EP0057472B1 - Random droplet liquid jet apparatus and process - Google Patents

Random droplet liquid jet apparatus and process Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0057472B1
EP0057472B1 EP82100804A EP82100804A EP0057472B1 EP 0057472 B1 EP0057472 B1 EP 0057472B1 EP 82100804 A EP82100804 A EP 82100804A EP 82100804 A EP82100804 A EP 82100804A EP 0057472 B1 EP0057472 B1 EP 0057472B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
orifice
random
substrate
droplets
droplet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82100804A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0057472A3 (en
EP0057472A2 (en
Inventor
Roger Lotis Gamblin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Burlington Industries Inc
Original Assignee
Burlington Industries Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Burlington Industries Inc filed Critical Burlington Industries Inc
Priority to AT82100804T priority Critical patent/ATE38493T1/de
Publication of EP0057472A2 publication Critical patent/EP0057472A2/en
Publication of EP0057472A3 publication Critical patent/EP0057472A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0057472B1 publication Critical patent/EP0057472B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/07—Ink jet characterised by jet control
    • B41J2/115—Ink jet characterised by jet control synchronising the droplet separation and charging time
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
    • B41J2/02—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating a continuous ink jet
    • B41J2/025—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating a continuous ink jet by vibration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01—Ink jet
    • B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
    • B41J2/02—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating a continuous ink jet
    • B41J2/03—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating a continuous ink jet by pressure

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of non-contact fluid marking devices which are commonly known as "ink jet” devices.
  • Ink jet devices are shown generally in U.S. Patent No. 3,373,437, issued March 12, 1968, to Sweet & Cumming: No. 3,560,988, issued February 2, 1971 to Krick; No. 3,579,721, issued May 25,1971 to Kaltenbach; and No. 3,596,275, to Sweet, issued July 27,1971.
  • jets very narrow streams are created by forcing a supply of recording fluid or ink from a manifold through a series of fine orifices, or nozzles.
  • the chamber which contains the ink or orifices by which the jets are formed are vibrated or "stimulated” so that the jets break up into droplets of uniform size and regular spacing.
  • Each stream of drops is formed in proximity to an associated selective charging electrode which establishes electrical charges on the drops as they are formed.
  • the flight of the drops to a receiving substrate is controlled by interaction with an electrostatic deflection field through which the drops pass, which selectively deflects them in a trajectory toward the substrate, or to an ink collection and recirculation apparatus (commonly called a "gutter") which prevents them from contacting the substrate.
  • an electrostatic deflection field through which the drops pass, which selectively deflects them in a trajectory toward the substrate, or to an ink collection and recirculation apparatus (commonly called a "gutter") which prevents them from contacting the substrate.
  • the stream has a natural tendency, due to at least in part to the surface tension of the fluid, to break up into a succession of droplets.
  • the droplets are ordinarily not uniform as to dimension or frequency.
  • Sweet provides means for introducing what he refers to as "regularly spaced varicosities" in the stream. These varicosities create undulations in the cross-sectional dimension of the jet stream issuing from the nozzle. They are made to occur at or near the natural frequency of formation of the droplets. As in Sweet, this frequency may be typically on the order of 120,000 cycles per second.
  • Krick utilizes a supersonic vibrator in the piping through which ink is fed from the source to the apparatus; and in Kaltenbach, the ink is ejected through orifices formed in a perforated plate which is vibrated continuously at a resonant frequency.
  • Stoneburner shows means for generating a traveling wave along the length of an ink supply manifold of which an orifice plate forms one side.
  • the wave guide so formed is tapered or progressively decreased in width along its length, to counteract and reduce the natural tendency toward attenuation of the drop stimulating bending waves as they travel down the length of the orifice plate.
  • the traveling waves generated by the external or artificial perturbation means substantially limit the length of those devices. From a practical standpoint, such known devices are limited to cross-machine orifice plate lengths no greater than 10.5 inches (26.67 cm) where there are 120 jets to the inch and the artificial perturbation means is operating at 48 kilocycles. At higher frequencies the possible length of the orifice plates is reduced, while at lower frequencies the length might be lengthened.
  • a liquid jet printing apparatus where droplets of pressurized liquid issuing from an array of orifices are selectively controlled to pass or not to pass onto a substrate surface, the orifice array extending in cross-machine direction transverse to movement of the substrate therepast.
  • Said apparatus is characterized by random perturbation means including a random signal generator driving an electro-acoustic transducer coupled to said liquid for artificially inducing random drop formation processes in streams of fluid issuing from said orifice by substantially avoiding travelling waves or other non-uniform stimulation effects across the length of the orifice array associated with the regular periodic perturbations that would, if regular periodic perturbations were used, limit the maximum cross-machine dimension.
  • textile paper or other substrates having widths varying from a few feet to many yards can be treated as they are moved or otherwise indexed beneath a single, machine-wide orifice structure.
  • a plurality of such machine-wide orifices can of course be operated in tandem or in some predetermined manner or sequence to accomplish any desired result.
  • This "narrow random distribution" effect is utilized according to a preferred form of the invention in a process of selectively applying to a moving substrate droplets of pressurized liquid issuing from an array of orifices extending in a cross-machine direction transverse to movement of the substrate therepast.
  • Said process is characterized by artificially inducing random droplet formation processes with a random acoustic signal generator in streams of fluid issuing from said orifice by substantially avoiding travelling waves or other non-uniform stimulation effects across the length of the orifice array associated with regular periodic perturbations that would, if regular period perturbations were used, limit the maximum cross-machine dimension.
  • an unperturbed system with the same flow rate requires a different orifice size and pressure than a perturbed system.
  • the orifice size must be smaller than would be used to achieve the same accuracy in a conventional perturbed system, typically no more than about 70% the orifice diameter of a perturbed system having the same accuracy of droplet placement or droplet misregistration value.
  • the liquid head pressure is also or alternatively, substantially higher, preferably at least about four times that of a perturbed system with corresponding accuracy. Further, it is desirable that the charging voltage be higher, by a factor of at least about 1.5 times.
  • droplet misregistration value is defined as the offset distance or variation from a straight line, measured in a direction perpendicular to the direction of travel of the substrate, of a mark on the substrate when all jets in an array perpendicular to the direction of motion of the substrate are switched at the same time from being caught by the gutter to being delivered to the substrate.
  • the perturbations that cause drop break-off in unstimulated jets generally arise from the environment in which the system is found. Generally these flucutations are produced by the normal sound and acoustic motion that are inherently present in the fluid. However, in some "noisy" environments, unwanted external perturbations, for example, factory whistles, vibrations from gears and other machine movements, and even sound vibrations from human voices, can have an overpowering influence and cause a change in the mean break-off point of the jets in an unstimulated system.
  • the system can be irregularly stimulated, as by a noise source which generates random vibrations. I believe this embodiment can be found useful where the apparatus is to be used in a noisy area. In such an environment, the application of the irregular noise vibration will surprisingly produce more regular results from jet to jet than application of regular cyclical vibrations.
  • the apparatus includes a supply or source of treating liquid 10 under pressure in a manifold or chamber that supplies an orifice plate 12 having a plurality of jet orifices 14.
  • Streams or jets of liquid 16 forced through the orifices 14 pass through electrostatic droplet charging means 18, 18, which selectively imparts to the liquid charges that are retained on the droplets as the streams break into discrete droplets.
  • the charging plates 18, 18 must be sufficiently extensive in length and have a dimension wide enough in the direction of jet flow to charge droplets regardless of the random points at which their break-off occurs. In prior art apparatus, the perturbations caused break-off to occur in a narrow zone, downstream of the orifices. Here, without regular or separate artificial or external perturbation, the point of break-off varies more widely. In order to assure that all late-to-break-off droplets are charged, the ribbon like charging plates 18, 18 must provide a field that extends to the region of breakoff of such droplets. In practice, the ribbon like charging plates should preferably have a dimension of about 100d inches (100 d cm) in the direction of jet flow where d is the orifice diameter in inches or centimeters. Their width or dimension in the direction of droplet flow could range from a size greater than about 30d to less than about 300d. Charging voltages to charge plates 18, 18 preferably range from about 50 to about 200 volts.
  • the droplets in flight then pass a deflecting ribbon or means 20 which directs the paths of the charged droplets toward a suitable gutter or collector 22. Uncharged drops proceed toward a receiving substrate 24, which is supported by and may be conveyed in some predetermined manner by means not shown, relative to the apparatus, in the direction of arrow 26.
  • the deflector ribbon or means 20 is preferably operated at voltages ranging from about 1000 to about 3000 volts.
  • the structure of the present invention differs from the prior art in that the streams break up into droplets in response to a variety of factors including internal factors such as surface tension, internal acoustic motion, and thermal motion, rather than regular external perturbation. No regular varicosity inducing means are utilized, in contrast to what has heretofore been believed essential. Droplet formation takes place randomly.
  • the mean droplet size is about .004" (0.0102 cm).
  • the normalized standard deviation of the droplet sizes (that is, the standard deviation of droplet size, divided by the mean droplet size) is about .1; that is, 68% of the droplets are within .004" (0.001 cm) of the mean droplet size of .004" (0.0102 cm).
  • the break-off point varies from jet to jet by up to six drop spacings. These variances are too wide for utility in many applications.
  • V is the jet velocity in inches per second (or cm/sec)
  • d the orifice diameter in inches (or cm)
  • V' the rate of movement of the substrate in inches per second (or cm/sec)
  • the arrival of the late droplet at the substrate will occur about n (4.51 dN) seconds after the arrival of the mean droplet.
  • the moving substrate will have traveled a distance of n (4.51 d) V'N inches (or cm).
  • the misregistration error is .0061 inches (0.0155 cm). It is to be noted that if d were V2 times larger and V twice smaller, the error would be 2V2 larger, or about .017 inches (0.0432 cm).
  • the use of the smaller diameter orifice and the higher pressure fluid in an unstimulated system can achieve smaller misregistration errors than a perturbed system of conventional orifice diameter and pressure.
  • perturbation means have been required to narrow the distribution in drop size to essentially zero, to achieve acceptable misregistration error.
  • the normalized standard deviation of droplet size remains constant as the diameter of the orifice is made smaller and also as the pressure P is increased, in the absence of perturbing means. If the orifice diameter is reduced by, say, a factor of the square root of two ( ⁇ 2), the area of the orifice is accordingly decreased by a factor of two. If at the same time stream velocity is increased by a factor of two, the net flow from the orifice remains constant.
  • a stimulated system can in principle be designed to deliver with high accuracy, in practice errors occur of up to two drop spacings.
  • the break-off point can vary over six to seven drop spacings, but by reducing orifice size and increasing pressure, this error can be reduced to that of a stimulated system with the larger orifice size, while still offering the advantage of substantially unlimited orifice plate length.
  • the orifice size may be in the range of .00035 to .020 inches (0.008 to 0.05 cm); and the fluid or liquid pressure may be in the range of 2 to 500 psig (0.14 to 35 kg/cm 2 ).
  • the value of droplet misregistration error can be less than about 0.1 inch (0.25 cm) for applications on substrates having a relatively smooth surface while for application to substrates having relatively unsmooth, rough or fibrous surfaces the droplet misregistrations error can be less than about 0.4 inches (1.016 cm), or even 0.9 inches (2.3 cm) where such misregistration could be acceptable, such as where the printing or image will only be viewed from a distance.
  • the liquid head pressures behind the orifices can vary from about 2 to about 30 psig (0.14 to 2.1 kg/cm 2 ). However, the preferred pressure range varies from about 3 to about 7 psig (0.2 to 0.5 kg/cm 2 ).
  • the substrate can move at a velocity (V') of about 0 to about 480 inches (1300 cm) per second with a preferred narrower range varying from about 5 to about 150 inches (12 to 380 cm) per second and the most preferred rate being about 60 inches per second (52.4 cm or 100 yards per minute).
  • More general ranges for the parameters involved, including the orifice and pressure ranges, are a jet velocity (V) ranging from about 300 to about 3200 inches per second (500 to 8200 cm) with the more preferred velocity range varying from about 200 to about 500 inches per second (500 to 1300 cm) for a general purpose liquid applicator and the most preferred jet velocity being about 400 inches per second (1000 cm).
  • V jet velocity
  • substrates could be moved at rates faster than 480 inches per second (1300 cm), such as speeds of 800-1000 inches (2000 to 2600 cm) per second, and this apparatus could have applicability to printing at such substrate feed rates.
  • Fine printing, coloring, and/or imaging of substrates similar to the results obtainable from a perturbed system can be obtained with the present invention by using an orifice having a diameter of about 0.0013 inches (0.0033 cm) with appropriate center to center spacing.
  • the pressures will be greater than in the general application circumstances above and will range from about 15 to about 70 psig (1 to 5 kg/cm 2 ), with the preferred pressure being about 30 psig (2 kg/cm 2 ).
  • jet velocities will preferably vary from about 600 to about 1000 inches per second (1500 to 2500 cm) with the preferred velocity being about 800 inches per second (2000 cm).
  • the viscosities of the ink, colorant or treating liquid are limited only by the characteristics of the particular treating liquid or coloring medium relative to the orifice dimension. From a practical standpoint, the liquid or medium will generally have a viscosity less than about 100 cps and preferably about 1 to about 25 cps.
  • the present invention can produce applicators of virtually almost any orifice plate length, as discussed previously, the range of application, unlike the previously discussed perturbed systems, is extremely broad. This is because the jet orifices can not only be constructed in very short lengths, such as a few centimeters or inches, they can also extend for any desired distance for example, 0.1" to 15 feet (0.254 to 460 cm) or longer. Accordingly, the present invention is uniquely suitable for use with wide webs or where relatively large surfaces are to be colored or printed with indicia of some type. One example is printing, coloring or otherwise placing images on textiles but it should be clearly understood this is not the only application of this invention. In a similar manner the characteristics of the receiving substrate can vary markedly.
  • Suitable textile dyes include reactive, vat, disperse, direct, acid, basic, alizarine, azoic, naphtol, pigment and sulphur dyes. Included among suitable colorants are inks, tints, vegetable dyes, lakes, mordants and mineral colors.
  • treating liquids Including among the types of treating liquids are any desired printing, coloring or image forming agents or mediums, including fixatives, dispersants, salts, reductants, oxidants, bleaches, resists, fluorescent brighteners and gums as well as any other known chemical finishing agents such as various resins and reactants and components thereof, in addition to numerous additives and modifying agents.
  • Figures 1 and 2 The apparatus shown in Figures 1 and 2 is unperturbed. As previously mentioned, background or other vibrations in the area of use can themselves sometimes act as perturbation means and produce undesirable variable results.
  • Figures 3 and 4 show a modified embodiment of the apparatus, wherein the system is not regularly perturbed, but is subject to irregular or noise perturbation, which overrides or masks such background vibration.
  • the noise source includes an amplifier 30 which applies noise from a resistive or other electrical source 32, to a transducer such as an acoustic horn 34. The horn imparts the noise vibrations to the fluid or the manifold. These random perturbations may be applied to the fluid using prior art transducers; but the perturbation they apply herein is irregular, not regular.
  • the noise transducer is a set of piezoelectric crystals 40 which are mounted to wall 42 of the fluid manifold 12.
  • Other types of transducers may be used, as known in the art. The difference is that they are operated in a narrow band of random frequencies, not at regular frequencies.
  • the central frequency of the noise approximate the natural frequency of droplet breakup. This is about V/4.51 d cycles per second where d is the jet diameter in inches or cm and V the velocity of the jet in inches per second.
  • the band width is desirably less than about 12,000 cycles/second, so that the random vibrations are most effective in achieving breakoff.

Landscapes

  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Particle Formation And Scattering Control In Inkjet Printers (AREA)
  • Ink Jet (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Telephone Function (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Coating Apparatus (AREA)
EP82100804A 1981-02-04 1982-02-04 Random droplet liquid jet apparatus and process Expired EP0057472B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT82100804T ATE38493T1 (de) 1981-02-04 1982-02-04 Geraet und verfahren fuer einen fluessigkeitsstrahl mit willkuerlicher tropfenbildung.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US23132681A 1981-02-04 1981-02-04
US231326 1981-02-04

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86104112.7 Division-Into 1982-02-04

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0057472A2 EP0057472A2 (en) 1982-08-11
EP0057472A3 EP0057472A3 (en) 1983-08-31
EP0057472B1 true EP0057472B1 (en) 1988-11-09

Family

ID=22868750

Family Applications (2)

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EP86104112A Expired - Lifetime EP0196074B1 (en) 1981-02-04 1982-02-04 Random droplet liquid jet apparatus and process
EP82100804A Expired EP0057472B1 (en) 1981-02-04 1982-02-04 Random droplet liquid jet apparatus and process

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86104112A Expired - Lifetime EP0196074B1 (en) 1981-02-04 1982-02-04 Random droplet liquid jet apparatus and process

Country Status (23)

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EP (2) EP0196074B1 (pt)
JP (1) JPS58500014A (pt)
KR (1) KR880001453B1 (pt)
AR (1) AR229416A1 (pt)
AT (2) ATE57138T1 (pt)
AU (2) AU550059B2 (pt)
BR (1) BR8205986A (pt)
CA (1) CA1191048A (pt)
DE (2) DE3279204D1 (pt)
DK (1) DK437182A (pt)
ES (1) ES509282A0 (pt)
FI (1) FI75225C (pt)
GB (1) GB2108433B (pt)
GR (1) GR78350B (pt)
HK (1) HK52786A (pt)
IE (1) IE53454B1 (pt)
IN (1) IN157640B (pt)
MX (1) MX160194A (pt)
NO (1) NO823317L (pt)
NZ (1) NZ199622A (pt)
PT (1) PT74383B (pt)
WO (1) WO1982002767A1 (pt)
ZA (1) ZA82705B (pt)

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4644369A (en) * 1981-02-04 1987-02-17 Burlington Industries, Inc. Random artificially perturbed liquid jet applicator apparatus and method
US4650694A (en) * 1985-05-01 1987-03-17 Burlington Industries, Inc. Method and apparatus for securing uniformity and solidity in liquid jet electrostatic applicators using random droplet formation processes
JP2915635B2 (ja) * 1990-08-31 1999-07-05 キヤノン株式会社 インクジェット記録装置
US6508546B2 (en) * 1998-10-16 2003-01-21 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Ink supply arrangement for a portable ink jet printer
US6805435B2 (en) 1998-10-16 2004-10-19 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Printhead assembly with an ink distribution arrangement
US7431427B2 (en) 2002-06-13 2008-10-07 Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd Ink supply arrangement with improved ink flows
FR2890595B1 (fr) * 2005-09-13 2009-02-13 Imaje Sa Sa Generation de gouttes pour impression a jet d'encre
RU2602996C1 (ru) * 2015-08-04 2016-11-20 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет" Устройство для генерации последовательно движущихся капель жидкости
RU2606090C1 (ru) * 2015-09-28 2017-01-10 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Национальный исследовательский Томский политехнический университет" Устройство для генерации последовательно движущихся капель жидкости
CN117283989B (zh) * 2023-10-30 2024-06-11 武汉国创科光电装备有限公司 一种用于喷墨打印的阵列化电流体喷印方法及装置

Family Cites Families (10)

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CH425838A (fr) * 1965-09-29 1966-12-15 Paillard Sa Aiguille tubulaire pour l'écriture au moyen d'un jet d'encre
US3484793A (en) * 1966-05-02 1969-12-16 Xerox Corp Image recording apparatus ink droplet recorder with optical input
US3656171A (en) * 1970-12-08 1972-04-11 Mead Corp Apparatus and method for sorting particles and jet prop recording
DE2154472C3 (de) * 1971-11-02 1975-05-15 Casio Computer Co., Ltd., Higashiyamato, Tokio (Japan) Düsenanordnung für ein Tintenstrahlschreibwerk
US3798656A (en) * 1972-07-28 1974-03-19 Ibm Ink return system for a multijet ink jet printer
JPS5633750B2 (pt) * 1973-07-25 1981-08-05
JPS5912476B2 (ja) * 1973-09-21 1984-03-23 ミノルタ株式会社 インクジエツト発生装置
US3898671A (en) * 1973-12-12 1975-08-05 Teletype Corp Ink jet recording
US4005435A (en) * 1975-05-15 1977-01-25 Burroughs Corporation Liquid jet droplet generator
JPS5528859A (en) * 1978-08-23 1980-02-29 Ricoh Co Ltd Image recording method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3279204D1 (en) 1988-12-15
EP0057472A3 (en) 1983-08-31
KR880001453B1 (ko) 1988-08-10
GB2108433B (en) 1985-05-01
KR830008838A (ko) 1983-12-16
DK437182A (da) 1982-10-01
ZA82705B (en) 1983-01-26
MX160194A (es) 1989-12-21
IE53454B1 (en) 1988-11-23
IN157640B (pt) 1986-05-10
AU574573B2 (en) 1988-07-07
FI823289L (fi) 1982-09-24
NZ199622A (en) 1985-12-13
EP0196074A2 (en) 1986-10-01
EP0196074A3 (en) 1987-04-08
PT74383A (en) 1982-03-01
HK52786A (en) 1986-07-18
AU5681886A (en) 1986-09-11
AR229416A1 (es) 1983-08-15
JPS58500014A (ja) 1983-01-06
ES8306648A1 (es) 1983-06-01
IE820159L (en) 1982-08-04
ATE38493T1 (de) 1988-11-15
EP0196074B1 (en) 1990-10-03
WO1982002767A1 (en) 1982-08-19
ATE57138T1 (de) 1990-10-15
FI75225B (fi) 1988-01-29
GR78350B (pt) 1984-09-26
FI823289A0 (fi) 1982-09-24
EP0057472A2 (en) 1982-08-11
AU8203582A (en) 1982-08-26
DE3280256D1 (de) 1990-11-08
FI75225C (fi) 1988-05-09
CA1191048A (en) 1985-07-30
PT74383B (en) 1983-11-15
ES509282A0 (es) 1983-06-01
BR8205986A (pt) 1983-01-11
GB2108433A (en) 1983-05-18
NO823317L (no) 1982-10-01
AU550059B2 (en) 1986-02-27

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