EP0043999B1 - Procédé pour la coulée par centrifugation d'une pièce en métal - Google Patents
Procédé pour la coulée par centrifugation d'une pièce en métal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0043999B1 EP0043999B1 EP81105149A EP81105149A EP0043999B1 EP 0043999 B1 EP0043999 B1 EP 0043999B1 EP 81105149 A EP81105149 A EP 81105149A EP 81105149 A EP81105149 A EP 81105149A EP 0043999 B1 EP0043999 B1 EP 0043999B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- mold
- easily oxidized
- zone
- casting
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- 238000005058 metal casting Methods 0.000 title claims 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 87
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 87
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009750 centrifugal casting Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002250 progressing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 6
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 aluminum nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001234 light alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/16—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product for making compound objects cast of two or more different metals, e.g. for making rolls for rolling mills
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D13/00—Centrifugal casting; Casting by using centrifugal force
- B22D13/02—Centrifugal casting; Casting by using centrifugal force of elongated solid or hollow bodies, e.g. pipes, in moulds rotating around their longitudinal axis
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method as set out in the preamble of claim 1.
- the metal to be poured first will have the physical and chemical properties which are desired for the exterior layer of the hollow body. That means a casting comprising e.g. a chromium or chromium-rich outer zone and an aluminium or aluminium-rich inner zone will be obtained by first pouring chromium or the chromium containing alloy and then the aluminium or aluminium containing alloy so that the latter will be in contact with the ambient air and therefore prone of being oxidized.
- the object of the present invention is to produce a centrifugally cast tube of a heat-resistant alloy high in content of a relatively light and relatively low melting, easily oxidized metal, e.g. aluminium, in the inner zone while nonetheless producing a casting free of objectionable dross and oxide inclusions, and to be able to produce at will gradients of concentration of the oxidizable metal in the cross section of the casting, or, in a broader sense, to cast an alloy containing a light and low melting, easily oxidized metal centrifugally while protecting said lighter metal from being oxidized.
- Aluminium oxidizes easily when attempted to be cast simultaneously with the metal which is to alloy.
- the present method may use aluminium in a heat-resistant alloy which has chromium and one can displace some of the chromium with aluminium.
- the purpose of pouring the low melting point, easily oxidized metal first and allowing it to solidify while afterwards melting it with higher melting point base metal is that it will not deposit impurities or leave porosities inside the cast tube since it cannot oxidize internally.
- Typical centrifugal mold apparatus is shown in Figure 1 comprising a centrifugal mold 10.
- the molten metal for the casting pours from the end of a spout 13A which is part of a pouring vessel 13. Because of the rotating mold the entrant metal, whatever its kind, spirals down the inner diameter ID of the mold, as the molten metal will act like any other free body of liquid seeking its own level, especially with the force of the reservoir (vessel 13) behind it.
- a light, low melting point metal 12 was deposited in the same way on the ID of the mold, having solidified, and as shown in Fig. 1 a heavier metal 14 having a much higher melting point is being deposited on the previous layer of lighter metal 12.
- the lighter metal is dissolved only in the outside diameter (OD) adjustment zone of the molten tube and, therefore, this zone is lighter than the rest of the metal. Because of centrifugal force, the heavier metal 14 will gravitate in the direction of the outside (OD) diameter of the centrifugal mold, or stated in other words, the lighter metal will be at the ID of the resultant cast tube T.
- the first stage is solidification of the light metal followed next by the occurrence of the heavier, high melting point spiralling across the earlier deposited light metal, Fig. 1.
- the taper shown for the lighter metal in Fig. 1 is actual, and is desirable in some cases for the achieving of a uniform ID alloyed layer, especially when a lower rotating speed of the mold is employed.
- the third stage the melted metals attain uniform wall thickness with the heavier metal at the ID, but because the mold continues to rotate the heavier metal moves to the OD, Fig. 1 B, where it remains while the casting cools to the solid state during the last stage.
- a No. 356 aluminum alloy (6.5 to 7.0% silicon) was poured at 1450°F (785°C) into the rotating mold which had been preheated to 400°F (203°C).
- HRA alloy heat-resistant alloy
- nickel, 19% chromium, 0.42% carbon, 1.2% silicon and 1.2% manganese is poured at 2900°F (1580°C) onto the earlier formed, thin aluminum "tube" 12 from the same end of the mold.
- the resultant centrifugally cast tube is found to contain three zones of metal:
- Aluminum oxide clusters were observed only near the inside diameter (ID) surface of the tube, and in surprisingly small quantities for an air- melted heat-resistant tube containing so much aluminum.
- the three zones (1), (2), and (3) are designated in Figs. 2 and 3.
- the OD for the most part is the HRA alloy identifed above but containing evenly distributed aluminum nitrides while the aluminum-rich alloy at the ID contains Fe-Ni-AI with some chromium carbides precipitated in intermetallic phases precipitated in interdendritic areas.
- the standard HRA melt covered and remelted the aluminum alloy which was then shifted toward the inside diameter during continued rotation of the mold.
- some aluminum is dissolved in the HRA alloy during the shift, lowering the melting point of the alloy at the OD.
- the greater alloying with aluminum occurs at the ID, lowering the melting point of that alloy still further.
- the ID may be covered by an aluminum-rich oxide film providing protection against further oxidation. Those light oxide inclusions which get underneath the film do not propagate deeply into the metal owing to their light weight and the centrifugal force.
- a tube cast centrifugally in the manner of the present invention will exhibit higher corrosion, oxidation and carburization resistance compared to the corresponding HRA alloy having no aluminum.
- the aluminum-rich layer at the ID having heavy precipitation of intermetallic phases and carbides will be harder and will exhibit improved abrasion resistance for those applications where hardness is a controlling factor.
- the hardness measured at the ID surface of several tubular products produced according to the present invention was up to 430 BHN.
- the process of the present invention may permit reduction in chromium content relying on aluminum substitution, especially for those applications where high temperature corrosion and oxidation resistance are most needed.
- Aluminum alloys may be employed without difficulty, depending on the final composition of metal required. Additions of other easily oxidized elements, such as titanium or boron, can be placed into the metal 12 in the form of a course powder of their low melting temperature alloys.
- the principles of the invention would be equally applicable when replacing the HRA alloy with any steel such as a stainless steel, any other HRA alloy, or a nickel or cobalt base alloy; indeed the replacement can be any alloy melting appreciably higher and which is appreciably heavier than the light weight alloy and which is advantaged or improved by having the light weight, low melting point metal move therethrough while both are in the molten state.
- the mold will be preheated at 350°F-400°F (175°C-203°C) to avoid premature solidification when the lower melting point metal is first introduced to the mold cavity. Since the mold in most instances will have a mold wash lining (e.g. 1,57 mm that is one sixteenth of an inch thick) on the inside diameter derived from a mixture of silica and water, heating the mold to drive off the water will also afford all, if not the major part of the preheat.
- a mold wash lining e.g. 1,57 mm that is one sixteenth of an inch thick
- the objectionable oxidation is that which ordinarily occurs when an HRA metal, combined with aluminum, is poured into the mold from a vessel as 13, at or above the melting point of the HRA-aluminum alloy. Objectionable oxidation does not occur when merely pouring the aluminum alloy at its melting point into a preheated mold, say when pouring at 1400°F (755°C) into a mold at 400°F (203°C). Now then, when the HRA metal 14, not yet alloyed with aluminium 12, is poured at say 2900°F (1580°C), the aluminum, though melting on contact, Fig.
- an HRA-aluminum alloy ofthe proportion specified above when poured all at once, will exhibit a drossy, porous, heavily oxidized ID which can be rendered acceptable only at an exhorbitant machining cost to reduce the wall thickness to a radius of sound metal; the loss in yield is prohibitive in most instances.
- a further advantage is the ability to pour the HRA metal 14 at a temperature lower than heretofore.
- the HRA metal or the high melting point metal is usually poured at a temperature considerably above the liquidus so it will not be solidified too quickly by the much cooler mold.
- the lighter metal is aluminum because in that case the aluminum not only melts, becoming a "lubricant", it is dissolved in the HRA molten metal at the same time and heat of solution is generated, meaning the HRA metal need not be poured at the higher temperature to assure sustained fluidity.
- a centrifugal mold 20 is provided with the usual end caps, but in this instance one end cap 22 is provided with one or more vent openings 24 and the other end cap 26 has a central aperture 26A of a size to admit a lance 28 which feeds a non- oxidizing gas such as argon into the mold interior after the light metal has solidified.
- Argon displaces air out the vent hole, which is continued until the body of gas inside the mold is the non-oxidizing gas.
- the lance is withdrawn and the openings in the end caps are temporarily sealed with a displaceable plug or rupturable diaphragm (not shown) which may be nothing more than a piece of plastic film.
- the pouring spout 30 of a pouring vessel 32 is positioned in aperture 26A incidental to allowing molten metal 34 (heavy metal) to pour onto the previously poured light alloy at the inside diameter of the mold, which is being rotated.
- the molten metal expands the gas (NG) which is forced from the mold at the vent 24 and at the annular venting space presented by aperture 26A.
- NG gas
- the non-oxidizing gas continues to be displaced as the molten metal spirals down the mold, seeking its own level as any other fluid body.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
Claims (6)
1. Procédé de coulée par centrifugation d'un moulage en métal, en particulier un tube, comprenant les étapes qui consistent à couler successivement deux couches de métal ayant des masses volumiques différentes et des points de fusion différents, de manière à établir une zone de transition entre les deux couches et à solidifier les deux couches pour achever la coulée par centrifugation, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à couler le métal léger et à bas point de fusion qui, de plus, est plus aisément oxydé, sur le diamètre intérieur d'un moule centrifuge rotatif (10) et à permettre à ce métal de se solidifier dans le moule (10) afin qu'il comporte une section épaisse à une première extrémité du moule (10), s'effilant jusqu'à une section plus mince; à couler le métal plus dense et de point de fusion plus élevé, intialement sur la section épaisse du métal solidifié pendant que le moule (10) est en rotation, de manière à faire refondre ainsi progressivement le métal aisément oxydé, en progressant sur sa longueur, sous la forme d'une nappe protectrice destinée à empêcher l'oxydation du métal aisément oxydé à la température de coulée du métal plus dense; à poursuivre la rotation du moule centrifuge (10) jusqu'à ce que le métal aisément oxydé soit entièrement recouvert de la nappe et également jusqu'à ce que le métal aisément oxydé, de poids léger, se soit déplacé radialement vers l'intérieur à travers le métal plus dense pour atteindre le diamètre intérieur du moulage, le métal aisément oxydé ayant été ainsi protégé d'une oxydation critiquable, ce qui conduit à l'obention d'un moulage centrifuge présentant, à et à proximité de la surface extérieure, une zone (zone 1) ayant une concentration élevée du métal plus dense, allié à une faible concentration du métal aisément oxydé, plus léger; une zone (zone 3) ayant une concentration plus élevée du métal plus léger, aisément oxydé, supérieure à celle de la zone (1), allié à une concentration inférieure du métal plus dense, inférieure a celle de la zone (1), à et à proximité de la surface intérieure; et une zone de transition (zone 2) entre les zones (1 et 3) où la. concentration du métal léger, aisément oxydé, s'élevé en continu radialement dans la direction de la surface intérieure.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le métal léger, aisément oxydé et à bas point de fusion est de l'aluminium ou un alliage d'aluminium.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel le métal plus dense est un alliage résistant à la chaleur, constitué, en pourcentages en poids, essentiellement de:
4. Procédé selon la revendication 1, danslequel le métal plus dense est choisi dans le groupe constitué d'acier ou d'alliages à base de cobalt ou d'alliages à base de nickel ou d'alliages résistant à la chaleur contenant à la fois du nickel et du chrome.
5. Procédé selon la revendication 1, comprenant l'étape qui consiste, entre la coulée du métal léger, aisément oxydé, à bas point de fusion, et la coulée du métal plus dense, à chasser l'air de l'intérieur du moule (10) à l'aide d'un gaz non oxydant, confiner le gaz non oxydant à l'intérieur du moule (10) et réaliser l'échappement du gaz non oxydant lors de la coulée du métal plus dense.
6. Procédé selon la revendication 5, dans lequel le moule (10) comporte des chapeaux extrêmes (22) dont au moins l'un présente un évent (24) pour l'échappement du gaz non oxydant, et comprenant l'étape qui consiste à obturer cet évent (24) pour confiner le gaz non oxydant jusqu'à la coulée du métal plus dense.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US16872880A | 1980-07-14 | 1980-07-14 | |
| US168728 | 1980-07-14 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0043999A1 EP0043999A1 (fr) | 1982-01-20 |
| EP0043999B1 true EP0043999B1 (fr) | 1986-01-29 |
Family
ID=22612701
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP81105149A Expired EP0043999B1 (fr) | 1980-07-14 | 1981-07-02 | Procédé pour la coulée par centrifugation d'une pièce en métal |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0043999B1 (fr) |
| JP (2) | JPS5846384B2 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU539855B2 (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR8104464A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA1181223A (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE3173614D1 (fr) |
| MX (1) | MX155723A (fr) |
| ZA (1) | ZA813806B (fr) |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE566714C (de) * | 1931-03-19 | 1932-12-20 | Peter Otto | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Rohlingen |
| FR1304956A (fr) * | 1961-11-03 | 1962-09-28 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag | Procédé et dispositif pour le moulage par centrifugation de matières métalliques sensibles à l'oxydation |
| FR2149294A1 (en) * | 1971-08-18 | 1973-03-30 | Apv Paramount Ltd | Bi metallic tubes - with specified properties of inner or outer layers |
| JPS4918696A (fr) * | 1972-06-15 | 1974-02-19 | ||
| JPS5550961A (en) * | 1978-10-05 | 1980-04-14 | Kubota Ltd | Production of composite casting by centrifugal casting |
-
1981
- 1981-05-29 CA CA000378623A patent/CA1181223A/fr not_active Expired
- 1981-06-08 ZA ZA00813806A patent/ZA813806B/xx unknown
- 1981-06-24 MX MX187980A patent/MX155723A/es unknown
- 1981-07-02 EP EP81105149A patent/EP0043999B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1981-07-02 DE DE8181105149T patent/DE3173614D1/de not_active Expired
- 1981-07-13 JP JP56108333A patent/JPS5846384B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1981-07-13 AU AU72789/81A patent/AU539855B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1981-07-13 BR BR8104464A patent/BR8104464A/pt unknown
-
1982
- 1982-11-19 JP JP57202187A patent/JPS58154448A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5846384B2 (ja) | 1983-10-15 |
| JPS5747564A (en) | 1982-03-18 |
| CA1181223A (fr) | 1985-01-22 |
| JPS58154448A (ja) | 1983-09-13 |
| EP0043999A1 (fr) | 1982-01-20 |
| ZA813806B (en) | 1982-06-30 |
| AU539855B2 (en) | 1984-10-18 |
| DE3173614D1 (en) | 1986-03-13 |
| MX155723A (es) | 1988-04-20 |
| BR8104464A (pt) | 1982-03-30 |
| AU7278981A (en) | 1982-01-21 |
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