EP0054750B1 - Method and apparatus for compacting waste material - Google Patents

Abstract

1. Method for the production of pressed blocks of waste material (17), especially rubbisch or garbage comprising bulky components, wherein the material introduced into a pressing box (1) through a filling shaft (5) is pressed with compection into a pressed block by a pressing plunger (2, 3; 21, 22) displaceable in the pressing box (1), and the pressed block thereafter is pushed in the pressing direction into a transport container (14) disposed in alignment behind the pressing box (1), characterized in that the material (17), especially the bulky material, passes, between its entry into the pressing box (1) and the pressing stage, trough a pressing and disintegrating phase, in which the total quantity intended on each occasion for one pressed block is subdivided into partial quantities, the partial quantities are pre-compacted and then are again combined to the total quantity.

Description

The invention relates to a method and a device for producing compacts from old material, in particular garbage with bulky proportions, in which the material introduced into a press box through a filling shaft is compressed by a press ram that can be displaced in the press box to form a compact and the compact is then pressed into Pressing direction is pushed into a transport container downstream of the press box aligned; As a rule, the cross section of the compact perpendicular to the pressing direction corresponds approximately to the inner cross section of the transport container.

The removal of old material accumulating in large quantities, in particular garbage with bulky parts, presents considerable difficulties. For this reason, this material, which is otherwise in bulk, is compacted by means of special devices for further transport to landfills or incineration plants that are often far away, for example to form compacts, which are then introduced into transport containers. In this compact form, the transportation of the old material is much more economical.

Thus, in a device known from DE-B-25 20 573 for the production of compacts, the material introduced through a filling chute in a press box is pressed by a press ram which can be displaced in the press box after passing the filling chute opening which opens into the press box and is compressed against a plate . At the same time, this plate forms a closure between the press box and a transport container which is in alignment with the press box in the working position and into which the material compacted after the pressing to a compact is introduced by moving it with the press ram.

In order to utilize the volume of the transport container as fully as possible, the compacts provided for filling are required to have the same possible material density over their entire cross-section. However, meeting this requirement proves to be difficult, since the old material is inhomogeneous and often fluctuates greatly in its density and compressibility.

The known pressing device does not optimally meet the requirement placed on the compacts for all feed materials. Although the material is compressed in the pressing direction of the press ram, no other compression, for example transverse to the pressing direction, takes place. As a result, the compact can have a different material density over its cross-section, which should correspond to the inner cross-section of the transport container of, for example, 2 m x 2 m, due to the force of gravity acting on the material introduced as a loose fill and the pressure of the material above. In addition, angles of repose are formed in the material present in bulk, so that during the subsequent pressing, the compacts, particularly in their upper region, often have a lower material density than in their lower region, and usually also have a lower height than that in the transport container Available loading height allows. Above all, however, the formation of bridges or cavities in the bed frequently caused by bulky material or bulky waste, that is to say by material of excessive piece size, contributes to the different density of the compact.

As a result, in particular with a high proportion of bulky material, container filling may be uneven and incomplete over the cross section of the transport container, so that the available container volume is not used completely and thus inefficiently. The operators of waste incineration plants also demand that a certain maximum piece size of bulky parts contained in the waste is not exceeded.

The invention has for its object to provide a method and an apparatus for its implementation, which allow the production of compacts with an improved, in particular more uniform, material density over their cross-section for optimal use of the transport container volume, a predetermined individual piece size not being exceeded.

This object is achieved in that, in particular, the bulky material between the introduction into the press box and the pressing passes through a press comminution phase in which the total quantity provided for a compact is separated into partial quantities, the partial quantities precompressed and then combined again into the total quantity. This measure ensures that the material for the pressing process is in a form which leads to a more uniform and uniform material density in the compact which is independent of the bulk material in the press box.

If the partial quantities are fed to the pressing process by means of a smaller cross-section than the cross-section of the compact, the total quantity required for a compact is subjected to pressing comminution in a simple manner, divided into partial quantities and already undergoes pre-compression, so that those present in the originally loose bed Voids and material bridges are eliminated. In addition, bulky material that cannot easily pass through the smaller cross-section is pressed on at least one edge of the cross-sectional opening sheared and thereby crushed, so that it affects the material density in the compact, if at all, less adversely than in its original size and thus also meets the requirements for charging a waste incineration plant.

The material can be press-crushed in a particularly simple manner if it is shifted in the pressing direction for this purpose, as was previously only the case with pressing; because the material shift required anyway for pressing can now be carried out step by step with a subset in each case.

At least a subset, preferably the first subset of the material previously crushed in the horizontal pressing direction under the action of gravity, can be fed vertically to the pressing process, in which this partial material quantity (s) together with the other subset (s) intended for the same compact in a horizontal manner Pressing direction is (are) pressed. A layer-by-layer structure results for the material to be subsequently subjected to the pressing in a manner known per se, the individual layers being arranged essentially vertically one above the other and each having approximately the same material density.

So that the compact in any case reaches a cross-section corresponding to the loading cross-section of the transport container, which ensures full utilization of the container volume, the crushing of partial quantities is preferably repeated until the partial quantities have the cross-section which is vertical to the pressing direction and then in a manner known per se by pressing Fill out the compact to be produced.

In a device for producing compacts from old material, in particular garbage with bulky parts, according to the inventive method, with one in a press box. displaceable press ram, a filling chute which opens into the press box at right angles to the pressing direction and a closure plate which can be slid transversely to the pressing direction between the press box and a transport container arranged in line with the press box in the pressing direction, in which the ram presses the material introduced through the filling chute after passing by in According to the invention, the press ram consists of together and / or individually displaceable partial rams arranged one above the other in the direction of the press, at least one of which passes near the edge which delimits the feed chute opening in the pressing direction and is preferably covered with a knife can. With such a device, the method according to the invention can be carried out by simply moving the partial punches in the pressing direction relative to one another, so that no special aids such as comminution mills or hammers arranged within the device are required for the press comminution or pre-compression.

Due to the fact that at least one of the partial punches repeatedly passes close, preferably flush, to the knife edge of the filling shaft, the amount of material located in the press box outside the filling shaft in front of this partial stamp is conveyed into the actual pressing chamber with each passage of this partial stamp, which is between the sealing plate and the Press direction vertical knife level is located in which the knife edge. The bulky material protruding into the filling shaft is crushed into partial quantities at the knife edge. The total quantity intended for a compact is then composed of the individual subsets in a sandwich-like structure, the individual layers having a more uniform material density and piece size compared to the loose bed which existed at this point previously and in known devices.

Due to the arrangement of the partial punches vertically to the pressing direction one above the other, the (preferably) lower, partial punches passing by the knife edge block or block a relatively large part of the press box cross-section, so that for the material to be fed to the pressing only the remaining cross-section between the lower part of the punch and the knife edge remains the only access to the actual press chamber.

From the Canadian patent specification 949 382 a device for the production of compacts from aluminum material is known, which has a main and an auxiliary press element, which are arranged concentrically on one another, whereby an operation according to the invention is prohibited. Because with this known device is to be achieved only that in the final pressing position of the main pressing member, the auxiliary pressing member penetrates even further into a conical, radial pressing forces on the material-exerting space in order to odorize part of the material compressed in the conical chamber into a bag. to slide, the bag is stripped from a cylindrical holder.

The French published patent application 2389537 describes and describes a press for producing bales from synthetic fibers for textile production. Such fibers must never be crushed in the press because they would make them unusable for further processing. The functional description of this known press shows that the transfer of a batch of fibers from one press stage to the next has to be carried out very carefully and without the risk of crushing the material. However, the size reduction step is of particular importance for the present invention.

The pressing chamber opening remaining in this way can be chosen larger or smaller depending on the type of material to be predominantly pressed are used by using different sized stamps, ie in the vertical to the pressing direction different or also having the same height. For example, the vertical lower stamp (s) may preferably have a greater height than the upper partial stamp (s), so that the press chamber in front of the lower partial stamp (s) can hold more than one partial material quantity can, while with the same size part of the ram, the press chamber is already filled by two parts of the same size with approximately the same material density.

So that on or on one of the partial punches the material introduced into the press box at all for separation, d. H. can be moved as smoothly as possible in order to separate the partial quantity from the total amount of material, the preferably lower partial stamp (s) passing by at a distance from the knife edge each has a preferably upper partial stamp (s) that passes close to the knife edge ( n) adjacent cover area. Thus, the partial stamp provided with the cover surface offers a displacement surface for the material moved by the other partial stamp. Subsequent to the separation of the partial material quantities by press crushing and the re-combining of the partial quantities into a total quantity to be pressed, the pressing process is carried out in a manner known per se, by moving the partial punches together against the material lying in front of the sealing plate until the desired bale density is reached .

• Figur 1 eine Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Preßlingen mit gleichgroßen Teilstempeln, in teilweise geschnittener Seitenansicht;
• Figur 2 die Vorrichtung gemäß Fig. 1, im Betrieb ; und
• Figur 3 eine im Unterschied zur Ausführungsform nach Fig. 1 mit unterschiedlich großen Teilstempeln versehene Vorrichtung, ebenfalls in teilweise geschnittener Seitenansicht.

Exemplary embodiments of a device suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention are illustrated in the drawing below. Show it :

• Figure 1 shows a device for producing compacts with the same size part stamp, in a partially sectioned side view;
• Figure 2 shows the device of Figure 1 in operation. and
• 3 shows a device which, in contrast to the embodiment according to FIG. 1, is provided with partial stamps of different sizes, also in a partially sectioned side view.

The device according to FIG. 1 consists of a horizontal press box 1, in which two part-punches 2, 3 arranged vertically one above the other, together forming a press ram, are horizontally displaceable. These partial stamps are each to be actuated by a cylinder-piston drive, not shown in the drawing, and operate in the manner described below both as a conveying stamp and as a pressing stamp.

In the press box 1 opens transversely to the pressing direction (arrow 4), in the example shown vertically from above, a filling shaft 5 through which the material to be pressed is introduced. At the bottom, the filling chute opening is provided with a knife on the edge 6 located at the rear in the pressing direction 4; in the upper area of the end face 7 of the upper part 2, a counter knife edge 8 is formed.

In the press box 1 is below the knife edge 6 and in the pressing direction 4 behind the knife plane 9, in which the knife edge 6 is located, the actual press chamber 10, at the ejection opening 11 for finished compacts a transverse to the pressing direction 4, in the example shown vertically, movable closure plate 12 is arranged. The closure plate 12 can be opened and lowered with a pressure-actuated cylinder piston drive 13; in Fig. 1 it is shown in the raised position, in which the discharge opening 11 of the press box 1 is open.

The press box 1 is aligned with a transport container 14 in the pressing direction 4, which can be connected to the discharge opening 11 of the press box 1 by mechanical means, not shown. When the closure plate 12 is raised, the press box 1 and the transport container 14 form a coherent cavity, since in the exemplary embodiment shown the size and dimensions of the cross section of the container 14 essentially correspond to the cross section of the press box 1 and that of the press chamber 10. The transport container 14 can be closed at its filling end 15 by a door 16 which can be displaced transversely to the pressing direction 4, preferably vertically and which is shown in FIG. 1 in the raised position.

During operation of the device (Fig. 2) from the to be pressed, in particular bulky material from a storage bunker, not shown, sufficient for about one compact, in a known manner, for. B. by weighing certain amount of material (total) 17 introduced through the hopper 5 in the press box 1. In this case, the material reaches a cover surface 18 of the lower part 3 facing the filling shaft, which has its pressing surface 19 advanced at least to the knife plane 9. Accordingly, material can only get into the pressing chamber 10 lying in front of the knife plane 9 through a pressing chamber opening 20 between the lower punch 3 and the knife edge 6 which corresponds in its dimensions to the cross section of the upper part punch 2.

Of the total amount of material lying on the lower sub-punch 3, when the upper sub-punch 2 is advanced, a first sub-amount is horizontally displaced in a press crushing phase against the press chamber opening 20, at the same time being pre-compressed and finally in the knife plane 9, if necessary, of the remaining material by shearing between the knife edge 6 and the opposite edge 8 of the upper part of the stamp 2 separated or isolated. This first subset then falls under the influence of gravity vertically into the still empty press chamber 10 in front of the lower sub-punch 3. The upper sub-die 2 then moves back to the starting position shown in solid lines in the figures.

In a subsequent second and, if necessary, further strokes, the im Press box 1 or filling chute 5 material present further individual quantities by press crushing and moved into the press chamber 10. This process is repeated until the pressure chamber 10 is filled over its entire cross section with material which consists of sandwiched material subsets and which has a more uniform material density and piece size, in particular over its vertical cross section, compared to the material previously available as a loose fill .

It is understood that the total amount required for a compact can also be added continuously through the filling shaft; in addition, a weight-based preliminary determination of the respective total amount is not necessary if, for. B. in the baling chamber other measuring methods for the quantity allocation can be provided.

Subsequently, the pre-compressed material lying in the pressing chamber 10 is pushed together by the partial punches 2, 3 which advance as a pressing punch against the locking plate 12 (pressing door) which is in the lowered position and, as soon as the partial punches 2 and 3 have passed over the knife level 9, interact compressed with the closure plate 12 into a compact. After the pressing, d. H. when the compact has reached the desired size and density, the partial punches 2 and 3 are stopped, the closure plate 12 is raised and the partial punches 2 and 3 are now retracted acting as a conveying stamp into the transport container 14 and only returned to their respective starting position when the Compact is pushed completely into the transport container 14, so that after completion and advance of the last compact provided for a container after the return of the stamp part 2 and 3, the door 16 of the container and the closure plate 12 can be closed properly.

The work cycle described is repeated to produce a second and then further compacts. The row of compacts already inserted into the transport container 14 is advanced one bale length each time until the desired filling weight of the container is reached by the inserted compacts. At the same time, a length can be determined in a known manner and, if the transport container can no longer accommodate a complete compact, a residual compact can be produced which is dimensioned such that the door 16 of the transport container 14 can still be closed.

In the device according to the invention, the two-part design of the press ram according to the exemplary embodiments also proves to be advantageous for further reasons; the container door 16 can namely be closed when processing certain goods in the partial steps corresponding to the number of partial stamps, in the present example thus in two partial steps, in order to largely prevent the compressed material from falling out of the container. For this purpose, the upper die 2 is first retracted from the container 14 and the container door 16 is lowered so far that the material in the upper region of the compact adjacent to the door 16 is held back by the lowered door 16 in the container 14. In the meantime, the lower part 3 prevents material from the lower region of the compact from being pressed out of the container 14 or falling out. Only when the compact is supported by the partially lowered door 16 does the lower ram 3 move back to its starting position and the container door 16 can be closed completely.

The device shown in FIG. 1 differs from the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 1 and 2 only to the extent that the partial punches 21, 22 have different heights, the lower partial punch 22 being higher than the upper partial punch 21. The compression chamber opening 23 is further reduced in this embodiment, so that the filling of the compression chamber 10 with pre-compressed partial material quantities requires more than two strokes of the upper part of the punch 21 and accordingly more than two partial material quantities.

In addition, in both versions, the lower partial ram 3, 21, which is normally only displaceable between the transport container and the knife plane, can be moved into an initial position which corresponds to that of the upper partial ram 2, 21, so that for special applications the entire press chamber opening also serves as a passage for the material to be pressed is available.

Claims (9)

1. Method for the production of pressed blocks of waste material (17), especially rubbisch or garbage comprising bulky components, wherein the material introduced into a pressing box (1) through a filling shaft (5) is pressed with compaction into a pressed block by a pressing plunger (2, 3 ; 21, 22) displaceable in the pressing box (1), and the pressed block thereafter is pushed in the pressing direction into a transport container (14) disposed in alignment behind the pressing box (1), characterized in that the material (17), especially the bulky material, passes, between its entry into the pressing box (1) and the pressing stage, trough a pressing and disintegrating phase, in which the total quantity intended on each occasion for one pressed block is subdivided into partial quantities, the partial quantities are precompacted and then are again combined to the total quantity.

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the partial quantities are fed to the pressing operation through a cross-section smaller than the cross-section of the pressed block.

3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the material to be pressed is pressed and disintegrated by displacement in the pressing direction (4).

4. Method according to one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that at least one partial quantity, preferably the first partial quantity of the material previously pressed and disintegrated in the horizontal pressing direction (4), is fed under the influence of gravity vertically to the pressing direction (4) to the pressing operation, in which this quantity or these quantities of material is or are pressed in a horizontal pressing direction (4) together with the other partial quantity or quantities intended for the same pressed block.

5. Method according to one or more of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the pressing and disintegrating of partial quantities is repeated until the partial quantities fill the cross-section, vertical to the pressing direction (4), of the pressed block thereafter to be produced in known manner by pressing.

6. Apparatus for carrying out the method according to one or more of claims 1 to 5, comprising a pressing plunger (2, 3 ; 21, 22) displaceable in a pressing box (1), a filling shaft (5) leading transversely to the pressing direction (4) into the pressing box (1) and a closure plate (12), displaceable transversely to the pressing direction (4), between the pressing box (1) and a transport container (14) disposed in alignment in the pressing direction (4) behind the pressing box (1), wherein the pressing plunger (2, 3 ; 21, 22) presses the material (17) introduced through the filling shaft (5), after passing the filling shaft opening leading into the pressing box (1), with compaction against the closure plate (12), characterized in that the pressing plunger consists of part plungers (2, 3 ; 21, 22), disposed vertically to the pressing direction (4) above one another and displaceable jointly and/or individually, of which (part plungers) at least one can be conducted past and in the vicinity of the edge (6) which bounds the filling shaft opening in the pressing direction (4) and is preferably aquipped with a knife.

7. Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that the part plungers (2, 3) all have the same height in the vertical to the pressing direction (4).

8. Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that the part plunger or plungers (22) which pass the knife edge (6) at a distance, preferably the lower part plunger or plungers (22), has or have a greater heigh in the vertical to the pressing direction (4) than the part plunger or plungers (21), preferably the upper ones, which pass by and in the vicinity of the knife edge (6).

9. Apparatus according to one or more of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that at least the part plunger or plungers (3 ; 22) which pass the knife edge (6) at a distance, preferably the lower part plunger or plungers, each have a covering surface (18) facing the part plunger or plungers (2 ; 21), preferably the upper ones, which pass by and in the vicinity of the knife edge (6).

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