said frame, and fluid ejector means affixed to said frame, characterised in that the support means is adapted to support the frame adjacent the mouth of the vessel, and the ejector means is adapted to eject a mixture of inert gas and atomized water into said vessel to form a blanket above the surface of the body of molten metal therein.
  • the invention further provides a method of suppressing the emission of fume from a receiver into or along which molten metal is transferred, characterised in that fuel is injected into the receiver and burned in the vicinity of the surface of the molten metal therein.
  • the invention still further provides an apparatus for suppressing the emission of fume from an open receiver into or along which molten metal is transferred, characterised by a fluid fuel burner for positioning in close superposed relation to the surface of the metal in said receiver, said burner including means for discharging fluid fuel into said receiver against the surface of the molten metal therein and in amounts sufficient to combine with ambient air in the region of said surface for combustion.
  • a vessel 10 commonly referred to as a tapping ladle, receives molten metal from the discharge spout 11 of an open hearth furnace, indicated schematically at 12. It should be understood, however, that the invention is equally applicable to other metal-pouring applications.
  • the apparatus 14 suspended from an overhead support 15 in overlying relation to the mouth 16 of the vessel 10.
  • the apparatus 14, as shown in Figure 2 includes a frame structure 18 comprising welded tubular members defining an annular manifold 20 and a pair of gas inlet lines 22, here shown as steam lines, the inlet ends 24 of each of which connect with a source of steam at an elevated pressure and the outlet ends 26 of which communicate with the manifold at diametrically spaced points thereabout.
  • the lines 22 may be laterally stiffened by a brace 28 that also serves to mount one of a plurality of mutually spaced lifting lugs 29 for suspending the apparatus.
  • the other lugs 29 may be as shown weldedly attached to the manifold 20.
  • Pressurized water is delivered to each of the lines 22 from a supply line 30 that connects at its inlet end 32 to a source.
  • the outlet end of the line 30 is formed as a T-member 34, the discharge ends 36 of which communicate with each of the steam lines 22.
  • Nozzles 40 are disposed in circumferentially spaced array about the manifold 20 and connect thereto by means of depending extensions 42.
  • An additional pair of nozzles 40 may be provided at spaced locations along a line extending diametrically across the mouth of the vessel 10 defined by a crossover tube 44.
  • apparatus 14 In a typical installation for suppressing fume from an open hearth tapping ladle of 350-ton(320-tonne) (4 metres) capacity whose mouth is approximately 13 feet L in diameter apparatus 14 of the described type having an effective (0.9 metres) manifold diameter of about three feetLis suspended about (0.6 metres) 2 feet/above the ladle mouth in substantial concentric relation with the vertical axis thereof. In this position the apparatus 14 is about the furnace trough 11 so as to be removed from danger of contact with the molten metal pour stream from the trough to the ladle 10.
  • the commencement of the furnace tap steam at a temperature of between 470°F to (243°C to 260°C) (1.10 to 1.24MPa) 500°F (243°C to 260°C) and a pressure of between 160 psig and 180 psig (1.10 to 1.24MPa) is admitted to the lines 22 at a rate of about 10,000 (4,500 to 5,400 kg) to 12,000 pounds/per hour.
  • fume suppression apparatus indicated generally as 1 4 ', comprises a frame structure 50 including a centrally disposed closed manifold 52 whose interior is divided by a horizontal partition 54 into vertically spaced water and steam compartments, 56 and 58 respectively.
  • a pair of parallelly extending tubular supply lines comprising water supply line 60 and steam supply line 62 serve to deliver the fluid mixture components to the respective compartments 56 and 58, line 60 having its inlet end 64 connecting with a source of pressurized water and its discharge end 66 communicating with the manifold water compartment 56 while line 62 has its inlet end 68 similarly connected to a source of pressurized steam and its discharge end 70 in communication with the manifold steam compartment 58.
  • Lines 60 and 62 are appropriately braced by support bars 72, one or more of which may mount a suspension lug 74 for suspending the. apparatus above the receiving vessel 10.
  • legs 76 Emanating from the manifold 52 are radially extending legs 76, each comprising a water tube 78 and a steam tube 80, the inlet ends of each communicate with the appropriate compartment 56 or 58 of the manifold and the free ends of which are closed. Extending be- . tween and connecting the tubes 78 and 80 adjacent their free ends are feeder lines 82 and 84 that connect with opposite sides of an ejector nozzle 86. Unions 88 are provided in the feeder lines to facilitate replacement of the nozzles should such become necessary. Chordal braces 90 are advantageously welded between adjacent legs in order to stiffen the structure while an additional set of feeder lines 92 and 94 may be provided to connect another course of nozzles 86 on alternate spacing with the first course and radially inwardly therefrom.
  • Nozzles 86 in the described apparatus are of the type produced by Spraying Systems Co. under Model No. IJ-SUE-175B which, as shown in Figure 9, have a centrally disposed water discharge opening 96 surrounded by a plurality of smaller diameter steam discharge openings 98. Appropriate passages within the body of nozzles 86 connect the respective openings with the steam and water lines 82 and 84 respectively.
  • extended spacing as at 100 may be provided between a pair of adjacent legs 76 to accommodate access of the furnace trough when the apparatus is positioned in close proximity to the ladle mouth.
  • FIGS 10 and 11 illustrate yet another alternative form of apparatus adapted for the practice of the present invention.
  • This apparatus indicated generally as 14"
  • a lifting lug 108 connects with the horizontal leg for suspending the apparatus above a receiver vessel (not shown).
  • the leg 104 is adapted for connection to a pressurized gas source, contemplated primarily to be steam.
  • a water line 112 adapted at 114 for connection to a source of pressurized water penetrates the leg 104 immediately downstream of the inlet end 110 and is angularly offset to dispose its discharge end in the form of a spray nozzle 116 substantially on the axis of the leg. Water issuing from the nozzle 116 is atomized by the gas admitted to the line 102 in a manner similar to that described above and the mixture delivered for discharge from the downwardly directed outlet 118.
  • Outlet 118 includes a conically formed divergent head 120 adapted to receive a baffle cone 122.
  • the baffle cone 122 is mounted within the head 120 with its peripheral surface spaced from the facing surface of the head as at 124 to provide an annular discharge opening capable of producing a divergent spray in a hollow conical pattern.
  • the cone 122 is adjustably mounted within the head by means of a support stud 126 having a threaded lower end 128 and an upper end weldedly attached to a diametric mounting plate 130 fixed to the leg 106. Attachment of the cone to the stud is effected by an adjustable nut 132.
  • the cone 122 may be provided with a handle 134 to facilitate its manipulation during setup.
  • this alternative form of the inventive apparatus is substantially the same as those described hereinabove except that, due to the production of a hollow conical spray the apparatus 14" is positioned to direct the spray pattern such that it wipes the interior wall of the ladle. In this way a blanketing envelope is produced above the molten metal bath capable of preventing the entry of oxygen into the affected region and thereby to prevent the generation of fume.
  • the apparatus 216 comprises a plurality of burners 222, here shown as being four in number arranged on ninety degree spacing, depending from a horizontally disposed elongated header assembly including parallel fuel and air headers 224 and 226 respectively.
  • the headers 224 and 226 are formed by three serially connected legs defining a generally C-shaped member. The open side of the assembly conveniently accommodates the molten metal stream issuing from the discharge spout 212 of furnace 214.
  • the fuel and air headers 224 and 226 are capped, as at 228 and 230, at their respective leading ends and at their trailing ends connect through risers 232 and 234 containing regulating valves 236 and 238 to sources of fuel and compressed air respectively. It is contemplated that any fluid fuel may be utilized in the operation of the apparatus, however, gaseous fuels such as natural gas and gases obtained as by-products from the operation of coke ovens and blast furnaces may be advantageously employed.
  • each burner apparatus 222 comprises concentrically disposed fuel and air supply tubes 240 and 242, that communicate at one end each with the fuel header 224 and air header 226, respectively.
  • the fuel supply tube 240 surrounds the discharge end of air supply tube 242 such that air discharged under pressure from header 226 serves to inspirate fuel from the header 228 and mix therewith in the fuel supply tube 240 prior to ejection from the discharge end thereof into the interior of the vessel 210 for burning therein.
  • fuel in the form (55kPa) of natural gas at a line pressure of about eight psi, (62tkPa) and compressed at a line pressure of about ninety psi/are supplied to the burners 222 for ejection into the interior of the vessel 210 as molten metal is poured therein.
  • Gas and air are ejected from the burners 222 at a rate to insure the delivery of fuel and combustion thereof at least in close proximity to the surface of the molten bath that develops in the bottom of the vessel 210.
  • the function of the compressed air is simply to provide a vehicle or carrier for delivering the fuel gas to the surface of the bath. This may be borne out by the fact that the supply of compressed air to the burners 222 can be reduced in response to the rising level of metal in the bath as pouring proceeds without adversely affecting fume suppression.
  • the discharge ends of the supply tubes 240' may each be advantageously enclosed by a cylindrical sleeve 244 that is concentrically spaced from the tube by radially extending ribs 246 to define an annular space through which ambient air about the respective burners 222' can be aspirated into the gas flow stream for mixing therewith in order to promote combustion and to extend the flame produced thereby into the vessel interior.
  • Figure 18 illustrates schematically a system 310 of runners 312 for conducting molten metal from a process furnace, typically a blast furnace (not shown), to receiver ladles 314, for which the fume suppression apparatus of the present invention is particularly adapted for application. Only so much of the molten metal processing system is shown as is necessary for an understanding of the invention. Not shown is the furnace trough which discharges the molten burden from the furnace into the runner system or the skimmer and slag runner system that operates to segregate the pig iron product conducted by the runners 312 from the slag which, as is well known, is a by-product of the production process.
  • Removable gates 316 as shown in Figure 18 enable the discharge of molten pig iron from the furnace sequentially into the ladles 314, indicated as A, B & C, respectively.
  • Fuel burner assemblies are disposed at longitudinally spaced locations along the runner system. As best shown in Figures 19, 20 and 21 each of these burner assemblies -318 comprises a burner head 320 adapted to be disposed in close, overlying relation to the molten bath 322 flowing in the runners 312.
  • the burner head 320 is conveniently formed of a horizontally extending, generally cylindrical member defining a cylindrical, open ended mixing chamber 324 having concave, downwardly directed baffle structures 326 emanating from each end thereof.
  • a fuel supply pipe 328 is weldedly connected to the head 320 with its discharge end communicating with the mixing chamber 324.
  • the other end of the supply pipe 328 is connected via shutoff valve 330 and a flow regulator 332 with a source 333 of gaseous fuel, preferably natural gas.
  • a flexible hose 334 is provided between the regulator 332 and the pipe 328 in order to accommodate pivotal displacement of the burner assembly 318 away from the runner 312 as hereinafter described.
  • a T-shaped fitting 336 adapted for the axial discharge of pressurized air along the burner head 320.
  • the fitting 336 is open at both ends and is disposed in substantial concentrically spaced relation to the interior wall of the mixing chamber 324 adjacent the discharge end of the fuel supply pipe 328.
  • Air under pressure is supplied to the fitting 336 through air supply pipe 338 and line 340, the latter being connected to the former via reducing fitting 342.
  • the line 340 penetrates the burner head 320 to connect with the upstanding opening of the T-fitting 336.
  • the other end of the air supply pipe 338 connects with a source 344 of pressurized air through shut-off valve 346 and flow regulator 348.
  • a flexible hose 350 similar to hose 334, connects the pipe 338 with the regulator 348 in order to accommodate pivotal movement of the burner assembly 318.
  • the supply pipes 328 and 338 are parallelly disposed and connected by braces or brackets 352 in order to be moved in unison from the assembly's operative position over the runner 312. This is desirable in order to have unobstructed access to the runner for its maintenance or repair. Pivoting of the assembly 318 is accomplished in the described apparatus by mounting the ends of the supply pipes 328 and 338 opposite the burner head 320 on a pad 354 laterally removed from the runner 312 by means of swivel unions 356, 358.
  • the flame with unconsumed gas that is expelled over the runner system is operative to combine with the ambient air within the runners 312 thereby consuming the air and starving the metal vapors of available oxygen from which to generate metallic oxides and, concomitantly, in this way, the oxide fumes that would otherwise emerge from the surface of metal flowing along the runners is suppressed.
  • the apparatus is described in connection with use over the metal-conducting runners in a blast furnace cast house, such apparatus has comparable utility when disposed over a blast furnace trough which conducts the molten burden, upon tapping, from the furnace to the runners.
  • the apparatus may also be utilized over slag runners that conduct slag separated from the material discharged from the trough to disposal.
  • the hereindescribed invention affords a simple, yet effective means for abating a serious pollution problem that exists substantially everywhere that molten metal is poured from a source to a receiver.
  • the apparatus required for practice of the invention is, moreover, inexpensive to install and to operate as compared with prior art apparatus previously employed for the purpose of abating pollution attendant with molten metal pouring.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
EP82303664A 1981-07-23 1982-07-13 Procédé et appareil éliminant des émanations gazeuses d'un bain métallique Withdrawn EP0071359A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US28639581A 1981-07-23 1981-07-23
US06/325,460 US4458883A (en) 1981-11-27 1981-11-27 Molten metal fume suppression
US286395 1988-12-19
US325460 1989-03-17

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0071359A1 true EP0071359A1 (fr) 1983-02-09

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EP82303664A Withdrawn EP0071359A1 (fr) 1981-07-23 1982-07-13 Procédé et appareil éliminant des émanations gazeuses d'un bain métallique

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EP (1) EP0071359A1 (fr)
ES (5) ES8307522A1 (fr)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2490678A1 (fr) * 1980-09-24 1982-03-26 Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp Systeme de coulee de haut fourneau et procede de suppression de la formation de polluants dans un tel systeme
DE3903444C1 (en) * 1989-02-06 1990-02-15 Kloeckner Stahl Gmbh Method and apparatus for transporting liquid metal from a metallurgical furnace to a casting vessel
EP0383184A1 (fr) * 1989-02-14 1990-08-22 INTRACON Handelsgesellschaft für Industriebedarf mbH Procédé pour diminuer le dégagement de fumées et l'entrée d'air libre dans la région de coulée d'un haut fourneau
DE3929328A1 (de) * 1989-09-04 1991-03-21 Kloeckner Stahl Gmbh Vorrichtung zum fluessigmetall-transport von einem metallurgischen ofen in ein abgiessgefaess
WO1992007099A1 (fr) * 1990-10-20 1992-04-30 Klöckner Stahl Gmbh Dispositif d'inertisation de cuves de coulee pour le transport de metaux en fusion
EP0544967A1 (fr) * 1991-11-28 1993-06-09 Carbagas Procédé pour supprimer la poussière et la fumée lors de la production d'acier électrique
US5246485A (en) * 1989-02-06 1993-09-21 Klockner Stahl Gmbh Method and apparatus for preventing fume production when transporting molten metal from a metallurgical vessel to casting vessels
AU644694B2 (en) * 1990-10-20 1993-12-16 Klockner Stahl Gmbh Apparatus and method for delivering inert gas into a molten metal transportation vessel
WO1998021373A2 (fr) * 1996-11-08 1998-05-22 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Procede pour limiter les emanations de vapeur pendant le transfert de metal liquide

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
LU32596A1 (fr) *
FR1521084A (fr) * 1966-04-28 1968-04-12 Chemetron Corp Procédé d'utilisation de fours pour la production de métaux non ferreux et brûleur pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé
US3396954A (en) * 1966-03-11 1968-08-13 Elektrokemisk As Gas-curtained electric smelting furnaces and method of collecting reaction gases thereof
US3994210A (en) * 1975-11-24 1976-11-30 Powlesland Engineering Limited Jet fume control systems
DE2437245B2 (de) * 1974-08-02 1978-06-01 Demag Ag, 4100 Duisburg Vorrichtung zur kontrollierbaren Rauchgasverbrennung für einen geschlossenen Lichtbogen-Reduktionsofen zur Erzeugung von Metallen und Metall-Legierungen
FR2409097A1 (fr) * 1977-11-21 1979-06-15 Lodge Cottrell Ltd Procede et installation de lutte contre les fumees d'une matiere en fusion

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
LU32596A1 (fr) *
US3396954A (en) * 1966-03-11 1968-08-13 Elektrokemisk As Gas-curtained electric smelting furnaces and method of collecting reaction gases thereof
FR1521084A (fr) * 1966-04-28 1968-04-12 Chemetron Corp Procédé d'utilisation de fours pour la production de métaux non ferreux et brûleur pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé
DE2437245B2 (de) * 1974-08-02 1978-06-01 Demag Ag, 4100 Duisburg Vorrichtung zur kontrollierbaren Rauchgasverbrennung für einen geschlossenen Lichtbogen-Reduktionsofen zur Erzeugung von Metallen und Metall-Legierungen
US3994210A (en) * 1975-11-24 1976-11-30 Powlesland Engineering Limited Jet fume control systems
FR2409097A1 (fr) * 1977-11-21 1979-06-15 Lodge Cottrell Ltd Procede et installation de lutte contre les fumees d'une matiere en fusion

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2490678A1 (fr) * 1980-09-24 1982-03-26 Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp Systeme de coulee de haut fourneau et procede de suppression de la formation de polluants dans un tel systeme
US5246485A (en) * 1989-02-06 1993-09-21 Klockner Stahl Gmbh Method and apparatus for preventing fume production when transporting molten metal from a metallurgical vessel to casting vessels
DE3903444C1 (en) * 1989-02-06 1990-02-15 Kloeckner Stahl Gmbh Method and apparatus for transporting liquid metal from a metallurgical furnace to a casting vessel
EP0383184A1 (fr) * 1989-02-14 1990-08-22 INTRACON Handelsgesellschaft für Industriebedarf mbH Procédé pour diminuer le dégagement de fumées et l'entrée d'air libre dans la région de coulée d'un haut fourneau
US5683652A (en) * 1989-02-14 1997-11-04 L'air Liquide S.A. Process for reducing dust emissions of a blast furnace
DE3929328A1 (de) * 1989-09-04 1991-03-21 Kloeckner Stahl Gmbh Vorrichtung zum fluessigmetall-transport von einem metallurgischen ofen in ein abgiessgefaess
AU644694B2 (en) * 1990-10-20 1993-12-16 Klockner Stahl Gmbh Apparatus and method for delivering inert gas into a molten metal transportation vessel
US5286008A (en) * 1990-10-20 1994-02-15 Klockner Stahl Gmbh System for inerting a casting vessel used for transporting molten metal
WO1992007099A1 (fr) * 1990-10-20 1992-04-30 Klöckner Stahl Gmbh Dispositif d'inertisation de cuves de coulee pour le transport de metaux en fusion
EP0544967A1 (fr) * 1991-11-28 1993-06-09 Carbagas Procédé pour supprimer la poussière et la fumée lors de la production d'acier électrique
US5343491A (en) * 1991-11-28 1994-08-30 Carbagas And Von Roll Ag Method of suppressing dust and fumes during electric steel production
WO1998021373A2 (fr) * 1996-11-08 1998-05-22 L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Procede pour limiter les emanations de vapeur pendant le transfert de metal liquide
WO1998021373A3 (fr) * 1996-11-08 1998-08-20 Air Liquide Procede pour limiter les emanations de vapeur pendant le transfert de metal liquide

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES8403034A1 (es) 1984-03-01
ES8506213A1 (es) 1984-11-16
ES520647A0 (es) 1984-03-01
ES514230A0 (es) 1983-08-01
ES8403035A1 (es) 1984-03-01
ES8403036A1 (es) 1984-03-01
ES520649A0 (es) 1984-03-01
ES520646A0 (es) 1984-03-01
ES520648A0 (es) 1984-11-16
ES8307522A1 (es) 1983-08-01

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Inventor name: HILLS, LAMAR STEWARD, JR.

Inventor name: WARNER, REED HODSON

Inventor name: SMITH, DENNIS RALPH

Inventor name: BALL, DAVID MARSTEN

Inventor name: TAYLOR, ZANE STEVENS

Inventor name: BILLINGS, LAIRD DEAN

Inventor name: OSTERGAARD, MACK ROBERT

Inventor name: ELDER, ARTHUR LEWIS

Inventor name: HOPKINS, JAY RICHARD

Inventor name: SUMSION, ALTON EARL