EP0044783A1 - Method of making axles - Google Patents

Method of making axles Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0044783A1
EP0044783A1 EP81401142A EP81401142A EP0044783A1 EP 0044783 A1 EP0044783 A1 EP 0044783A1 EP 81401142 A EP81401142 A EP 81401142A EP 81401142 A EP81401142 A EP 81401142A EP 0044783 A1 EP0044783 A1 EP 0044783A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
axle
blank
forging
manufacturing
spinning
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EP81401142A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0044783B1 (en
Inventor
Jean Cambuzat
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FRANCAISE DES ACIERS SPECIAUX Cie
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FRANCAISE DES ACIERS SPECIAUX Cie
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Priority to AT81401142T priority Critical patent/ATE4293T1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J1/00—Preparing metal stock or similar ancillary operations prior, during or post forging, e.g. heating or cooling
    • B21J1/06—Heating or cooling methods or arrangements specially adapted for performing forging or pressing operations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
    • B21J5/06—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor for performing particular operations
    • B21J5/08—Upsetting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B21K1/06—Making machine elements axles or shafts
    • B21K1/10—Making machine elements axles or shafts of cylindrical form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K7/00—Making railway appurtenances; Making vehicle parts

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the manufacture of axles, and other metal axes of a shape similar to that of the axles, in all cases where these axles or axes terminate at each of their two ends by cylindrical or conical parts, called spindles, the mean diameter is less than the largest diameter of the axle or axis considered.
  • the invention applies particularly well to the manufacture of axles of railway rolling stock.
  • the object of the present invention is to avoid all of these drawbacks of the known methods by using a forging process by push-back-hot spinning, which no longer proceeds by drawing at all, but on the contrary by pushing back the middle parts and simultaneous spinning of the extreme parts of a heated blank, so that this process results in a single operation of compressing the blank in a closed die.
  • the subject of the present invention is a process for manufacturing the axle-axles by forging by discharge-spinning of a heated full or tubular blank, characterized in that the diameter of the blank is less than the largest diameter of the axle to be manufactured, in that at least part of the blank is heated to a temperature between 1100 ° and 1300 ° C, and preferably close to 1260 ° C, and in that the forging by pushing back-spinning of this blank comprises a simultaneous pushing-back operation of the middle parts and of spinning at least one of the two spindles of the axle-axle, this simultaneous operation being carried out by a single press stroke.
  • the forging by discharge-spinning is carried out in a matrix of which all the parts are fixed, in two successive press strokes, at the rate of a press stroke for each of the two transverse halves of the axle-axle, the two press strokes being separated by intermediate heating and handling.
  • the forging by discharge-spinning of a complete axle-axle is carried out in a single press stroke, the body of the axle-axle remaining fixed, while the die comprises two mobile rocket rings, which shape by spinning the two rockets and the two deflector bearing surfaces, and by simultaneous displacement the setting bearing surfaces.
  • the blank is heated as a whole to the same temperature, preferably between 1,100 ° and 1,300 ° C., and more particularly close to 1,260 ° C.
  • the blank undergoes a differential differential heating.
  • the parts of the blank intended to form the intermediate setting seats receiving or the brake discs or the gear wheels are heated to a temperature between 1200 ° C. and 1.300 ° C., and preferably close to 1.260 ° C.
  • the blank is constituted by a round bar laminated and peeled before heating.
  • It can also consist of a square bar with rounded angles, or a bar with an ogival cross section, that is to say a square bar with curved faces, and peeled before heating.
  • the process of forging by pushing-spinning of the axle-axles according to the invention can be carried out either on a vertical forging press or on a horizontal forging press. Strictly speaking, the direction of forging could even be oblique, but this has no practical advantage.
  • each part of the die is effectively lubricated individually, whatever the direction of forging.
  • the present invention has major advantages over known methods of forging or rolling axles.
  • the quality of the result obtained is independent of a greater or lesser reliability of a control system, since it is the geometric profile of the parts of the matrix, which is predetermined with great precision, which imposes the dimensions of the axle thus produced.
  • the blank can be cylindrical, which simplifies the preparation.
  • the axle manufactured by the method according to the invention does not require deburring, since it has no burrs.
  • the variants of the method according to the invention which use a differential differential heating, for example by induction, make it possible to achieve a significant energy saving compared to the complete heating of the blank.
  • the invention therefore has multiple advantages.
  • axles A, B, C shown in the figures can be produced according to the invention under identical forging-matrixing conditions, the only differences being of a geometrical nature, in particular for the parts constituting the body and the number of axle staves.
  • the induction heating of the second half of the blank 1 is carried out after having surrounded the first half already forged with a protective envelope 6.
  • the applied thermal profile is shown at 7 in FIG. 5. It is symmetrical to that of FIG. 4. After which the second press stroke is carried out.
  • the middle part of the blank 8 is clamped between the two semi-cylindrical halves 9 and 10 of the matrix, which on the other hand have two recesses at 11 and 12, of diameter adapted to the dimensions to be obtained for the two stalls.
  • two mobile rocket rings 13 and 14, of suitable profile are arranged at each end of the blank.
  • the forging by discharge-spinning according to the invention consists in pushing the mobile rocket rings 13 and 14 (FIG. 6) up to 13 ′ and 14 ′ (FIG. 7) either two successive press operations, that is to say in a single operation, so that the two rockets are obtained by spinning, while the two setting ranges are obtained by delivery, spinning and delivery occurring simultaneously.
  • Figures 9, 10 and 11 show schematically the same operations for the forging by discharge-spinning of an axle with cylindrical-biconical body, type B.
  • the only difference with the above is that the two halves 16 and 17 of the matrix have, in their middle part, a cylindro-biconical profile, and no longer a cylindrical profile.
  • Figures 12, 13 and 14 also schematically show the same operations for the forging by discharge-spinning of an axle with 4 type C chock spans. The only difference is that. two halves 18 and 19 of the matrix have two additional wedging surfaces and no longer a cylindrical or cylindro-binonic profile.
  • table I gives the dimensions, in diameter and in length, of the completely finished axle, of the raw forging axle before machining according to known forging methods, and of the 'gross forging axle according to the invention before machining.
  • Table II gives the same dimensions for a type B axle.
  • Table III gives the same dimensions for a type C axle.
  • the blank comprises a core of suitable diameter made of silica, or any other powdery refractory product, the coefficient of expansion of which relative to that of axle steel is such that, at 1260 ° C, its adhesion with the blank is good without being excessive, and that, at ambient temperature, its elimination presents no difficulty.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)
  • Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)

Abstract

1. Process for producing axles, especially of railway rolling stock, by forging in a mould (9, 10, 13, 14) a heted blank (8) of a diameter less than the largest diameter of the axle to be produced, characterised in that at least some of the blank (8) is heated to a temperature of between 1 100 degrees and 1 300 degrees C, preferably near 1 260 degrees C, in that the axle has two spindles (f1 , f2 ), and in that forging includes a simultaneous operation of upsetting the central parts (c, pc, pd) of the axle and extruding at least one of the two spindles (f1 , f2 ), this simultaneous operation being carried out as a result of a movement towards the centre of the axle of at least one ring (13, 14) forming part of the mould, this movement being produced by means of a single press stroke.

Description

La présente invention concerne la fabrication des essieux, et autres axes métalliques de forme voisine de celle des essieux, dans tous les cas où ces essieux ou axes se terminent à chacune de leurs deux extrémités par des parties cylindriques ou coniques, dénommées fusées, dont le diamètre moyen est inférieur au plus gros diamètre de l'essieu ou axe considéré.The present invention relates to the manufacture of axles, and other metal axes of a shape similar to that of the axles, in all cases where these axles or axes terminate at each of their two ends by cylindrical or conical parts, called spindles, the mean diameter is less than the largest diameter of the axle or axis considered.

L'invention s'applique spécialement bien à la fabrication des essieux de matériel roulant de chemin de fer.The invention applies particularly well to the manufacture of axles of railway rolling stock.

De tels essieux comportent successivement, d'une extrémité à l'autre : (voir figures 1 et 2)

  • - une première fusée £1, constituée par un cylindre ou un cône de diamètre moyen d(f), se terminant par un épaulemént arrondi de raccordement avec la portée de déflecteur qui la suit. Cette fusée sert de support au véhicule par l'intermédiaire d'un roulement ou d'un coussinet.
  • - Une première portée de déflecteur pd1, encore appelée parfois "garde- ,graisse", de faible longueur, dont le profil est un arrondi, et de diamètre moyen d(pd). généralement supérieur au diamètre d (f) de la fusée.
  • - Une première portée de calage pcl de diamètre d(pc) supérieur au diamètre d(f) de la fusée et au diamètre moyen d(pd) de la portée de déflecteur.
Such axles successively include, from one end to the other: (see Figures 1 and 2)
  • - a first rocket £ 1, consisting of a cylinder or a cone of average diameter d (f), ending in a rounded shoulder connecting with the deflector bearing surface which follows it. This rocket is used to support the vehicle by means of a bearing or a bearing.
  • - A first deflector bearing pd1, also sometimes called "guard-, grease", of short length, whose profile is rounded, and of average diameter d (pd). generally greater than the diameter d (f) of the rocket.
  • - A first setting span pcl of diameter d (pc) greater than the diameter d (f) of the rocket and the average diameter d (pd) of the deflector span.

C'est sur cette portée de calage que sera fixée une roue du véhicule.

  • - Un corps c,qui peut être cylindrique)de diamètre d(c) dans certains types d'essieux tels que selon la figure 1, ou cylindro-biconique dans certains autres types tels que selon la figure 2 (soit d(c) le diamètre minimal dans ce dernier cas). Le diamètre d (c) du corps est toujours inférieur au diamètred(pc) de la portée de calage et généralement supérieur au diamètre. d(f) de la fusée.
  • - Une deuxième portée de calage pc2 identique à la première, et destinée à recevoir une autre roue du véhicule.
  • - Une deuxième portée de déflecteur pd2 identique à la première.
  • - Enfin, une deuxième fusée f2 identique à la première, servant de support au véhicule par l'intermédiaire d'un roulement.
It is on this chock range that a vehicle wheel will be fixed.
  • - A body c, which can be cylindrical ) of diameter d (c) in certain types of axles such as according to FIG. 1, or cylindrical-biconical in certain other types such as according to FIG. 2 (ie d (c) the minimum diameter in the latter case). The diameter d (c) of the body is always less than the diameter (pc) of the setting span and generally greater than the diameter. d (f) of the rocket.
  • - A second wedge span pc2 identical to the first, and intended to receive another wheel of the vehicle.
  • - A second pd2 deflector surface identical to the first.
  • - Finally, a second f2 rocket identical to the first, serving to support the vehicle by means of a bearing.

Il est à noter qu'un essieu-axe peut également comporter :

  • - soit une portée d'engrenage pe, de diamètre d(pe) généralement supérieur au diamètre du corps d(c) et supérieur au diamètre de portée de calage d(pc). C'est sur cette portée que se fixe l'engrenage d'entraînement de la locomotive.
  • - soit (voir figure 3) deux portées supplémentaires p.disc 1 et p disc.2 destinées à recevoir les disques de freinage des voitures de voyageurs, des wagons ou des locomotives. Leur diamètre d (disc) est généralement supérieur au diamètre du corps d(c) et supérieur au diamètre de la portée de calage d(pc). Les corps intermédiaires C1 et C2 ont un diamètre voisin de d(c).
It should be noted that an axle-axle can also include:
  • - or a gear range pe, of diameter d (pe) generally greater than the diameter of the body d (c) and greater than the diameter of the setting surface d (pc). It is on this range that the locomotive drive gear is fixed.
  • - or (see Figure 3) two additional ranges p.disc 1 and p disc.2 intended to receive the braking discs of passenger cars, wagons or locomotives. Their diameter d (disc) is generally greater than the diameter of the body d (c) and greater than the diameter of the setting span d (pc). The intermediate bodies C1 and C 2 have a diameter close to d (c).

Ceci étant bien défini pour la clarté de l'exposé qui va suivre, voici maintenant un bref rappel des procédés de forgeage à chaud connus pour fabriquer des essieux-axes, qui agissent tous par étirage de l'ébauche. On peut les classer en trois catégories distinctes :

  • 1 - Le forgeage vertical libre, en tas plats, en matrices ou en étampes, réalisé soit au moyen d'une presse hydraulique verticale, soit au moyen d'un marteau-pilon.
  • 2 - Le forgeage horizontal libre, réalisé au moyen d'une machine à forger horizontale à marteaux multiples.
  • 3 - Le laminage sur un train de laminoir spécial muni de galets, dont le principe rappelle celui du laminage des tubes d'acier sans soudure.
This being well defined for the clarity of the description which follows, here is now a brief reminder of the hot forging processes known for manufacturing axle-axles, which all act by drawing the blank. They can be classified into three distinct categories:
  • 1 - Free vertical forging, in flat heaps, in dies or in stamps, carried out either by means of a vertical hydraulic press, or by means of a hammer-pestle.
  • 2 - Free horizontal forging, carried out by means of a horizontal forging machine with multiple hammers.
  • 3 - Rolling on a special rolling mill train fitted with rollers, the principle of which recalls that of rolling seamless steel tubes.

Ces procédés présentent des inconvénients importants :

  • a) Tout d'abord, 3es procédés par forgeage (1) et (2) exigent un très grand nombre de coups de presse entre 100 et 130 pour les procédés (1), entre 400 et 500 pour le procédé (2), et la cadence de production est peu élevée.
  • b) Ensuite, pour tous les procédés connus, la qualité du résultat obtenu dépend, entre autres choses, de la fiabilité de la commande de la presse, de la machine à forger, ou du laminoir, et cette fiabilité est difficile à assurer étant donnée la très grande multiplicité et la complexité des opérations élémentaires successives à réaliser.
  • c) D'autre part, les surépaisseurs sont fortes dans les procédés (1) et assez fortes dans le procédé (2), si bien que les mises au mille (rapport entre le poids de l'ébauche et celui de l'essieu fini après usinage) sont fortes : 1,300 avec les procédés (1) et 1,250 avec le procédé (2).
  • d) La qualité interne des essieux fabriqués selon les procédés (1) est bonne, mais les surépaisseurs obtenues par forgeage sont importantes. En revanche, la qualité interne des essieux fabriqués selon le procédé (2) est plus sujette à caution, du fait de déformations effectuées essentiellement en peau, tandis que les surépaisseurs sont plus faibles qu'en (1).
  • e) Dans les procédés (1), la rectitude est très imprécise et nécessite une opération intermédiaire de dressage.
These methods have significant drawbacks:
  • a) First of all, the 3rd forging processes (1) and (2) require a very large number of press strokes between 100 and 130 for the processes (1), between 400 and 500 for the process (2), and the production rate is low.
  • b) Then, for all known processes, the quality of the result obtained depends, among other things, on the reliability of the control of the press, the forging machine, or the rolling mill, and this reliability is difficult to ensure given the great multiplicity and complexity of the successive elementary operations to be carried out.
  • c) On the other hand, the extra thicknesses are strong in processes (1) and fairly strong in process (2), so that the stakes per thousand (ratio between the weight of the blank and that of the finished axle after machining) are strong: 1,300 with processes (1) and 1,250 with process (2).
  • d) The internal quality of the axles produced according to the methods (1) is good, but the extra thicknesses obtained by forging are significant. On the other hand, the internal quality of the axles manufactured according to method (2) is more questionable, due to the deformations carried out essential skin, while the extra thicknesses are weaker than in (1).
  • e) In the methods (1), the straightness is very imprecise and requires an intermediate dressing operation.

D'une manière également connue, certains essieux sont fabriqués sans aucun forgeage, à partir d'une ébauche ronde laminée, dressée après un traitement thermique de normalisation, puis usinée. Les deux inconvénients principaux de cette méthode connue sont que l'usinage coupe certaines fibres du métal laminé, ce qui peut entrainer une moindre résistance mécanique de l'essieu, et que la mise au mille métallique, c'est à dire le rapport entre le poids de l'ébauche et le poids de l'essieu fini, est très élevée.In a manner also known, certain axles are manufactured without any forging, from a round laminated blank, erected after a standardization heat treatment, then machined. The two main drawbacks of this known method are that the machining cuts certain fibers of the rolled metal, which can cause less mechanical resistance of the axle, and that the setting to the metal mile, that is to say the ratio between the weight of the blank and the weight of the finished axle, is very high.

Le but de la présente invention est d'éviter tous ces inconvénients des procédés connus en utilisant un procédé de forgeage par refoulement-filage à chaud, qui ne procède plus du tout par étirage, mais au contraire par refoulement des parties médianes et filage simultané des parties extrêmes d'une ébauche chauffée, de telle sorte que ce procédé se traduit par une opération unique de compression de l'ébauche dans une matrice fermée.The object of the present invention is to avoid all of these drawbacks of the known methods by using a forging process by push-back-hot spinning, which no longer proceeds by drawing at all, but on the contrary by pushing back the middle parts and simultaneous spinning of the extreme parts of a heated blank, so that this process results in a single operation of compressing the blank in a closed die.

A cet effet, la présente invention a pour objet un procédé de fabrication des-essieux-axes par forgeage par refoulement-filage d'une ébauche chauffée pleine ou tubulaire, caractérisé en ce que le diamètre de l'ébauche est inférieur au plus gros diamètre de l'essieu-axe à fabriquer, en ce qu'au moins une partie de l'ébauche est chauffée à une température comprise entre 1100° et 1300°C, et de préférence voisine de 1260°C, et en ce que le forgeage par refoulement-filage de cette ébauche comporte une opération simultanée de refoulement des parties médianes etde filage d'au moins une des deux fusées de l'essieu-axe, cette opérationsimulta- née étant effectuée par un seul coup de presse.To this end, the subject of the present invention is a process for manufacturing the axle-axles by forging by discharge-spinning of a heated full or tubular blank, characterized in that the diameter of the blank is less than the largest diameter of the axle to be manufactured, in that at least part of the blank is heated to a temperature between 1100 ° and 1300 ° C, and preferably close to 1260 ° C, and in that the forging by pushing back-spinning of this blank comprises a simultaneous pushing-back operation of the middle parts and of spinning at least one of the two spindles of the axle-axle, this simultaneous operation being carried out by a single press stroke.

Suivant une première variante de l'invention, pour un même essieu-axe, le forgeage par refoulement-filage s'effectue dans une matrice dont toutes les pièces sont fixes, en deux coups de presse successifs, à raison d'un coup de presse pour chacune des deux moitiés transversales de l'essieu-axe, les deux coups de presse étant séparés par un réchauffage et par une manutention intermédiaires.According to a first variant of the invention, for the same axle-axis, the forging by discharge-spinning is carried out in a matrix of which all the parts are fixed, in two successive press strokes, at the rate of a press stroke for each of the two transverse halves of the axle-axle, the two press strokes being separated by intermediate heating and handling.

Suivant une deuxième variante de l'invention, le forgeage par refoulement-filage d'un essieu-axe complet s'effectue en un seul coup de presse, le corps de l'essieu-axe restant fixe, tandis que la matrice comporte deux bagues de fusée mobiles, qui façonnent par filage les deux fusées et les deux portées de déflecteur, et par refoulement simultané les portées de calage.According to a second variant of the invention, the forging by discharge-spinning of a complete axle-axle is carried out in a single press stroke, the body of the axle-axle remaining fixed, while the die comprises two mobile rocket rings, which shape by spinning the two rockets and the two deflector bearing surfaces, and by simultaneous displacement the setting bearing surfaces.

Suivant une caractéristique particulière de l'invention, l'ébauche est chauffée dans son ensemble à une même température, de préférence comprise entre 1.100° et 1.3000C, et plus spécialement voisine de 1.260°C.According to a particular characteristic of the invention, the blank is heated as a whole to the same temperature, preferably between 1,100 ° and 1,300 ° C., and more particularly close to 1,260 ° C.

Suivant une autre caractéristique particulière de l'invention, distincte de la précédente, l'ébauche subit un chauffage différentiel étagé.According to another particular characteristic of the invention, distinct from the previous one, the blank undergoes a differential differential heating.

C'est ainsi qu'il est tout spécialement recommandé de chauffer les parties de l'ébauche destinées à former les fusées de l'essieu à une température comprise entre 1100° et 1250°C, et de préférence voisine de 1180°C.It is therefore especially recommended to heat the parts of the blank intended to form the axle stub axles at a temperature between 1100 ° and 1250 ° C, and preferably close to 1180 ° C.

C'est ainsi qu'il est également recommandé que, en plus de ce qui précède, les parties de l'ébauche destinées à former les portées de calage intermédiaires recevant ou les disques de freins ou les roues pour engrenages, soient chauffées à une température comprise entre 12000C et 1.300°C, et de préférence voisine de 1.260°C.Thus it is also recommended that, in addition to the above, the parts of the blank intended to form the intermediate setting seats receiving or the brake discs or the gear wheels, are heated to a temperature between 1200 ° C. and 1.300 ° C., and preferably close to 1.260 ° C.

Dans le cas d'un essieu dont le corps cylindrique ne subira pas de déformation par forgeage, la partie de l'ébauche destinée à former le corps de l'essieu-axe ne sera pas chauffée.In the case of an axle whose cylindrical body will not undergo deformation by forging, the part of the blank intended to form the body of the axle-axle will not be heated.

Pour chauffer l'ébauche dans le procédé selon l'invention, et tout spécialement s'il s'agit d'un chauffage différentiel étagé, il est préférable d'utiliser un chauffage par induction.To heat the blank in the process according to the invention, and especially if it is a differential differential heating, it is preferable to use an induction heating.

Suivant une autre caractéristique particulière de l'invention, l'ébauche est constituée par une barre ronde laminée et écroutée avant chauffage.According to another particular characteristic of the invention, the blank is constituted by a round bar laminated and peeled before heating.

Elle peut aussi être constituée d'une barre carrée à angles arrondis, ou encore d'une barre à section transversale ogivale c'est à dire d'une barre carrée à faces bombées, et écroutée avant chauffage.It can also consist of a square bar with rounded angles, or a bar with an ogival cross section, that is to say a square bar with curved faces, and peeled before heating.

Le procédé de forgeage par refoulement-filage des essieux-axes selon l'invention peut être réalisé indifféremment sur une presse à forger verticale ou sur une presse à forger horizontale. A la rigueur, la direction du forgeage pourrait même être oblique, mais cela ne présente aucun avantage pratique.The process of forging by pushing-spinning of the axle-axles according to the invention can be carried out either on a vertical forging press or on a horizontal forging press. Strictly speaking, the direction of forging could even be oblique, but this has no practical advantage.

Dans le procédé selon l'invention, chaque partie de la matrice est efficacement lubrifiée individuellement, quelle que soit la direction du forgeage.In the process according to the invention, each part of the die is effectively lubricated individually, whatever the direction of forging.

Comme on le comprend, la présente invention présente sur les procédés connus de forgeage ou de laminage des essieux d'importants avantages.As will be understood, the present invention has major advantages over known methods of forging or rolling axles.

Tout d'abord, la cadence de fabrication est beaucoup plus élevée puisque, pour un même essieu, il faut ici seulement deux, ou même un seul, coup de presse au lieu de 100 à 130, ou même 400 à 500, dans tels ou tels des procédés connus.First of all, the production rate is much higher since, for the same axle, only two or even one press stroke is required here instead of 100 to 130, or even 400 to 500, in such or such as known methods.

Ensuite, la qualité du résultat obtenu est indépendante d'une fiabilité plus ou moins grande d'un système de commande, puisque c'est le profil géométrique des pièces de la matrice, lequel est prédéterminé avec une grande précision, qui impose les dimensions de l'essieu ainsi fabriqué.Then, the quality of the result obtained is independent of a greater or lesser reliability of a control system, since it is the geometric profile of the parts of the matrix, which is predetermined with great precision, which imposes the dimensions of the axle thus produced.

D'autre part, l'ébauche peut être cylindrique, ce qui simplifie la préparation.On the other hand, the blank can be cylindrical, which simplifies the preparation.

Malgré cela, les surépaisseurs de l'essieu ainsi obtenu brut de forgeage par refoulement-filage qui sont enlevées par usinage ultérieur pour obtenir l'essieu fini, sont notablement plus faibles que dans les procédés connus. Ainsi, pour obtenir un essieu de 520 kg,, il suffit de partir d'uneébauche de moins de 600 Kg, contre 680 Kg pour l'ébauche subissant un forgeage vertical de type connu et 650 Kg pour l'ébauche subissant un forgeage horizontal de type connu. Ici, le rapport entre le poids de l'ébauche et le poids de l'essieu fini est inférieur à 1,150.Despite this, the excess thicknesses of the axle thus obtained, raw forging by discharge-spinning which are removed by subsequent machining to obtain the finished axle, are notably lower than in the known methods. Thus, to obtain an axle of 520 kg, it suffices to start from a blank of less than 600 kg, against 680 kg for the blank undergoing vertical forging of known type and 650 kg for the blank undergoing horizontal forging of known type. Here, the ratio between the weight of the blank and the weight of the finished axle is less than 1.150.

Avant usinage des surépaisseurs, l'essieu fabriqué par le procédé selon l'invention ne nécessite pas d'ébavurage, car il ne présente aucune bavure.Before machining the extra thicknesses, the axle manufactured by the method according to the invention does not require deburring, since it has no burrs.

En ce qui concerne "la qualité interne de l'essieu ainsi obtenu, il faut noter que ce procédé réalise un fibrage intégral. Lors de l'usinage final, on usine des fibres complètes, sans rompre aucune fibre existante.With regard to "the internal quality of the axle thus obtained, it should be noted that this process achieves integral fiberizing. During the final machining, complete fibers are machined, without breaking any existing fibers.

D'une façon générale, la précision du forgeage selon l'invention est bien meilleure que dans tous les procédés connus.In general, the forging precision according to the invention is much better than in all known methods.

En ce qui concerne le chauffage de l'ébauche, les variantes du procédé selon l'invention qui utilisent un chauffage différentiel étagé, par exemple par induction, permettent de réaliser une économie d'énergie importante par rapport au chauffage complet de l'ébauche.As regards the heating of the blank, the variants of the method according to the invention which use a differential differential heating, for example by induction, make it possible to achieve a significant energy saving compared to the complete heating of the blank.

L'invention présente donc de multiples avantages.The invention therefore has multiple advantages.

Afin de bien la faire comprendre, on va décrire ci-après, à titre d'exemples non limitatifs, trois modes de réalisation d'essieux de matériel ferroviaire selon l'invention.In order to make it clear, we will describe below, by way of nonlimiting examples, three embodiments of axles of mate rail line according to the invention.

Le premier exemple concerne un essieu A à corps cylindrique. Le deuxième exemple concerne un essieu B à corps cylindro-biconique. Le troisième exemple concerne un essieu C à corps cylindrique et à 4 portées de calage.

  • La figure 1 est une coupe longitudinale de l'essieu A.
  • La figure 2 est une coupe longitudinale de l'essieu B.
  • La figure 3 est une coupe longitudinale de l'essieu C à 4 portées de calage.
  • Les figures 4 et 5 représentent des courbes de température de chauffage différentiel étagé pour chacune des deux moitiés de l'essieu C.
  • Les figures 6, 7 et 8 sont une vue schématique du forgeage par refoulement-filage de l'essieu A ; elles comprennent respectivement :
    • - en figure 6, une vue de l'ébauche, de la presse et des bagues de fusée mobiles avant forgeage par refoulement-filage.
    • - en figure 7, une vue de l'ensemble en fin de forgeage par refoulement-filage.
    • - en figure 8, une vue de l'ensemble après forgeage par refoulement-filage,c'est à dire après retrait de l'élément supérieur de la presse, et retrait des bagues de fusée mobiles.
The first example concerns an axle A with a cylindrical body. The second example concerns an axle B with a cylindrical-biconical body. The third example concerns an axle C with a cylindrical body and 4 stalling spans.
  • Figure 1 is a longitudinal section through axle A.
  • Figure 2 is a longitudinal section through axle B.
  • FIG. 3 is a longitudinal section of the axle C with 4 wedging ranges.
  • Figures 4 and 5 show differential heating temperature curves for each of the two halves of the axle C.
  • Figures 6, 7 and 8 are a schematic view of the forging by discharge-spinning of the axle A; they include respectively:
    • - In Figure 6, a view of the blank, the press and the mobile rocket rings before forging by discharge-spinning.
    • - In Figure 7, a view of the assembly at the end of forging by delivery-spinning.
    • - In Figure 8, a view of the assembly after forging by discharge-spinning, that is to say after removal of the upper element of the press, and removal of the mobile rocket rings.

De même, les figures 9, 10 et 11 sont une vue schématique du forgeage par refoulement-filage de l'essieu B ; elles comprennent respectivement :

  • - en figure 9, une vue avant forgeage par refoulement-filage
  • - en figure 10,une vue en fin de forgeage par refoulement-filage
  • - en figure 11,une vue après forgeage par refoulement-filage
  • - les figures 12, 13 et 14 sont une vue schématique du forgeage par refoulement-filage de l'essieu C ; elles comprennent respectivement :
  • - figure 12 : une vue avant refoulement-filage
  • - figure 13 : une vue de l'ensemble en fin de refoulement - filage
  • - figure 14: une vue de l'ensemble après refoulement-filage.
Likewise, FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 are a schematic view of the forging by discharge-spinning of the axle B; they include respectively:
  • - in Figure 9, a view before forging by discharge-spinning
  • - In Figure 10, a view at the end of forging by discharge-spinning
  • - In Figure 11, a view after forging by discharge-spinning
  • - Figures 12, 13 and 14 are a schematic view of forging by discharge-spinning of the axle C; they include respectively:
  • - Figure 12: a view before discharge-spinning
  • - Figure 13: a view of the assembly at the end of delivery - spinning
  • - Figure 14: a view of the assembly after discharge-spinning.

Ces trois types d'essieux A, B, C représentés sur les.figures peuvent être fabriqués selon l'invention dans des conditions de forgeage- matriçage identiques, les seules différences étant d'ordre géométrique, en particulier pour les parties constituant le corps et le nombre de portées de calage de l'essieu.These three types of axles A, B, C shown in the figures can be produced according to the invention under identical forging-matrixing conditions, the only differences being of a geometrical nature, in particular for the parts constituting the body and the number of axle staves.

Leurs dimensions respectives sont en effet les suivantes, en millimètres :

Figure imgb0001
Their respective dimensions are in fact the following, in millimeters:
Figure imgb0001

Essieu C (voir page 8)Axle C (see page 8)

Si leur forgeage par refoulement-filage est réalisé en deux coups de presse successifs, à raison d'un pour chacune des deux moitiés de l'essieu, on effectue un premier chauffage différentiel étagé pour la première moitié de l'essieu selon la courbe de température 2 de la figure 4. Sur cette figure, l'ébauche schématisée en 1 est celle qui convient pour un essieu C. C'est une barre ronde de 2430 millimètres de longueur et de 195 millimètres de diamètre. Son chauffage est effectué par induction de la manière suivante :

  • La partie 4 de l'ébauche 1, qui a 335 mm de longueur, est chauffée à une température de 1260°C. Elle est destinée à former la portée de calage du disque et le corps intermédiaire.
  • La partie 3 de l'ébauche 1, qui a 600 mm de longueur, est chauffée à une température de 1180°C. Elle est destinée à former la portée de calage de la roue, la portée de déflecteur et la fusée.
  • La partie 5 de l'ébauche Irestante n'est pas chauffée et reste à la température ambiante.
If their forging by discharge-extrusion is carried out in two successive press strokes, one for each of the two halves of the axle, a first differential differential heating is carried out for the first half of the axle according to the curve of temperature 2 of FIG. 4. In this figure, the blank shown diagrammatically at 1 is that which is suitable for an axle C. It is a round bar 2430 millimeters in length and 195 millimeters in diameter. Its heating is carried out by induction as follows:
  • Part 4 of the blank 1, which is 335 mm long, is heated to a temperature of 1260 ° C. It is intended to form the wedging surface of the disc and the intermediate body.
  • Part 3 of the blank 1, which is 600 mm long, is heated to a temperature of 1180 ° C. It is intended to form the wheel chock range, the deflector range and the rocket.
  • Part 5 of the Irestante blank is not heated and remains at room temperature.

Après forgeage par refoulement-filage de cette première moitié, comme il va être expliqué plus loin, on procède au chauffage par induction de la deuxième moitié de l'ébauche 1 après avoir entouré la première moitié déjà forgée par une enveloppe de protection 6. Le profil thermique appliqué est représenté en 7 sur la figure 5. Il est symétrique de celui de la figure 4. Après quoi l'on procède'au deuxième coup de presse.

Figure imgb0002
After forging by discharge-extrusion of this first half, as will be explained below, the induction heating of the second half of the blank 1 is carried out after having surrounded the first half already forged with a protective envelope 6. The applied thermal profile is shown at 7 in FIG. 5. It is symmetrical to that of FIG. 4. After which the second press stroke is carried out.
Figure imgb0002

On peut aussi procéder au forgeage par refoulement-filage en un seul coup de presse si l'on a chauffé les deux moitiés de l'ébauche simultanément, et si la presse dont on dispose le permet.It is also possible to carry out forging by push-back in a single press stroke if the two halves of the blank have been heated simultaneously, and if the press available allows it.

Le forgeage par refoulement-filage d'un essieu de type A, à corps cy- indrique, est schématisé sur les figures 6, 7 et 8.The forging by discharge-extrusion of an axle of type A, with a cylindrical body, is shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 6, 7 and 8.

Sur la figure 6, avant forgeage, la partie médiane de l'ébauche 8 est serrée entre les deux moitiés hémi-cylindriques 9 et 10 de la matrice, qui présentent d'autre part deux évidements en 11 et 12, de diamètre adapté aux dimensions à obtenir pour les deux portées de calage. De plus, deux bagues de fusée mobiles 13 et 14, de profil convenable, sont disposées à chaque extrémité de l'ébauche.In FIG. 6, before forging, the middle part of the blank 8 is clamped between the two semi-cylindrical halves 9 and 10 of the matrix, which on the other hand have two recesses at 11 and 12, of diameter adapted to the dimensions to be obtained for the two stalls. In addition, two mobile rocket rings 13 and 14, of suitable profile, are arranged at each end of the blank.

Comme onle voit en comparant les figures 6 et 7, le forgeage par refoulement-filage selon l'invention consiste à pousser les bagues de fusée mobiles 13 et 14 (figure 6) jusqu'en 13' et 14' (figure 7)soit en deux opérations de presse successives, soit en une seule opération, de telle sorte que les deux fusées sont obtenues par filage, tandis que les deux portées de calage sont obtenues par refoulement, le filage et le refoulement se produisant simultanément.As can be seen by comparing FIGS. 6 and 7, the forging by discharge-spinning according to the invention consists in pushing the mobile rocket rings 13 and 14 (FIG. 6) up to 13 ′ and 14 ′ (FIG. 7) either two successive press operations, that is to say in a single operation, so that the two rockets are obtained by spinning, while the two setting ranges are obtained by delivery, spinning and delivery occurring simultaneously.

Après forgeage (figure 8), on écarte en 13" et 14" les deux bagues de fusée mobiles, on relève la demi-matrice 9, de sorte.que l'essieu forgé 15, reposant sur la demi-matrice 10, peut être alors manutentionné.After forging (FIG. 8), the two movable rocket rings are separated at 13 "and 14", the half-matrix 9 is raised, so that the forged axle 15, resting on the half-matrix 10, can be then handled.

Les figures 9, 10 et 11 schématisent les mêmes opérations pour le forgeage par refoulement-filage d'un essieu à corps cylindro-biconique, de type B. La seule différence avec ce qui précède est que les deux moitiés 16 et 17 de la matrice ont, dans leur partie médiane, un profil cylindro-biconique, et non plus un profil cylindrique.Figures 9, 10 and 11 show schematically the same operations for the forging by discharge-spinning of an axle with cylindrical-biconical body, type B. The only difference with the above is that the two halves 16 and 17 of the matrix have, in their middle part, a cylindro-biconical profile, and no longer a cylindrical profile.

Un des avantages essentiels du forgeage par refoulement-filage selon l'invention est que les surépaisseurs résiduelles après forgeage, à éliminer par usinage ultérieur, sont ici beaucoup plus faibles que dans les méthodes de forgeage connues.One of the essential advantages of forging by extrusion-spinning according to the invention is that the residual excess thicknesses after forging, to be eliminated by subsequent machining, are here much lower than in the known forging methods.

Les figures 12, 13 et 14 schématisent également les mêmes opérations pour le forgeage par refoulement-filage d'un essieu à 4 portées de calage de type C. La seule différence réside dans le fait que les. deux moitiés 18 et 19 de la matrice comportent deux portées de calage supplémentaires et non plus un profil cylindrique ou cylindro-binonique.Figures 12, 13 and 14 also schematically show the same operations for the forging by discharge-spinning of an axle with 4 type C chock spans. The only difference is that. two halves 18 and 19 of the matrix have two additional wedging surfaces and no longer a cylindrical or cylindro-binonic profile.

Ainsi pour un essieu de type A, le tableau I ci-dessous donne les dimensions, en diamètre et en longueur, de l'essieu complètement fini, de l'essieu brut de forgeage avant usinage selon les méthodes de forgeage connues, et de l'essieu brut de forgeage selon l'invention avant usinage.Thus for an axle of type A, table I below gives the dimensions, in diameter and in length, of the completely finished axle, of the raw forging axle before machining according to known forging methods, and of the 'gross forging axle according to the invention before machining.

Le tableau II donne les mêmes dimensions pour un essieu de type B.Table II gives the same dimensions for a type B axle.

Le tableau III donne les mêmes dimensions pour un essieu de type C.

Figure imgb0003
Figure imgb0004
Figure imgb0005
 Table III gives the same dimensions for a type C axle.
Figure imgb0003
Figure imgb0004
Figure imgb0005

Ces résultats sont tout à l'avantage du procédé selon l'invention.These results are entirely to the advantage of the method according to the invention.

Afin de les rendre plus expressifs, le tableau IV ci-dessous, qui décrit la succession des opérations, présente les mises au mille entre le lingot de départ et l'essieu fini, dans trois cas :

  • - 1er cas : Essieu de type A laminé, non forgé, et usiné.
  • - 2ème cas : Essieu de type B laminé, forgé selon un procédé connu et usiné.
  • - 3ème cas : Essieux de type A ou B, laminés, forgés selon l'invention et usinés.
    Figure imgb0006
In order to make them more expressive, Table IV below, which describes the sequence of operations, presents the bets between the starting ingot and the finished axle, in three cases:
  • - 1st case: Axle type A laminated, not forged, and machined.
  • - 2nd case: Rolled type B axle, forged according to a known and machined process.
  • - 3rd case: Axles type A or B, laminated, forged according to the invention and machined.
    Figure imgb0006

Dans le cas d'essieux tubulaires, l'ébauche comporte un noyau de diamètre convenable en silice, ou en tout autre produit réfractaire poudreux, dont le coefficient de dilatation par rapport à celui de l'acier à essieux est tel que, à 1260°C, son adhérence avec l'ébauche soit bonne sans être excessive, et que, à la température ambiante, son élimination ne présente aucune difficulté.In the case of tubular axles, the blank comprises a core of suitable diameter made of silica, or any other powdery refractory product, the coefficient of expansion of which relative to that of axle steel is such that, at 1260 ° C, its adhesion with the blank is good without being excessive, and that, at ambient temperature, its elimination presents no difficulty.

Il est bien entendu que l'on peut, sans sortir du cadre de l'invention, imaginer des variantes et perfectionnements de détails, de même qu'envisager l'emploi de moyens équivalents.It is understood that it is possible, without departing from the scope of the invention, to imagine variants and refinements of details, as well as to envisage the use of equivalent means.

Claims (11)

1.- Procédé de fabrication des essieux-axes de matériel roulant de chemin de fer, par forgeage par refoulement-filage d'une ébauche chauffée, pleine ou tubulaire, caractérisé en ce que le diamètre de l'ébauche est inférieur au plus gros diamètre de l'essieu-axe à fabriquer, en ce qu'au moins une partie de l'ébauche est chauffée à une température comprise entre 1100° et 1300°C, et de préférence voisine de 1260°C, et en ce que le forgeage par refoulement-filage de cette ébauche comporte une opération simultanée de refoulement des parties médianes et de filage d'au moins une des deux fusées (fl) et (f2) de l'essieu-axe, cette opération simultanée étant effectuée par un seul coup de presse.1.- A method of manufacturing axles of railway rolling stock, by forging by discharge-spinning of a heated blank, full or tubular, characterized in that the diameter of the blank is less than the largest diameter of the axle to be manufactured, in that at least part of the blank is heated to a temperature between 1100 ° and 1300 ° C, and preferably close to 1260 ° C, and in that the forging by repression-spinning of this blank comprises a simultaneous operation of repression of the middle parts and of spinning of at least one of the two spindles (fl) and (f2) of the axle-axle, this simultaneous operation being carried out by a single stroke Press. 2.- Procédé de fabrication des essieux-axes selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que, pour un même essieu-axe, le forgeage par refoulement-filage s'effectue dans une matrice dont toutes les pièces sont fixes, en deux coups de presse successifs, à raison d'un coup de presse pour chacune des deux moitiés transversales de l'essieu-axe, les deux coups de presse étant séparés par un réchauffage et par une manutention intermédiaires.2.- A method of manufacturing the axle-axles according to claim 1, characterized in that, for the same axle-axis, the forging by delivery-spinning is carried out in a matrix of which all the parts are fixed, in two strokes successive presses, at the rate of a press stroke for each of the two transverse halves of the axle-axle, the two press strokes being separated by reheating and intermediate handling. 3.- Procédé de fabrication des essieux-axes selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le forgeage par refoulement-filage d'un essieu-axe complet s'effectue en un seul coup de presse, le corps (c) de l'essieu-axe restant fixe, tandis que la matrice comporte deux bagues (13) et (14) de fusée mobiles qui façonnent par filage les deux fusées (fl) et (f2) et les deux portées de déflecteur (pdl) et (pd2), et par refoulement simultané, les portées de calage (pc1) et (pc2).3.- Method of manufacturing the axle-axles according to claim 1, characterized in that the forging by discharge-spinning of a complete axle-axle is carried out in a single press stroke, the body (c) of the axle-axle remaining fixed, while the matrix comprises two mobile rocket rings (13) and (14) which shape by spinning the two rockets (fl) and (f2) and the two deflector surfaces (pdl) and (pd2) , and by simultaneous delivery, the setting ranges (pc1) and (pc2). 4.- Procédé de fabrication des essieux-axes selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1, 2 et 3, caractérisé en ce que la totalité de l'ébauche est chauffée à une même température, comprise entre 11000C et 1300°C, et de préférence voisine de 1260°C.4. A method of manufacturing the axle axles according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 3, characterized in that the whole of the blank is heated to the same temperature, between 1100 ° C. and 1300 ° C., and preferably around 1260 ° C. 5.- Procédé de fabrication des essieux-axes selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1, 2 et 3, caractérisé en ce que l'ébauche subit un chauffage différentiel étagé.5. A method of manufacturing the axle axles according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 3, characterized in that the blank undergoes a differential differential heating. 6.- Procédé de fabrication des essieux selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les parties de l'ébauche destinées à former les fusées' (fl) et (f2) de l'essieu-axe sont chauffées à une température comprise entre 12000C et 1300°C, et de préférence voisine de 1260°C.6.- A method of manufacturing axles according to claim 5, characterized in that the parts of the blank intended to form the rockets' (fl) and (f2) of the axle-axle are heated to a temperature between 1200 0 C and 1300 ° C, and preferably close to 1260 ° C. 7.- Procédé de fabrication des essieux selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que la partie de l'ébauche destinée à former le corps (c) de l'essieu-axe n'est pas chauffée, en ce que les parties de l'ébauche destinées à former les portées de calage (p disc.l) et (p disc. 2)des freins .à disque, ou les portées de calage des roues pour engrenages, sont chauffées à une témpérature comprise entre 1200°C et 1300°C et de préférence voisine de 1260°C, et en ce que les parties de l'ébauche destinées à former les portées de calage (pc1) et (pc2) des roues et les fusées (fl) et (f2) sont chauffées à une température entre 110°C et 1250°C et de préférence voisine de 1180°C.7. A method of manufacturing axles according to claim 6, characterized in that the part of the blank intended to form the body (c) of the axle-axle is not heated, in that the parts of the blank intended to form the setting spans (p disc.l) and (p disc. 2) of the disc brakes, or the spans for setting the gear wheels, are heated to a temperature between 1200 ° C and 1300 ° C and preferably close to 1260 ° C, and in that the parts of the blank intended to form the setting surfaces (pc1) and (pc2) of the wheels and the rockets (fl) and (f2) are heated to a temperature between 110 ° C and 1250 ° C and preferably close to 1180 ° C. 8.- Procédé de fabrication des essieux selon l'une quelconque des revendications à 7, caractérisé en ce que l'ébauche est constituée par une barre ronde laminée et écroutée avant chauffage.8. A method of manufacturing axles according to any one of claims to 7, characterized in that the blank is constituted by a round bar laminated and peeled before heating. 9.- Procédé de fabrication des essieux-axes selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé enp ce que l'ébauche est constituée par une barre carrée à angles arrondis et écroutée avant chauffage.9. A method of manufacturing the axle axles according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized enp that the blank is constituted by a square bar with rounded angles and peeled before heating. 10.- Procédé de fabrication des essieux-axes selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que l'ébauche est constituée par une barre de section transversale ogivale et écroutée avant chauffage.10.- A method of manufacturing the axles according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the blank is constituted by a bar of ogival cross section and peeled before heating. 11.- Procédé de fabrication des essieux-axes tubulaires, selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que l'ébauche est préalablement forée et remplie de silice, ou de tout autre produit réfractaire poudreux dont le coefficient de dilatation par rapport à celui de l'acier à essieux est tel que, à 12600C, son adhérence avec l'ébauche soit bonne sans être excessive, et que, à la température ambiante, son élimination ne présente aucune difficulté.11.- A method of manufacturing tubular axles, according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the blank is previously drilled and filled with silica, or any other powdery refractory product whose coefficient of expansion compared to that of axle steel is such that, at 1260 ° C., its adhesion with the blank is good without being excessive, and that, at ambient temperature, its elimination presents no difficulty.
EP81401142A 1980-07-22 1981-07-20 Method of making axles Expired EP0044783B1 (en)

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AT81401142T ATE4293T1 (en) 1980-07-22 1981-07-20 PROCESS FOR MAKING AXLES.

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FR8016107 1980-07-22
FR8016107A FR2487232A1 (en) 1980-07-22 1980-07-22 METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING AXLE AXES

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EP0044783B1 EP0044783B1 (en) 1983-07-27

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0272067A2 (en) * 1986-12-18 1988-06-22 Stelco Inc. Process and apparatus for upset forging of long stands of metal bar stock
WO2009067773A1 (en) * 2007-11-30 2009-06-04 V & M Do Brasil S/A An axle from a seamless tube for railroad vehicles, and a process for manufacturing an axle from a seamless steel tube for railroad vehicles
FR2926739A1 (en) * 2008-01-24 2009-07-31 Vallourec & Mannesmann Tubes S Anti-weld tube shaped axle for a road vehicle, comprises steel alloy comprising carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorous, aluminum, silicon, molybdenum, niobium and/or vanadium, where the axle has minimum elastic limit of specified range
CN101314202B (en) * 2008-06-02 2010-04-21 江阴振宏重型锻造有限公司 Method for producing wind-electricity principal axis by gathering stock full fibre upset forging
CN106216964A (en) * 2016-08-24 2016-12-14 江苏金源高端装备股份有限公司 A kind of hammer stem Forging Technology
CN109985910A (en) * 2019-04-12 2019-07-09 安徽马钢和菱实业有限公司 A kind of thin-walled Trailer car shaft thickens shoulder region and rolls preceding heating means
CN111167986A (en) * 2020-02-26 2020-05-19 建龙北满特殊钢有限责任公司 Forging method for improving net shape of roller blank by using radial forging machine
CN114749876A (en) * 2022-05-20 2022-07-15 北京钢研高纳科技股份有限公司 Ti2Preparation method of large-scale special-shaped casing ring piece made of AlNb alloy

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20040027238A (en) * 2002-09-26 2004-04-01 (주)동양레어메탈 Axle Housing Castings
NL1031425C2 (en) * 2006-03-22 2007-09-25 Weweler Nv Rolling up an axle body.
CN103878289A (en) * 2012-12-21 2014-06-25 陕西宏远航空锻造有限责任公司 Die forging method of horizontal H-shaped step shaft
CN109396749B (en) * 2017-08-16 2021-04-27 苏州扬坤电子有限公司 Upsetting-extruding process for rubber-coated assembly of driving shaft of dust collector
EP3778967B1 (en) * 2018-04-04 2023-05-03 Nippon Steel Corporation Railway axle
EP3778969B1 (en) * 2018-04-04 2023-05-03 Nippon Steel Corporation Railway axle

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US2273931A (en) * 1939-07-27 1942-02-24 Clarence P Byrnes Forging
US2313116A (en) * 1940-09-12 1943-03-09 Pittsburgh Steel Co Method of making tubular axles
FR1016457A (en) * 1950-04-19 1952-11-13 Forges De Collonges Centered forging process in particular for crank axles and cycle hubs and the like
FR1026688A (en) * 1950-10-30 1953-04-30 Process for obtaining cycle crank axles
FR2382288A1 (en) * 1977-03-03 1978-09-29 Sofomec Cycle pedal spindle cold forging apparatus - acts on round bar and uses two converging matrices with clearance recesses

Patent Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2273931A (en) * 1939-07-27 1942-02-24 Clarence P Byrnes Forging
US2313116A (en) * 1940-09-12 1943-03-09 Pittsburgh Steel Co Method of making tubular axles
FR1016457A (en) * 1950-04-19 1952-11-13 Forges De Collonges Centered forging process in particular for crank axles and cycle hubs and the like
FR1026688A (en) * 1950-10-30 1953-04-30 Process for obtaining cycle crank axles
FR2382288A1 (en) * 1977-03-03 1978-09-29 Sofomec Cycle pedal spindle cold forging apparatus - acts on round bar and uses two converging matrices with clearance recesses

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0272067A2 (en) * 1986-12-18 1988-06-22 Stelco Inc. Process and apparatus for upset forging of long stands of metal bar stock
EP0272067A3 (en) * 1986-12-18 1990-05-09 Stelco Inc. Process and apparatus for upset forging of long stands of metal bar stock
WO2009067773A1 (en) * 2007-11-30 2009-06-04 V & M Do Brasil S/A An axle from a seamless tube for railroad vehicles, and a process for manufacturing an axle from a seamless steel tube for railroad vehicles
US9133533B2 (en) 2007-11-30 2015-09-15 V & M Do Brasil S/A Axle from a seamless tube for railroad vehicles, and a process for manufacturing an axle from a seamless steel tube for railroad vehicles
FR2926739A1 (en) * 2008-01-24 2009-07-31 Vallourec & Mannesmann Tubes S Anti-weld tube shaped axle for a road vehicle, comprises steel alloy comprising carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorous, aluminum, silicon, molybdenum, niobium and/or vanadium, where the axle has minimum elastic limit of specified range
CN101314202B (en) * 2008-06-02 2010-04-21 江阴振宏重型锻造有限公司 Method for producing wind-electricity principal axis by gathering stock full fibre upset forging
CN106216964A (en) * 2016-08-24 2016-12-14 江苏金源高端装备股份有限公司 A kind of hammer stem Forging Technology
CN106216964B (en) * 2016-08-24 2018-08-24 江苏金源高端装备股份有限公司 A kind of hammer stem forging technology
CN109985910A (en) * 2019-04-12 2019-07-09 安徽马钢和菱实业有限公司 A kind of thin-walled Trailer car shaft thickens shoulder region and rolls preceding heating means
CN109985910B (en) * 2019-04-12 2020-07-03 安徽马钢和菱实业有限公司 Heating method before rolling for thickened shaft shoulder area of thin-wall trailer axle
CN111167986A (en) * 2020-02-26 2020-05-19 建龙北满特殊钢有限责任公司 Forging method for improving net shape of roller blank by using radial forging machine
CN114749876A (en) * 2022-05-20 2022-07-15 北京钢研高纳科技股份有限公司 Ti2Preparation method of large-scale special-shaped casing ring piece made of AlNb alloy

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HU189985B (en) 1986-08-28
DD201981A5 (en) 1983-08-24
JPS5752543A (en) 1982-03-29
BR8104551A (en) 1982-04-06
ES8300530A1 (en) 1982-11-01
EP0044783B1 (en) 1983-07-27
KR830005927A (en) 1983-09-14
ES503804A0 (en) 1982-11-01
PL232305A1 (en) 1982-03-15
KR850000296B1 (en) 1985-03-18
AU7311781A (en) 1982-01-28
MX155937A (en) 1988-05-25
ZA814381B (en) 1982-07-28
ATE4293T1 (en) 1983-08-15
DE3160703D1 (en) 1983-09-01
AU555552B2 (en) 1986-10-02
CA1170024A (en) 1984-07-03
FR2487232A1 (en) 1982-01-29
FR2487232B1 (en) 1983-05-27

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