EP0037788A1 - Installation and process for melting metals or maintaining them in a molten state by means of an electrical immersion resistor heater - Google Patents
Installation and process for melting metals or maintaining them in a molten state by means of an electrical immersion resistor heater Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0037788A1 EP0037788A1 EP81400564A EP81400564A EP0037788A1 EP 0037788 A1 EP0037788 A1 EP 0037788A1 EP 81400564 A EP81400564 A EP 81400564A EP 81400564 A EP81400564 A EP 81400564A EP 0037788 A1 EP0037788 A1 EP 0037788A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- installation
- installation according
- immersed
- molten state
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 22
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 title description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 title 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 abstract 4
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 101100135641 Caenorhabditis elegans par-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011837 pasties Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013024 troubleshooting Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/62—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces
- H05B3/64—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces using ribbon, rod, or wire heater
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
- F27B14/06—Crucible or pot furnaces heated electrically, e.g. induction crucible furnaces with or without any other source of heat
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F27D99/0001—Heating elements or systems
- F27D99/0006—Electric heating elements or system
- F27D2099/0008—Resistor heating
- F27D2099/0011—The resistor heats a radiant tube or surface
- F27D2099/0013—The resistor heats a radiant tube or surface immersed in the charge
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D21/00—Arrangements of monitoring devices; Arrangements of safety devices
- F27D21/0014—Devices for monitoring temperature
Definitions
- the present invention relates to installations for melting a metallic material or for keeping molten material, as well as to methods for heating a molten material or for conducting electricity,
- the fusion or maintenance of fusion of normally solid materials at room temperature, electrically conductive, such as metals, can be carried out in various installations.
- the crucible furnace heated by flames or by electrical resistances, radiating energy on the crucible, the flame abrades and wears down the refractory materials constituting the furnace.
- the electrical resistances do not withstand high temperatures.
- a crucible induction furnace is expensive to install and maintain, in particular because of its inductors. Troubleshooting can only be carried out by specialist electronics engineers.
- the invention overcomes these drawbacks by an installation that is inexpensive to install and maintain, in particular by the fact that its electrical equipment is simple, quick to start, able to operate with interruptions without inconvenience, giving more security, because operating at very low voltage (especially between 5 and 15 volts) improving working conditions, because it does not pollute the atmosphere and does not create noise and makes it possible to achieve better performance than previous installations.
- the subject of the invention is therefore an installation for melting metal or for keeping it in fusion, comprising a container of molten metal and an electrical circuit with an element immersed in the metal, characterized in that the element is made of a material of resistivity electrical and melting point higher than those of metal.
- these submerged elements are made of non-metallic material, such as graphite or silicon carbide, or of a metallic material whose electrical resistivity is higher than that of the metal in which they are immersed, these are the element (s) resistors which preferentially undergo the heating by direct passage of the current.
- the metal in which the heating element (s) are immersed can be in the liquid, pasty or solid state, the only condition being that there is intimate contact between metal and immersed resistant element: the melting point of the element is higher than that of the metal by at least 100 ° C preferably and better by at least 200 ° C.
- the bath heating by plunging electrodes is a known process in which the weak resistance electrodes have the sole purpose of bringing the current to the bath which is itself resistant.
- the system is reversed by the fact that the submerged element or elements are much more resistant than the metal in which they immerse, the latter having the role of closing the electrical circuit.
- the invention applies with an advance special stage in the smelting of aluminum.
- the cellar 1 or container of the oven is made of thermally insulating refractory material.
- a resistant element 2 is immersed in the metal 3.
- the current leads 4 and 5 are connected to the upper faces of the element 2 outside the bath,
- the leads 4 and 5 are respectively connected to the terminals of the single-phase secondary of a step-down transformer 6 controlled by a regulation 7 suitable for thyristors, variable self or other controlled by sensors such as a pyrometric rod 8 or a telescope 9.
- the heating is carried out by 3 elements 10, 11 and 12.
- the current leads 13, 14 and 15 are respectively connected to the terminals of the three-phase secondary of a transformer 16 step-down controlled by a regulation 17 suitable for thyristors, variable inductor or other controlled by sensors such as pyrometric rod 18 or telescope 19 .
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Crucibles And Fluidized-Bed Furnaces (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention se rapporte aux installations pour fondre une matière métallique ou pour maintenir en fusion une matière fondue, ainsi qu'aux procédés pour chauffer une matière fondue ou à fondre conductrice de l'électricité,The present invention relates to installations for melting a metallic material or for keeping molten material, as well as to methods for heating a molten material or for conducting electricity,
Pour retenir un alliage métallique fondu, c'est-à-dire pour l'empêcher de se répandre en le conservant, par exemple dans un four ou un creuset, il est connu de chauffer le récipient que constitue le creuset ou le four, afin que celui-ci transmette la chaleur qu'il reçoit à la masse en fusion qu'il contient.To retain a molten metal alloy, that is to say to prevent it from spreading by preserving it, for example in an oven or a crucible, it is known to heat the container that constitutes the crucible or the oven, in order that it transmits the heat it receives to the molten mass it contains.
La fusion ou le maintien en fusion de matièresnormalement solides à la température ambiante, conductrices de l'électricité, telles que les métaux, peut s'effectuer dans des installations diverses.The fusion or maintenance of fusion of normally solid materials at room temperature, electrically conductive, such as metals, can be carried out in various installations.
Le four à creuset, chauffé par flammes ou par des résistances électriques, rayonnant de l'énergie sur le creuset, la flamme abrase et use les matériaux réfractaires constitutifs du four. Les résistances électriques ne supportent pas des températures élevées.The crucible furnace, heated by flames or by electrical resistances, radiating energy on the crucible, the flame abrades and wears down the refractory materials constituting the furnace. The electrical resistances do not withstand high temperatures.
Un four à induction à creuset est coûteux à installer et à entretenir notamment en raison de ses inducteurs. Le dépannage ne peut être effectué que par des électroniciens spécialisés.A crucible induction furnace is expensive to install and maintain, in particular because of its inductors. Troubleshooting can only be carried out by specialist electronics engineers.
Pour un four à induction à canal, où le métal contenu dans le canal s'échauffe sous l'effet des courants induits créés par une bobine d'induction et par un noyau magnétique englobant le canal, il faut, sous peine d'en abréger beaucoup la longévité, laisser toujours du métal liquide dans le canal, ce qui impose un fonctionnement ininterrompu. La puissance installée est limitée de sorte que la vitesse de fusion est petite. La réfection des réfractaires est onéreuse.For a channel induction furnace, where the metal contained in the channel heats up under the effect of the induced currents created by an induction coil and by a magnetic core encompassing the channel, it is necessary, under penalty of shortening it much longevity, always leave liquid metal in the channel, which requires uninterrupted operation. The installed power is limited so that the melting speed is small. The repair of refractories is expensive.
En outre, le rendement de ces installations connues est médiocre.In addition, the performance of these known installations is poor.
L'invention pallie ces inconvénients par une installation peu coûteuse à installer et à entretenir, notamment par le fait que son équipement électrique est simple, rapide à démarrer, pouvant fonctionner avec des interruptions sans inconvénient, donnant plus de sécurité, parce que fonctionnant à très basse tension (notamment entre 5 et 15 volts) améliorant les conditions de travail, parce que ne polluant pas l'atmosphère et ne créant pas de bruit et permettant d'atteindre un meilleur rendement que les installations antérieures.The invention overcomes these drawbacks by an installation that is inexpensive to install and maintain, in particular by the fact that its electrical equipment is simple, quick to start, able to operate with interruptions without inconvenience, giving more security, because operating at very low voltage (especially between 5 and 15 volts) improving working conditions, because it does not pollute the atmosphere and does not create noise and makes it possible to achieve better performance than previous installations.
L'invention a donc pour objet une installation pour fondre du métal ou pour le maintenir en fusion, comprenant un récipient à métal fondu et un circuit électrique à élément immergé dans le métal, caractérisée en ce que l'élément est en une matière de résistivité électrique et de point de fusion supérieurs à ceux du métal.The subject of the invention is therefore an installation for melting metal or for keeping it in fusion, comprising a container of molten metal and an electrical circuit with an element immersed in the metal, characterized in that the element is made of a material of resistivity electrical and melting point higher than those of metal.
Comme ce ou ces éléments immergés sont réalisés en matériau non métallique, tel que le graphite ou le carbure de silicium, ou en une matière métallique dont la résistivité électrique est supérieure à celle du métal dans lequel ils sont immergés, ce sont le ou les éléments résistants qui subissent préférentiellement l'échauffement par passage direct du courant.As this or these submerged elements are made of non-metallic material, such as graphite or silicon carbide, or of a metallic material whose electrical resistivity is higher than that of the metal in which they are immersed, these are the element (s) resistors which preferentially undergo the heating by direct passage of the current.
Dans le cas d'un seul élément bouclant un circuit électrique, il est appliqué à celui-ci un potentiel électrique à ses deux extrémités.In the case of a single element completing an electrical circuit, an electrical potential is applied to the latter at its two ends.
Dans le cas de plusieurs éléments, de préférence en un nombre qui est un multiple de 2 ou de 3, il est appliqué à chacun d'eux un potentiel électrique, le circuit se bouclant par le métal lui-même dans lequel ils sont immergés, ceci afin de réaliser un couplage électrique classique.In the case of several elements, preferably in a number which is a multiple of 2 or 3, an electrical potential is applied to each of them, the circuit closing in on the metal itself in which they are immersed, this in order to achieve a conventional electrical coupling.
Le métal dans lequel sont immergés le ou les éléments chauffants peut être à l'état liquide, pâteux ou solide, la seule condition étant qu'il y ait contact intime entre métal et élément résistant immergé : le point de fusion de l'élément est supérieur à celui du métal d'au moins 100° C de préférence et mieux d'au moins 200° C.The metal in which the heating element (s) are immersed can be in the liquid, pasty or solid state, the only condition being that there is intimate contact between metal and immersed resistant element: the melting point of the element is higher than that of the metal by at least 100 ° C preferably and better by at least 200 ° C.
Le chauffage de bain par électrodes plongeantes est un procédé connu dans lequel les électrodes peu résistantes ont pour seul but d'amener le courant au bain qui, lui, est résistant.The bath heating by plunging electrodes is a known process in which the weak resistance electrodes have the sole purpose of bringing the current to the bath which is itself resistant.
Suivant l'invention, le système est inversé par le fait que le ou les éléments immergés sont beaucoup plus résistants que le métal dans lequel ils plongent, ce dernier ayant comme rôle de fermer le circuit électrique.According to the invention, the system is reversed by the fact that the submerged element or elements are much more resistant than the metal in which they immerse, the latter having the role of closing the electrical circuit.
L'invention s'applique avec un avantage particulier à la fusion de l'aluminium.The invention applies with an advance special stage in the smelting of aluminum.
Aux dessins annexés, donnés uniquement à titre d'exemple :
- - la figure 1 est un schéma vu en coupe d'un four suivant l'invention avec chauffage par un élément
- - la figure 2 est un schéma vu en coupe d'un four suivant l'invention avec chauffage par 3 éléments,
- - Figure 1 is a diagram seen in section of an oven according to the invention with heating by an element
- FIG. 2 is a diagram seen in section of an oven according to the invention with heating by 3 elements,
A la figure 1, la cave 1 ou récipient du four est en matériau réfractaire thermiquement isolant.In FIG. 1, the cellar 1 or container of the oven is made of thermally insulating refractory material.
Un élément résistant 2 est immergé dans le métal 3.A
Les amenées de courant 4 et 5 sont raccordées sur les faces supérieures de l'élément 2 hors bain,The current leads 4 and 5 are connected to the upper faces of the
Les amenées 4 et 5 sont reliées respectivement aux bornes du secondaire monophasé d'un transformateur 6 abaisseur de tension commandé par une régulation 7 appropriée à thyristors, self variable ou autre commandés par des capteurs tels qu'une canne pyrométrique 8 ou une lunette 9.The
A la figure 2, le chauffage est réalisé par 3 éléments 10, 11 et 12.In FIG. 2, the heating is carried out by 3
Les amenées de courant 13, 14 et 15 sont reliées respectivement aux bornes du secondaire triphasé d'un transformateur 16 abaisseur de tension commandé par une régulation 17 appropriée à thyristors, self variable ou autre commandés par des capteurs tels que canne pyrométrique 18 ou lunette 19.The current leads 13, 14 and 15 are respectively connected to the terminals of the three-phase secondary of a
Les essais suivants, effectués dans un four de 400 mm de diamètre,de 470 mm de profondeur et d'une capacité en aluminium de 100 kg, illustrent l'invention,The following tests, carried out in an oven 400 mm in diameter, 470 mm deep and with an aluminum capacity of 100 kg, illustrate the invention,
On fond 100 kg d'aluminium en lingots à l'aide d'un brûleur à gaz, On immerge un élément chauffant en carbure de silicium ayant une résistivité de 0,005 ohms/cm/cm2 dans l'aluminium liquide (résistivité aluminium à froid : 2,82 microohms /cm2 /cm).
- - tension sur l'élément : 10 Volts
- - tension au primaire du transformateur : 390 V.
- - Intensité : 110 A.
- - Puissance appelée : 42,900 KVA
- - voltage on the element: 10 Volts
- - transformer primary voltage: 390 V.
- - Intensity: 110 A.
- - Power demand: 42,900 KVA
On fond 100 kg d'aluminium en lingots à l'aide d'un brûleur à gaz, on immerge 2 éléments chauffants en carbure de silicium.
- - tension appliquée : 10 Volts
- - tension au primaire du transformateur : 390 V.
- - Intensité : 110 V.
- - Puissance appelée = 42,9 KVA.
- - applied voltage: 10 Volts
- - transformer primary voltage: 390 V.
- - Intensity: 110 V.
- - Power demand = 42.9 KVA.
A la suite de l'essai précédent, les deux éléments sont mis hors tension afin de permettre la solidification de l'aluminium.
La solidification étant réalisée : On met sous tension les éléments sous 10 Volts.
- - Tension au primaire du transformateur : 390 Volts
- - Intensité : 90 A.
- - Puissance appelée = 35,1 KVA.
Solidification being carried out: The elements are tensioned under 10 Volts.
- - Primary transformer voltage: 390 Volts
- - Intensity: 90 A.
- - Power demand = 35.1 KVA.
Le métal fond par l'effet des éléments immergés ; les valeurs relevées lors du 2ème essai sont retrouvées.The metal melts by the effect of the submerged elements; the values recorded during the 2nd test are found.
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT81400564T ATE11594T1 (en) | 1980-04-09 | 1981-04-09 | APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MELTING OR KEEPING METALS LIQUID BY MEANS OF AN ELECTRIC RESISTANCE APPLICATION ELEMENT. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8007966A FR2480419A1 (en) | 1980-04-09 | 1980-04-09 | INSTALLATION AND METHOD FOR MELTING OR MAINTAINING A METAL MATERIAL BY IMMERSION RESISTANT ELEMENT IN METAL |
| FR8007966 | 1980-04-09 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0037788A1 true EP0037788A1 (en) | 1981-10-14 |
| EP0037788B1 EP0037788B1 (en) | 1985-01-30 |
Family
ID=9240681
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP81400564A Expired EP0037788B1 (en) | 1980-04-09 | 1981-04-09 | Installation and process for melting metals or maintaining them in a molten state by means of an electrical immersion resistor heater |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0037788B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE11594T1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3168580D1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2480419A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0200671A2 (en) * | 1985-04-04 | 1986-11-05 | W. STRIKFELDT & KOCH GmbH | Furnace, particularly a metal-smelting or heat-retaining furnace |
| US6451248B1 (en) * | 2001-01-25 | 2002-09-17 | Alcoa, Inc. | Pressurized molten metal holder furnace |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR400655A (en) * | 1908-06-15 | 1909-08-04 | Charles Albert Keller | Control system for circuits feeding electric multi-electrode furnaces |
| DE717668C (en) * | 1937-06-12 | 1942-02-20 | Siemens Planiawerke Ag | Electric furnace with electric resistance heating elements |
| US2355761A (en) * | 1943-04-23 | 1944-08-15 | Commerce Pattern Foundry & Mac | Electrically heated molten bath furnace |
| DE965835C (en) * | 1949-03-22 | 1957-06-19 | Otto Junker Fa | Heating device for electric resistance furnaces, in particular melting furnaces |
| DE1058651B (en) * | 1957-04-11 | 1959-06-04 | Hettstedt Walzwerk | Heating element with a resistance body made of glass for electric ovens |
| GB1042764A (en) * | 1963-05-16 | 1966-09-14 | Morganite Thermal Designs Ltd | Improvements in and relating to electrically-heated furnaces |
| DE1962584A1 (en) * | 1968-12-16 | 1970-06-25 | Carborundum Co | Heating element |
-
1980
- 1980-04-09 FR FR8007966A patent/FR2480419A1/en active Granted
-
1981
- 1981-04-09 EP EP81400564A patent/EP0037788B1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-04-09 DE DE8181400564T patent/DE3168580D1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-04-09 AT AT81400564T patent/ATE11594T1/en active
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR400655A (en) * | 1908-06-15 | 1909-08-04 | Charles Albert Keller | Control system for circuits feeding electric multi-electrode furnaces |
| DE717668C (en) * | 1937-06-12 | 1942-02-20 | Siemens Planiawerke Ag | Electric furnace with electric resistance heating elements |
| US2355761A (en) * | 1943-04-23 | 1944-08-15 | Commerce Pattern Foundry & Mac | Electrically heated molten bath furnace |
| DE965835C (en) * | 1949-03-22 | 1957-06-19 | Otto Junker Fa | Heating device for electric resistance furnaces, in particular melting furnaces |
| DE1058651B (en) * | 1957-04-11 | 1959-06-04 | Hettstedt Walzwerk | Heating element with a resistance body made of glass for electric ovens |
| GB1042764A (en) * | 1963-05-16 | 1966-09-14 | Morganite Thermal Designs Ltd | Improvements in and relating to electrically-heated furnaces |
| DE1962584A1 (en) * | 1968-12-16 | 1970-06-25 | Carborundum Co | Heating element |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0200671A2 (en) * | 1985-04-04 | 1986-11-05 | W. STRIKFELDT & KOCH GmbH | Furnace, particularly a metal-smelting or heat-retaining furnace |
| EP0200671A3 (en) * | 1985-04-04 | 1987-06-10 | W. STRIKFELDT & KOCH GmbH | Furnace, particularly a metal-smelting or heat-retaining furnace |
| US6451248B1 (en) * | 2001-01-25 | 2002-09-17 | Alcoa, Inc. | Pressurized molten metal holder furnace |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2480419B1 (en) | 1985-02-01 |
| ATE11594T1 (en) | 1985-02-15 |
| FR2480419A1 (en) | 1981-10-16 |
| EP0037788B1 (en) | 1985-01-30 |
| DE3168580D1 (en) | 1985-03-14 |
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|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE GB IT NL SE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19811002 |
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