EP0070044A1

EP0070044A1 - Hydraulically operated impact motor

Info

Publication number: EP0070044A1
Application number: EP82200177A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Stig Roland Henriksson
Original assignee: Atlas Copco AB
Current assignee: Atlas Copco AB
Priority date: 1978-10-19
Filing date: 1979-10-18
Publication date: 1983-01-19
Also published as: SE429111B; FI793232A; AU5192779A; EP0070044B1; ZA795504B; SE7810882L; CA1135155A; AU538830B2; EP0010532B1; EP0010532A1; JPS5558990A; DE2967374D1; US4349075A

Abstract

An hydraulically operated impact motor, for example a jack hammer, has a hammer piston (12) with a single land (18). The hammer piston surfaces (19, 20) of the land (18) form two cylinder chambers (21, 22) together with the cylinder of the piston. The rear cylinder chamber (21) is constantly pressurized by the pump pressure and the front cylinder chamber (22) is periodically pressurized and drained by means of a valve (28). The valve (28) is controlled by two control passages (32, 41) that have ports (33, 34 and 47-50 respectively) into the cylinder and conveys the control pressure to valve shifting piston surfaces (30,39). The larger one (39) of the valve shifting piston surfaces (30, 39) is the end surface of a plunger (36) and an intermediate chamber (35) is formed between the plunger (36) and the valve spool (28). The intermediate chamber (35) is constantly pressurized through a passage (54). Internal leak passages (52, 55) in the valve spool makes the valve spool stable in its two positions.

Description

This invention relates to a hydraulically operated impact motor comprising a hammer piston which is reciprocably mounted in a cylinder to define therewith a first cylinder chamber and a second cylinder chamber, said hammer piston having a first piston surface in said first cylinder chamber to effect the working strokes of the hammer piston and a second piston surface in said second cylinder chamber to effect the return strokes of the hammer piston, and a hammer piston controlled valve coupled to connect said second cylinder chamber alternatively to an inlet of high pressure hydraulic fluid and to an outlet, said valve comprising: An axially movable valving element, a first piston means for forcing said valving element into a first position when subject to pressure, a first control passage leading between a first port means into said cylinder and said first piston means, a second piston means for forcing said valving element into a second position when subject to pressure, and a second control passage leading between a second port means into said cylinder and said second piston means.
Such an impact motor is described in US patent 3 741 072. The piston of the impact motor shown therein has two annular lands and a permanently drained chamber is formed between the lands so that the valve control passages are periodically draimed. There is internal leakage across the lands and leakage across the lands of the valve.
It is advantageous to have a single land on the piston and such hydraulic impact motors are known in the prior art.
A valve and a valve control system of the kind shown in US patent 3 741 072 does not function reliably when the piston has a single land. In the prior art hydraulic impact motors with a single land are known but their valve functions are usually not satisfactory.

_I

It is an object of the invention to provide for an hydraulic impact motor of the kind defines above, which has low internal leakages and a fast and reliable valve functioning so that it will have a high efficiency.
The invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings which show an embodiment of the invention.

Fig 1 is a schematic longitudinal section through a hydraulic impact motor in a form of a jack hammer, the front portion of the impact motor being cut away.
Fig 2 shows in a longitudinal section the front position of the jack hammer shown in Fig 1.
Fig 3 is a section taken along line 3-3 in Fig 1.
Figs 4-6 are longitudinal sections corresponding to Fig 1 but showing some details of the impact motor in other relative postions.

The impact motor shown in the figures comprises a housing 11 that forms a cylinder in which a hammer piston 12 is slidable (Fig 1). A tool in the form of a chisel 13 is insertable into the front end of the housing and it is prevented from falling out by means of a chisel holder 14 (Fig 2). The chisel takes support rearwardly with a shoulder 16 against an annular support piston 17 that is axially slidable in the housing and forced forwardly towards its illustrated position in the housing by the pump pressure that is transmitted through a conduit 15 to an annular piston surface 19 on the support piston 17. The support piston 17 is forced forwardly by a force that is greater than the feed force that is normally transmitted to the housing during operation so that the support piston will define the impact position of the chisel as shown in Figs 1 and 2. The jack hammer can be handheld jack hammer in which the feed force is manually applied or it can be mounted for example on a back-hoe. The impact motor can also be used in a rock drill.
The hammer piston 12 has a head in the form of an annular land 18 with two annular piston surfaces 19, 20. The rear piston surface 19 makes a movable wall to a rear pressure chamber 21 that is formed in the cylinder 11 (the housing) and the front piston surface 20 a movable wall of a front pressure chamber 22 that is formed in the cylinder. The front piston surface 20 is larger than the rear one.
The impact motor has a main inlet 23 and a main outlet 24 for the hydraulic fluid e.g. hydraulic oil, and when the main inlet 23 is pressurized, the rear pressure chamber 21 is permantly pressurized through a conduit 25, 26. A gas pressure accumulator 27 is connec- tecd to the rear pressure chamber 21. A valve in the form of a spool 28 is arranged to alternatively pressurize and exhaust the front pressure chamber 22 via a connection conduit 29.
The valve 28 has a cylindrical end face 30 located in a cylindrical control chamber 31. A conduit 32 leads between the control chamber 31 and the main cylinder and this conduit is branched so that it has two ports 33, 34 to the cylinder. The other end of the valve 28 has a cylindrical bore 35 that forms a control chamber into which a control piston 36 protrudes. The bore 35 and the control piston 36 have end faces 37, 38 that are smaller than the end face 30 at the other end of the valve. The control piston 36 has its other and larger end face 39 located in a control chamber 40 that, by means of a control conduit 41, is connected to an annular chamber 42 of a device 43 for adjusting the stroke length. The end face 39 of the control piston is larger than the end face 30 of the valve. The device 43 comprises an annular bush 44 that is fixed to the housing. Inside the bush there is a manually turnable cock 45. This cock 45 has a passage 46 that selectively connects the annular chamber 42 and thereby the control chamber 40 to anyone of four ports 47-50 into the cylinder bore. In the figures, the port 47 is coupled to the control passage 41. All the ports 47-50 are positioned axially within limits defined by the opening edges of the ports 33 and 34, and the distance between the piston surfaces 19, 20 of the land 18 of the piston is larger than the distance between the opening edges of the ports 33 and 34. The ports 33 and 34 need not be two separate ports but may be a single slot-formed port that extends all the way between the ports 33 and 34.
A restricted passage 52 leads between the control chamber 40 and an intermediate chamber 51 which is always connected to exhaust through a larger passage 53. The bore or control chamber 35 is always connected to inlet via a passage 54 whereas the control chamber 31 at the other end of the valve is always connected to the connection conduit 29 by means of a restricted passage 55. An intermediate chamber 58 is always connected to exhaust through a passage 59. Between the main inlet 23 and an annular inlet chamber 56 of the valve there is a variable restriction 57.
An accumulator 60 has an accumulator chamber 61 that is continously connected to the connection conduit 29 via a conduit 62 that contains a one-way valve 63 that permits flow only in the direction from the accumulator chamber to connection conduit, that is, only in the direction from the accumulator chamber 61 to the front pressure chamber 22. The accumulator chamber 61 is also continuously connected to the main outlet 24 through a passage 64. A piston 65 forms a movable wall of the accumulator chamber 61. The piston 65 is preloaded by the pressure in the rear pressure chamber 21 transmitted through a conduit 67 to act on the end face 68 of a piston rod of the piston 65. Thus, the piston rod is itself a piston. An intermediate chamber 69 in the accumulator is connected to an end chamber 70 in the cylinder at the rear of the hammer piston 12 by means of a counduit 71. The intermediate chamber 69 and the end chamber 70 are filled with air of atmospheric pressure or with air or other gas of slightly higher pressure. They are provided with non-illustrated drain conduits for leading away hydraulic oil that leaks into the chamber.
In the figures, the valve 28 and the accumulators 27, 60-are shown outside of the housing 11 although they are in fact located in the housing 11 and the conduits shown in the figures are conveniently channels in the housing. The drawings are schematic and it should be noted that the hammer piston 12, the valve 28 and the accumulators 27, 60 are not drawn to the same scale. This fact will however not be harmful to the understanding of the operation.
The operation of the impact motor will now be described. Assume that the hammer piston 12 during operation just impacts on the anvil surface /2 of the chisel as shown in Fig 1 and that the valve 28 has just changed over to its position shown in Fig 1 in which it pressurizes the fron" pressure chamber 22 via the connection conduit 29.
The valve 28 is in its illustrated position because of the pressure in the conduit chamber 31 and the control piston 36 is in its illustrated position because the control passage 41 is shut off (the port 47 is blocked by the land 18 of the hammer piston). Oil that leaks into the control chamber 40 is drained off through the passage 52. During a portion of its return movement, the hammer piston 12 will cover both ports 33, 34 of the control passage 32 as shown in Fig 4 but during this period the pressure in the control chamber 31 is maintained by the leak passage 55 in the valve. It will not affect the valve that the port 34 is opened to pressure chamber 22 during the return stroke since pressure chamber 22 is then under pressure. When the hammer piston 12 reaches its position shown in Fig 5 and opens the port 47, the control conduit 41 and the control chamber 40 are pressurized from the front pressure chamber 22 so that the control piston 36 shifts the valve 28 into the position of Fig 5. (The piston surface 39 is larger than the piston surface 30.) The front pressure chamber 22 is now connected to the outlet 24 and the control piston 36 will therefore return to its previous position as shown in Fig 6 whereas the valve 28 remains in its position of Fig 5 because of the pressure in the control chamber 35. The pressure chamber 30 is relieved of pressure since the port 34 is open to the front pressure chamber 22 which is now connected to the outlet 24.
The hammer piston will now retard and turn because of the continuous pressure in the rear pressure chamber 21 and during the work-stroke shown in Fig 6 the land 18 of the hammer piston will again cover the port 34, but the valve 28 will remain stably in its position because oil that leaks into the control chamber 31 is conveyed through the passage 55 without increasing the pressure in the control chamber 31. If oil leaks into the control passage 41 when the port 47 'is blocked it is drained off continuously through the passage 52.
Just prior to impact the land 18 of the hammer piston opens the port 33 to the rear pressure chamber 21 so that tue control chamber 31 is pressurized and the valve 28 changes over to its position shown in Fig 1 in which it pressurizes the front pressure chamber 22. During the work-stroke of the hammer piston, hydraulic oil is forced out from the front pressure chamber 22 and into the main outlet 24. Because of the large flow, some of the oil is accumulated in the accumulator chamber 61 at a somewhat increased pressure.
When the hammer piston impacts on the chisel, a shock wave is induced in'the chisel and it propagates forwardly through the chisel. If the end of the chisel does not protrude fully into the material being worked because the material is too hard, part of the shock wave will reflect at the chisel-end and move back upwardly through the chisel and reach the hammer piston so that the hammer piston bounces back from the chisel. Because of this rebound, the hammer piston can have such a big instantaneous acceleration that the valve 28 cannot supply enough oil to the front pressure chamber 22. The pressure in the front pressure chamber 22 can therefore instantaneously be low. If the pressure in the pressure chamber 22 becomes lower than the pressure in the accumulating chamber 61 of the accumulator 60, oil will be forced through the passage 62 and the one-way valve 63 into the front pressure chamber 22. Attleast part of the rebound energy of the hammer piston will then be returned to the high pressure accumulator 27. The adjustable restriction 57 can therefore be used to restrict the supply to the valve 28 without affecting the impact energy per blow. Thus, by reducing the inflow to the valve by means of the restriction 57, the impact rate is reduced and the total output is also reduced, but the impact energy per blow remains substantially constant. The impact motor can therefore be connected to low output pumps and still operate with full energy impacts. The impact rate with fully open restriction 57 is basically determined by the difference area 20 minus area 19 which is the effective area for effecting the return strokes. For a jack hammer this effective area can suitably be about 10 % of area 19 which makes the return strokes slow. For a rock drill, this effective area can instead be about 50 % of area 19, so that a suitable higher impact rate is achieved.
A one-way valve can be inserted into the conriuit 26 to permit flow only in the direction towards the rear pressure chamber 21. Such a one-way valve makes the accumulator 27 work as a spring above the pump pressure, and the characteristic curve of the accumulator - that is, the curve defining the pressure as a function of the accumulated volume - can be chosen more steep than when the accumulator must work at the pump pressure all the time.

Claims

₁. Hydraulically operated impact motor comprising a hammer piston (12) which is reciprocably mounted in a cylinder (11) to define therewith a first cylinder chamber (21) and a second cylinder chamber (22), said hammer piston having a first piston surface (19) in said first cylinder chamber (21) to effect the working strokes of the hammer piston and a second piston surface (20) in said second cylinder chamber (22) to effect the return strokes of the hammer piston (12), and a hammer piston controlled valve (28) coupled to connect said second cylinder chamber (22) alternatively to an inlet (23) of high pressure hydraulic fluid and to an outlet (24), said valve comprising: An axially movable valving element (28), a first piston means (30) for forcing said valving element into a first position when subject to pressure, a first control passage (32) leading between a first port means (33, 34) into said cylinder and said first piston means (30), a second piston means (36, 39) for forcing said valving element into a second position when subject to pressure, and a second control passage (41) leading between a second port means (47) into said cylinder and said second piston means (39), characterized in that said first and second piston surfaces (19, 20) of the hammer piston are the rear and front surfaces of an annular and cylinderical land (18) on the hammer piston, said first pressure chamber (21) is, in use, permanently pressurized, said piston land (18) is arranged to selectively block said first and second port means (33, 34, and 47) respectively) and open them to the first and second cylinder chambers respectively (21, 22) in response to its axial position in the cylinder, said second piston means (36, 39) is movable away from said valving element (28), and a third piston means (36, 38), which is constantly subject to pressure, is arranged to move said second piston means (36, 39) away from said valving element (28) when said second piston means (36, 39) is relieved of pressure.

2. Impact motor according to claim 1, characterized i n that the piston area of said first piston means (30) is greater than-the piston area of caid third piston means and the piston area of said second piston means (39) is greater than the area of said first piston means (30).

3. Impact motor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said first port means (33, 34) has an opening edge (33) cooperating with said first piston surface (19) of the hammer piston and a second opening edge (34) cooperating with said second piston surface (20) of the hammer piston, and the distance between said edges (33, 34) is smaller than the distance between said piston surfaces (19, 20) of the hammer piston, said second control passage (41) being coupled to said cylinder (11) at a point located axially within the limits defined by said opening edges (33, 34).

4. Impact motor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by a first restricted leak passage (55) operatively coupled between said first control passage and said second cylinder chamber (22), and a second restricted leak passage (52) operatively coupled between said second control passage (41), and a drain passage (24).

5. Impact motor according to claim 4, characterized in that a stepped cylindrical pin 36 forms said second and third; piston means.

6. Impact motor according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that said first and second leak passages (55; 52) are internal passages in the valve.

7. Impact motor according to claim 5, characterized i n that said first leak passage is located within said valving element (28) and said second leak passage (52) is located within said pin (36).